Hi, this is my philosophy course assignment in which you have to write an Argument Reconstruction paper of 1000 words. In order to write this critical thinking Argument Reconstruction paper, you have

Sample Paper – Is Every Good Deeds Selfish?

Joey’s Argument:

In an episode of the 1990s TV series Friends1 has an episode (season 5, episode 4) in which a character (Joey) argues that all good deeds are ultimately selfish, because they make the person feels good about doing a good deed:

Joey: Well, yeah, it was a really nice thing and all, but: it made you feel really good, right?

Phoebe: Yeah, so?

Joey: Well, it made you feel good, so that makes it selfish. Look, there’s no unselfish good deed. Sorry. (4:00-4:20)

Phoebe then spends the rest of the episode trying to find a way to do something good without feeling good about it.

Joey’s argument can be summarized as follows:

Every action that makes one feel good is selfish. (premise)
Every seemingly selfless action makes one feel good. (premise)
So, every seemingly selfless action is selfish. (1-2) (Conclusion)
If every seemingly selfless action is selfish, then every action is selfish. (premise)
So, every action is selfish. (3-4) (Conclusion)

Joey does not provide any reasons to think that (1) is true, so I will provide one on his behalf. An action is selfish if the consequence of that action is that the person who does it is better off. Feeling good is better than not feeling good. So, we should think that every action that makes one feel good is selfish.

Joey argues for premise (2) by induction. He presents a case: Phoebe being a surrogate mother for her brother, and claims that even this seemingly selfless action made Phoebe feel great. He then extrapolates from this case to the general claim. He also challenges Phoebe to come up with examples of seemingly selfless action that don’t make someone feel good.

But there is an even stronger argument for (2) that Joey ignores. This starts from noticing that everyone who decides to do something seemingly selfless would feel terrible if they didn’t do it. But this means that, in doing something seemingly selfless, the person who does it is avoiding feeling terrible. This means that doing the “selfless” deed feels much better than not doing it.

Joey does not argue for (4), because he thinks it is obviously true. To see why, assume that every seemingly selfless action is selfish. This only leaves actions that are not seemingly selfless: actions that are seemingly selfish. But there is no reason to think that seemingly selfish actions wouldn’t in fact be selfish. So, on the assumption that every seemingly selfless action is selfish, we should conclude that all actions are selfish.

My Objection

Phoebe spends the episode of friends trying to find counterexamples to premise (2). I think this is misguided, since there are good reasons to think that premise (1) is false. I object by claiming that feeling good about the well-being of others is itself selfless. As a result, actions whose consequence is that we feel good about helping others are not selfish. We can give a more formal reconstruction of the argument as follows

It is not selfish to feel good about the well-being of others.
If it is not selfish to feel good about the well-being of others, then actions that make one feel good about the well-being of others are not selfish.
So, actions that make one feel good about the well-being of others are not selfish (1-2).
If actions that make one feel good about the well-being of others are not selfish, then not every action that makes one feel good is selfish.
So, not every action that makes one feel good is selfish.

The reason to accept premise (1) is quite obvious. If someone is truly selfish, it would make no sense for them to feel good about the well-being of others, as there would be no reason to care about their well-being. So it is not selfish to feel good about the well-being of others.

For premise (2), assume that it is not selfish to feel good about the well-being of others. But this means that it is not for selfish reasons that one feels good about helping others. But if it is not for selfish reasons that an action makes one feel good, then it is not a selfish action. So, on the assumption that it is not selfish to feel good about the well-being of others, we should conclude that actions that make one feel good about the well-being of others are not selfish.

Premise (4) is pretty obviously true. Assume that actions that make one feel good about the well-being of others are not selfish. Given that there are some such actions, it follows that there are actions that make one feel good and are not selfish. So, on our assumption that actions that make one feel good about the well-being of others are not selfish, we should conclude that not every action that makes one feel good is selfish.

Conclusion:

In this paper, I have presented an objection to Joey’s argument for the conclusion that everything we do is selfish. Joey assumes, and Phoebe does not question, that feeling good about what you did is enough to make that action selfish. What I have argued is that it matters why you feel good about the action you did. If you feel good for selfless reasons, then we no longer have any reason to think that the action is selfish. I imagine Joey might reply that even in such circumstances, one does benefit from doing a selfish deed. But since benefitting is not the reason one does the deed, it is hard to see why this would make it selfish.

1“The One Where Phoebe Hates PBS” Friends, season 5, episode 4, NBC, 18 Oct. 1998.