There are 30 multi-choice questions about a range of topics, such as education, psychology etc. Please answer them all correctly. Please read all the lecture materials, and all 3 articles/required rea

1. Is active 2. Builds on prior knowledge 3. Requires motivation and cognitive engagement 4. Is situated within an authentic context 5. Occurs in a complex, social environment  Education has cultural, social, and personal functions, and may/may not relate to school and training On Today’s Agenda  Historical views of education • Consider: What are some of the common themes across historical examples? Confucius (551 - 479 BCE) • Holistic view of education • Emphasised a “love of learning” • People should learn the six arts • Rejected education as a knowledge economy • Emphasised the influences of family and community Seriously Old σχολή (496 - 322 BCE) • “School” derives from Greek σχολή (scholē ) – Originally meaning “leisure” – Later “a group in which lectures were given” Philosophical Views of Learning Oral Tradition in Learning Roman Catholic Church (500 - 1500 CE) Philosophical Views of Learning • Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) – Ideas exist within human beings prior to experience – Proposed environment + mind  behaviour – Massively influential in psychology for over 300 years • Behaviourism • Cognitivism Philosophical Views of Learning • Jean -Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778) – One of the first to suggest that education shapes the child – Children should be allowed to develop naturally – Published Emile Philosophical Views of Learning • Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) – Modernised Plato’s rationalism – Suggested we are born with some knowledge (innate) – Recognised that the mind was a part of the thinking process Psychological Views of Learning • 19 th century: – Brought about the scientific study of learning – Shout outs to Descartes, Kant, and Darwin • 20 th century: – Primary focus on behaviourism and cognition Psychological Views of Learning • Edward Thorndike (1874 – 1949) – Scientific approach to the study of learning – Association between sense impressions and impulses to act:

stimulus -response – Measuring students as a “sorting hat” Progressive Learning Theories • John Dewey (1859 – 1952) – The teacher’s goal is to understand: • The demands of the discipline • The needs of the child • To provide learning experiences which enable the student to uncover the curriculum Progressive Learning Theories • Maria Montessori (1870 – 1952) – Students learn through carefully chosen activities – “The task of the teacher becomes that of preparing a series of cultural activities spread over a specially prepared environment and then refraining from obtrusive interference.” Common Themes across History • What are some of the common themes you see across the ideas we discussed today? – Confucius – Socrates, Plato, Aristotle – Thomas Aquinas (Roman Catholic Church) – Descartes – Rousseau – Kant – Skinner, Thorndike – Dewey – Montessori Takeaway Points from Lecture 2.1  Education has been contested for a long time  Purposes depend on the time period, social class, cultural customs, and individual differences  The learner is expected to perform tasks based on what an education is intended to do  Thus, how we acquire knowledge and skills depend on the environment around us See you Thursday!