You will be required to write a two-page paper on the international legislation and laws that are in place to prevent global terrorism. You will be required to choose two international laws and offer

MCJ 6453, Global Terrorism 1 Cou rse Learning Outcomes for Unit VI Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to: 7. Recommend strategies for the United States to mitigate the impact of terrorism. 7.1 Explain the ways that international laws help prevent and mitigate terrorism. 7.2 Examine the United Nation’s role in international law and its limitations. Course/Unit Learning Outcomes Learning Activity 7.1 Unit Lesson Chapter 15 Unit VI Essay 7.2 Unit Lesson Chapter 15 Unit VI Essay Reading Assignment Chapter 15: Homeland Security and Constitutional Issues Unit Lesson Introduction: Global Antiterrorism and Counterterrorism In this unit, you will learn about the current international antiterrorism and counterterrorism tactics that exist around the globe to prevent, deter, respond to, and recover from global terrorism incidents. This section of the course is divided into two units: Unit V and Unit VI. In Unit V , you learned about domestic antiterrorism and counterterrorism tactics that mitigate terrorism in the United States and abroad. The global community has established new strategies for counterterrorism following the September 11, 2001 attacks . These tactics include existing and ratified international laws such as the Chemical W eapons Convention (CWC) treaty, Biological Weapons Conve ntion (BWC) treaty, and the Treaty on the Non -Proliferat ion of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). This unit will also focus on ways to counter illegal terrorist financing operations. Global terrorist groups are financing operations through systems such as hawala networks. It is vital to counter these actions through effect ive and efficient tactics , as many of these global terrorist organizations intertwine with domestic terrorist organizations and radicalized lone wolf terrorists. International Laws There are several international laws that govern the use of weapons of m ass destruction (WMD s) in the United States. These specific laws and pieces of legislation are important to understand as each of these laws provides a basis of understanding among the almost 200 nations that belong to the United Nations (UN). Internationa l laws that limit the access and use of WMD s reduce the possibility of domestic and global terrorist organizations from illegally obtaining and using these weapons in terrorist incidents. Al Qaeda and ISIS have each entertained the idea of using WMD s in fu ture domestic and global terrorist attacks. UNIT VI STUDY GUIDE Part II: Current International Antiterrorism and Counterterrorism Strategies MCJ 6453, Global Terrorism 2 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title As an example , a radiological dispersal device (RDD), also known as a dirty bomb, is relatively easy to build and deploy as it can be disguised in a briefcase. Illegal access to radiological and explosive mater ial is prevalent and possible for terrorist organizations. Below you will learn about international laws that have been written and are continually enforced by the UN to eliminate the possibility of terrorist organizations from obtaining W MD s and W MD s-rela ted technology. In addition to the CWC, the BW C, and the NPT, there are several other similar international treaties that exist , including the Comprehensive Nuclear Test -Ban Treaty or CTBT (UN Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Asia and the Pac ific [UNRCPD] , n.d. ). Chemical Weapons Convention Treaty The CWC was developed and implemented in 1997 to eliminate a category of W MD —chemical —by prohibiting the development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, r etention, transfer, or use of chemical weapons by states parties (Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical W eapons, n.d.). States parties refers to the nations that belong to the UN. In short, the CWC exists to make certain that all nations belonging to the U N have ceased operations for developing chemical weapons, including destroying past stockpiles. This ensures that the global supply of chemical weapons has been decreased and destroyed. Therefore, nations will not use chemical weapons in warfare operations. It also ensures that the po ssibility of terrorist organizations gaining access is decreased. Chemical weapons and agents include th e components shown in the graphic below. Chemical weapons and agents (Argon Electronics, n.d.) MCJ 6453, Global Terrorism 3 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title Biological Weapons Convection Treaty The BWC was developed and implemented in 1972 to ban the development, production, and stockpiling of an entire category of W MD —biological ( UN Office for Disarmament Affairs [UNODA] , n.d. -a). Similar to the CWC, t he BWC, seeks to ensure that nations are not illegally producing and stockpiling biological weapons that could be used in warfare or obtained by terrorist organizations for terrorist - related attacks. As an example, Saddam Hussein was found to be in violation of the B WC during the Gulf War. Hussein was accused of using W MDs including chemical agents on the Kurdish population. Eliminating the Kurdish population would have permitted Saddam Hussein to continue to produce biological and chemical weapons in minimal se crecy. This could have led to a possible war conflict with not only the United State s but also with neighboring countries surrounding Iraq. WMDs, including biological agents, are designed to kill hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands, and in certain envir onments —millions! If weapons were to fall into the hands of a terrorist organization, the results would be undoubtedly disastrous. Treaty on the Non -Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons The NPT was developed and implemented to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and nuclear weapon technology among nation s ( UNODA , n.d. -b). It s primary focus is to promote the nuclear disarmament and production of nuclear weapons on a global scale. The end result of the NPT is to ensure that nations are not developing new nuc lear weapons or technology. This is done to promote peace among the global community, including the five nations possessing nuclear weapons and technology. The five nations possessing nuclear weapons under the NPT include the United States, China, France, Russia, and the United Kingdom (Tirone, 2019). Reflection  After learning about the NPT , the C WC , and the B WC , do you believe additional international laws are needed to protect against WMDs ? Why, or why not?  Do you believe additional individual laws need to be created to further address the individual threats of WMDs (i.e. , chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive)? Biological weapons and agents MCJ 6453, Global Terrorism 4 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title UN The UN has an active role in protecting and serving the global community in a variety of areas, which are shown in the graphic below. In addition to these five areas, the U N is also responsible for enforcing international laws around the globe. This is done through a variety of ways, includ ing implementing sanctions such as economic, trade, and diplomatic support. It is important for organizations such as the UN to exist as it allows all 193 nations to band together to ensure that the global community communicates and maintains a peace ful existence. Reflection  Do you believe that state sponsors of terrorism should receive humanitarian aid after a terrorist incident? After a major disaster? Why, or why not?  Do you believe that nations that have been accused of being safe havens for ter rorists and terrorist organizations should be entitled to humanitarian aid after a terrorist incident? After a major disaster? Why, or why not?  Why does the United States typically take the lead role when providing humanitarian aid to war -torn countries or to those who have suffered terrorist attacks?  Do you believe that the U N should be doing more to grow the current number of cooperating states from 193 to more? Why, or why not?  What additional tactics could the U N use to enforce sanctions against states /nations failing to comply with international laws? Do you believe that the current strategies being enforced have been successful? W hy, or why not?  What strategies could the U N use to recruit more nations? Why is it important to do so now ?  Do you believe that the U N needs t o expand its missions from maintaining international peace and security, protecting human rights, delivering humanitarian aid, promoting sustainable development, and upholding international laws to other areas? If so, what additional are as? If not, why? The Hawala System The hawala system is a unique way of exchanging money that has existed for more than 100 years. Funds are typically exchanged through a network of brokers or individuals known as hawaladars . W hat makes the system unique is that funds are made with untraditional promissory notes between the brokers. There is a high level of trust, confidence, and secrecy in the hawala system. Terrorists use this nontraditional format of exchanging funds becau se the physical funds never exchange hands between the initiati ng and receiving part ies . Often , a password or passcode is affiliated with the transaction, and only the brokers know the password or passcode. Hawala transactions purposely take place outside the control and view of traditional UN functions (UN, n.d.) MCJ 6453, Global Terrorism 5 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title financial banking institutions. Many hawaladars also do not document the transactions in order to remain as anonymous as possible. This makes tracking the transactions nearly im possible for local, state, federal, and international law enforcement agencies. In order to counter terrorist financing operations, it is vital for the global community to work together to disband these illegal hawala systems and network s. The United State s and its allies cannot complete this task alone without the cooperation of those states and nations affiliated with the U N. Conclusion In this unit , you have learned about international laws enforced by the U N to reduce the possibility of domestic and global terrorist organization s from gaining access to W MDs and WMD technology. Further, you learned about global terrorism financing operations to include the hawala system. In order to counter terrorist financing operations, nations need to band together as it is impossible to stop these transactions domestically. References Argon Electronics. (n.d.). An introduction to chemical warfare agent training. Retrieved from https://www.argonelectronics.com/chemical -warfare -training Organisation for the Prohi bition of Chemical W eapons. (n.d.). History: Looking back helps us look forward. Retrieved from https://www.opcw.org/about -us/history Tirone, J. (2019, February 3). Nuclear weapons. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/busine ss/nuclear -weapons/2019/02/03/7cf8c338 -27bd -11e9 -906e - 9d55b6451eb4_story.html?utm_term=.75730e1d7b06 United Nations. (n.d.). W hat we do. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/sections/what -we -do/ United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. (n.d. -a). Bio logical weapons. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/bio/ United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. (n.d. -b). Treaty on the Non -Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). Retrieved from https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/npt/ Unit ed Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Asia and the Pacific. (n.d.). Weapons of mass destruction. Retrieved from http://unrcpd.org/wmd/ Learning Activities (Nong raded) Nongraded Learning Activities are provided to aid students in their course of study. You do not have to submit them. If you have questions, contact your instructor for further guidance and information. Research an article using the CSU Online Library on the subject of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) . Consider how you would critique the article based on the points below. 1. Provide a brief synopsis of the article. 2. What were the strengths? 3. What were the weaknesses? 4. What recommendations do you have as a criminal justice and homeland security resear cher?