lease find attached the PDF documents of articles for the Critical appraisal Summative assignment. You can select ANY ONE (1) of the articles and critically appraise it by using chosen appraisal tool

HARVARD-MAHSA STYLE OF REFERENCING

(Citing & Referencing Guide Book)

2014 Edition

Faculty of

Allied Health Sciences

Introduction to referencing

What is referencing?

Referencing is a system used in the academic community to indicate where ideas, theories, quotes, facts and any other evidence and information used to undertake an assignment, can be found.

Why do I need to reference my work?

• Acknowledge other peoples’ ideas. Referencing your work correctly ensures that you give appropriate credit to the sources and authors that you have used to complete your assignment.

• To avoid plagiarism (i.e. taking other peoples’ thoughts, ideas or writings and using them as though they are your own). Plagiarism is a form of academic theft.

• Show evidence of the breadth and depth of your reading. Referencing the sources that you have used for your assignment demonstrates that you have undertaken wide-ranging research in order to create your work.

• Referencing your work enables the reader to consult for themselves the same materials that you used. Allow the reader of your work to locate the cited references easily, and so evaluate your interpretation of those ideas.

What do I need to reference?

All the information that you have used in your assignment will need to be acknowledged. It is essential to make a note of all the details of the sources that you use for your assignment as you go along.

How to do referencing?

There are two parts to the Harvard (author-date) system of referencing:

• The author and the date are referred to in the text or main body of your writing (called in-text referencing or in-text citation).

• All of the resources referred to in the body of the writing are included in the reference list (bibliography) at the end of the assignment. All information is included in this list: author, date, title of publication, publisher and place of publication. The Reference list needs to be presented in alphabetical order.

How to do In-text references (In-text citations)?

There are two ways of referencing in-text citation, they are

• Author-prominent

This way gives prominence to the author by using the author’s surname (family name) as part of your sentence with the date and the page number in brackets.

Example: Neville (2010) argues that.......

• Information-prominent

The other way of referencing gives prominence to the information, with all the required referencing details given in brackets after the citation.

Example: “Quotation” (Neville, 2010, p.76)

Note: Required guidelines have been given in the examples on the following pages.

When to include a page number in in-text citation?

You do not need to use a page number if you are summarizing the general themes of a document in your own words. Include the page number when quoting the author’s exact words.

Note: When paraphrasing, providing a page number is optional. It is recommended you provide a page number when it would help your reader find the exact source of your paraphrase (e.g. references to a specific sentence, paragraph, chapter, table or chart).

When to use Italics?

The title of the source of information is italicized.

BOOK REFERENCING

Citation method (example):

Author-prominent citation:

Neville (2010) argues that...

Information-prominent citation:

“Quotation” (Neville, 2010, p.76)

Referencing method:

FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials. (Publication year in brackets) Book title – italicized. Series title and volume if applicable. Edition – if not the first. Place of publication: publisher.

Referencing method (example):

NEVILLE, C. (2010) The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism. 2nd Ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Citation method (example):

Author-prominent citation:

Bradbury, Boyle and Morse (2002) have stated that.......

As noted by Bradbury, Boyle and Morse (2002)………

Information-prominent citation:

“Quotation” (Bradbury, Boyle and Morse, 2002, p.51)

Referencing method:

FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials., FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials. and FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials. (Publication year in brackets) Book title – italicized. Series title and volume if applicable. Edition – if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.

Referencing method (example):

BRADBURY, I., BOYLE, J. and MORSE, A. (2002) Scientific Principles for Physical Geographers. Harlow: Prentice Hall.

Citation method (example):

Author-prominent citation:

Campbell et al. (2008)....

Information-prominent citation:

“Quotation” (Campbell et al., p.76)

Referencing method:

FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials. et al. (Publication year in brackets) Book title - italicised. Series title and volume if applicable. Edition - if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.

Referencing method (example):

CAMPBELL, N. A. et al. (2008) Biology. 8th Ed. London: Pearson.

Citation method (example):

Information-prominent citation:

“Quotation” (Fontana-Giusti, 2008)

Referencing method:

FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials. (ed.) or (eds.) – in brackets for editor(s). (Publication year in brackets) Book title - italicised. Series title and volume if applicable. Edition – if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.

Referencing method (example):

FONTANA-GIUSTI, G. (ed.) (2008) Designing Cities for People: Social, Environmental and

Psychological Sustainability. London: Earthscan.

Citation method (example):

Author-prominent citation:

As noted by Marshall (1975)....

Information-prominent citation:

“Quotation” (Marshall, 1975, p.76)

Referencing method:

FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials of the author writing the chapter. (Publication year in brackets) Title of chapter. In: FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials. of author or editor of book (ed.) or (eds.). Book title - italicised. Series title and volume if applicable. Edition – if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher.

Referencing method (example):

MARSHALL, W. A. (1975) The Child as a Mirror of his Brain’s Development. In: SANTS, J. &

BUTCHER, H. J. (eds.). Development Psychology. Aylesbury, Bucks: Hazell Watson & Viney Ltd.

Citation method (example):

Author-prominent citation:

The Great Britain, Department of Energy (1977) concluded that…

Information-prominent citation:

“Quotation” (Great Britain, Department of Energy, 1977, p.12)

Referencing method:

Includes publications by Government departments, Committees: COUNTRY. NAME OF ISSUING BODY. (Year of publication in brackets) Title of publication – in italics. Place of publication: Publisher. (Report Number – if applicable in brackets).

Referencing method (example):

THE GREAT BRITAIN. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY. (1977) Tidal Power Barrages in the Severn

Trent Estuary: Recent Evidence on their Feasibility. London: H. M.S. O. (Energy Papers

23).

Citation method (example):

Information-prominent citation:

“Quotation” (No author, 2010, p.76)

Referencing method:

Book title – italicized (Publication year in brackets). Edition – if not the first. Place of publication: publisher.

Referencing method (example):

The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism (2010). 2nd Ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

e-BOOK REFERENCING

Citation method (example):

Author-prominent citation:

Sadler (2003) argues that........

Information-prominent citation:

“Quotation” (Sadler, 2003, p.18)

Referencing method:

FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials. (Publication year in brackets) Book title - italicised. [Online] Series title and volume if applicable. Edition - if not the first. Place of publication: Publisher. Available from – URL. [Accessed: date].

Referencing method (example):

SADLER, P. (2003) Strategic Management. [Online] Sterling: VA Kogan Page. Available

from: http://www.netlibrary.com/reader/. [Accessed: 6th May 2012].

Electronic / online

JOURNAL ARTICLE

REFERENCING

Citation method (example):

Author-prominent citation:

Wilson (1995) argues that.....

Information-prominent citation:

“Quotation” (Wilson, 1995, p.66)

Referencing method:

If you are referencing a journal from an online database service which is password accessible only i.e. EBSCO you can shorten the URL to the home page of the database service. If you are accessing a journal article directly and for free from the internet, you will need the entire URL.

Author(s) of article’s FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials. (Publication year in brackets) Title of article. Title of journal - italicised. [Online in square brackets] Name of Database the article is from if appropriate. Volume number (Part number/month in brackets). p. followed by the page numbers of the article. Available from: URL. [Accessed: followed by the date viewed in square brackets].

Referencing method (example):

WILSON, J. (1995) Enter the Cyberpunk librarian: future directions in cyberspace. Library Review. [Online] Emerald Database 44 (8). p.63-72. Available from: http://www.emeraldinsight.com. [Accessed: 30th January 2012].

FREGONEZI, G., RESQUETI, V. and ROUS, R. (2004) Pursed Lips Breathing. Arch Bronconeumol. [Online] NORA 30 (6). p. 278-282. Available at http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1579212906700994/1-s2.0-S1579212906700994-main.pdf?_tid=dacf13d0-dd1d-11e3-8e45-00000aab0f6c&acdnat=1400260784_2ce9631931da8e2ad141a1b5a1b71020

(Accessed: 16th May 2014).

Printed

JOURNAL ARTICLE

REFERENCING

Citation method (example):

Author-prominent citation:

Trefts and Blacksee (2000) argue that....

Information-prominent citation:

“Quotation” (Trefts and Blacksee, 2000, p.376)

Referencing method:

Author(s) of article’s FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials. (Publication year in brackets) Title of article. Title of journal - italicised. Volume number (Part number/month in brackets). p. followed by the page numbers of the article.

Referencing method (example):

TREFTS, K. and BLACKSEE, S. (2000) Did you hear the one about Boolean Operators? Incorporating comedy into the library induction. Reference Services Review. 28 (4). p.369-378.

WEBSITE

REFERENCING

Citation method (example):

Author-prominent citation:

….…as reported by the BBC (2008)

Information-prominent citation:

“Quotation” (BBC, 2008)

Referencing method:

Author of website FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials or WEBSITE name if no author is available. (Year - in brackets) Title of website in italics. Any numbers if necessary or available if website is part of a series. [Online in square brackets] Available from: URL.

[Accessed: followed by date in square brackets].

Referencing method (example):

BBC NEWS. (2008) Factory gloom worst since 1980. [Online] Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7681569.st m. [Accessed: 19th June 2012].

NEWSPAPER (Online)

REFERENCING

Citation method (example):

Author-prominent citation:

Randerson (2008) argues that.....

Information-prominent citation:

“Quotation” (Randerson, 2008, p.14)

Referencing method:

Author(s) of article’s FAMILY/SURNAME, Initials. (Publication year in brackets) Title of article. Title of Newspaper - italicised. [Online in square brackets] Name of Database article is from if appropriate. Day and month of the article. Page number of the article if applicable. Available from: URL. [Accessed: followed by the date viewed in square brackets].

Referencing method (example):

RANDERSON, J. (2008) Researchers find fish that can count up to four. The Guardian. [Online] 26th February. p.14. Available from: http://theguardian.co.uk. [Accessed: 22nd May

2012].

FILMS

(DVD, VHS, BLU-RAY DISC) REFERENCING

Citation method (example):

If you refer to a film in the body of your work, the title will need to be placed in italics:

Author-prominent citation:

...this is highlighted by Harry’s character in the film Requiem for a Dream (2000).

Information-prominent citation:

...in the animation movement (Chicken Run, 2000)

Referencing method:

Title - in italics. (Year of distribution in brackets) Material type. Directed by – name of director(s). [Format of source in square brackets] Place of distribution: Distribution company.

Referencing method (example):

Chicken Run. (2000) Animated Film. Directed by Peter Lord and Nick Park. [VHS] UK: Pathe

Distribution.

Requiem for a Dream. (2000) Film. Directed by Darren Aronofsky. [DVD] UK: Momentum Pictures.

HARD COPY

UNIVERSITY-PROVIDED STUDY MATERIALS

Citation method (example):

Author-prominent citation:

Similarly, Fisher (2009, p. 1–2) notes that ‘…’.

Information-prominent citation:

… to promote mental wellness, prevent illness … (Fisher, 2009).

Referencing method (example):

FISHER, J 2009, HLTH12029 Mental health promotion: study guide, CQUniversity, Rockhampton.

Citation method (example):

Author-prominent citation:

A recent report (CQUniversity 2000) has suggested that …

Information-prominent citation:

Findings from a 1999 study indicate that ‘…’ (CQUniversity 2009, p. 5).

Referencing method (example):

CQUNIVERSITY 2009, HLTH11028 Community needs assessment: study guide, CQUniversity, Rockhampton.

Citation method (example):

Information-prominent citation:

The importance of aerobic exercise … (The respiratory system 2010).

Aerobic exercise is valuable because of its ‘…’ (The respiratory system 2010, p. 1).

Referencing method (example):

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 2010, tutorial handout distributed in the course, HHM72160 Human anatomy, CQUniversity, Gladstone on 2 March.

Note: Do not use italics or quotation marks in class handouts as they are unpublished sources.

Citation method (example):

Author-prominent citation:

Thompson (2011) found that the first teaching day may result in mixed emotions for many first year teachers.

Information-prominent citation:

It has been found that beginner teachers, on their first day in the class room, will ‘…’ (Thompson, 2011, p. 1).

Referencing method (example):

THOMPSON, R 2011, The first day experience, lecture notes distributed in the course, EDED48314 Professional practice III, CQUniversity, Bundaberg, 21 April.

Note: Do not use italics or quotation marks in class handouts as they are unpublished sources.

Citation method (example):

Author-prominent citation:

In a lecture, SCI52613 Introductory science, presented at Central Queensland University, Mackay, on 17 April 2011, Dr Watson suggested that ‘…’.

Referencing method (example):

Note: This should not be included in the reference list. Treat it the same as personal communication and indicate ‘who’ (author) and ‘when’ (date) in the sentence in the body of your assignment as in-text citation.

SECONDARY REFERENCING

Citation method (example):

Information-prominent citation:

A description on musculoskeletal manipulation in 1993 by Jeffrey Maitland (see Kisner, 2003, p.212) is very appropriate for this context because…..

Referencing method:

If you can’t read the original source, you can cite only what another author has written about it. In this case, you must give a secondary reference. Remember, you are relying on the author you are reading and want to give an accurate representation of the original work.

Referencing method (example):

In the reference list, you will have to give the full details of Carolyn Kisner but not Jeffrey Maitland because you have not read Jeffrey Maitland’s book and your readers can find reference to it in Carolyn Kisner.

Follow the appropriate ‘Book referencing method’, which we have discussed earlier (depending upon number of authors wrote the book).

References:

The citation and referencing style has been adapted according to Harvard author-date format.

Harvard examples in this guide are based on guidance in:

BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTE (2010). BS ISO 690:2010. Information and documentation - Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources. Switzerland: ISO Copyright Office.

The Abridged Guide to the Harvard Referencing Style (author-date) is based on:

COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA (2002), Style manual: for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons Australia, Milton, Qld.

NEVILLE, C. (2010) The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism. 2nd Ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press.

BS ISO 690:2010 (2010) Method of punctuation is consistent with BS ISO 690:2010 style.

26