The questions are about nanobiotechnology, please use your own words answer the questions, and the answers should be precisely, no other sources can be used and no plagiarism.

Answers should be precisely and no plagiarism, no other sources can be used. No more than 50-100 words for each answer

1. Complete the following Table with examples of objects at that size scale.

Having this table in mind, what is the scope of nanobiotechnology?

1. a. What is an Atomic Force Microscope?

1. How does it work? Make a sketch.

1. Describe 3 types of microscopy. For each type, name one application.

1. What is the resolution of a microscope with a numerical aperture of NA=1.49 and using a wavelength of λ = 600 nm? 

Formula:

1. Name and describe two motor proteins. What are their similarities and their differences?

1. The following figure is taken from the paper: “Selective Loading of Kinesin-Powered Molecular Shuttles with Protein Cargo and its Application to Biosensing” by S. Ramachandran, …., and Henry Hess*, small 2006, 2, No. 3, 330 – 334

What would you have done differently if you had prepared the figure?

1. a. What is active transport? 

1. Name and describe at least 2 other types of transport processes.

2. How is active transport different from those other transport processes?

1. How long does it take on average for a protein with a diffusion coefficient of D = 100 μm2/s to diffuse over a distance of r = 30 μm?

Formula:

1. a. Complete:

10 cm = _______ nm 

10 Å = _______ m

1kBT = _______ pN.nm

b. Answer the following questions.

What is the typical length of a covalent bond?

What is a typical binding energy of a covalent bond?

1. a. What are the different types of molecular bonds?

1. How is molecular bonding different from joining parts at the macroscale?

1. How can the energy barrier of a reaction be lowered?

1. If the unbinding rate of an intermolecular bond (e.g. between tubulin and kinesin, or an antibody and an antigen) increases by a factor of 10 when the bond is stressed with a force of 10 pN (relative to the unstressed unbinding rate), can you predict how much a force of 20 pN will accelerate unbinding?

The Bell equation (the Arrhenius equation when a constant force is applied to the bond) is:

Where ku is the unbinding rate, A is a frequency prefactor, F is the applied force, x* is the distance to the transition state, kB is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature.

1. If you would be shrunk to the nanoscale (e.g. to serve as nanosubmariner), how would your experience of your environment change?

1. What tradeoffs should be accounted for when thinking about molecular assembly and disassembly?

1. "Nanobiotechnology involves both mechanics and chemistry." What is meant by this sentence? Give examples.

1. a. What are the Young’s moduli of metal, plastic and rubber?

1. How do the implied moduli of cytoskeletal filaments (when modeling the filaments as solids) compare to those?

1. How would you assess the mechanical properties of a protein? Describe the method you would use, its strengths and its weaknesses.

1. What are some of the challenges that the field of nanobiotechnology is experiencing?

1. a. How do systems assembled from proteins degrade?

1. What strategies could be used to reduce degradation?

1. Name at least 3 sub-domains of nanobiotechnology. What are the practical applications of nanobiotechnology?