Please address the questions listed in a three to five-page paper. Focusing on work teams: What are the key differences between a team and a working group?At what stage of team development does the te

A uth ors :

S ourc e:

D ocu m en t T yp e:

S ubje cts :

A bstr a ct:

T he lin k in fo rm atio n b elo w p ro vid es a p ers is te nt lin k to th e a rtic le y o u'v e r e queste d.

P ers is te nt lin k to th is r e co rd : F ollo w in g th e lin k b elo w w ill b rin g y o u to th e s ta rt o f th e a rtic le o r c it a tio n.

C ut a nd P aste : T o p la ce a rtic le lin ks in a n e xte rn al w eb d ocu m ent, s im ply c o py a nd p aste th e H TM L b elo w , s ta rtin g w it h " < a h re f"

T o c o ntin ue, in In te rn et E xp lo re r, s e le ct F IL E th en S AVE A S fr o m y o ur b ro w se r's to olb ar a bove . B e s u re to s a ve a s a p la in te xt file ( .tx t) o r a 'W eb P age, H TM L o nly ' file

( .h tm l) . In F ir e F ox, s e le ct F IL E th en S AVE F IL E A S fr o m y o ur b ro w se r's to olb ar a bove . In C hro m e, s e le ct rig ht c lic k (w it h y o ur m ouse ) o n th is p age a nd s e le ct S AVE

A S

Reco rd : 1

D if fe re nces in th e V alu in g o f P ow er A m ong T e am M em bers : a C ontin gency A ppro ach T o w ard E xam in in g th e E ffe cts o f

P ow er V alu es D iv ers it y a nd R ela tio nship C onflic t.

A lip our, K ent K .

M oham med, S usan

R aghura m , S um it a

J ourn al o f B usin ess & P sycholo gy. A pr2 018, V ol. 3 3 Is sue 2 , p 231-2 47. 1 7p. 1 D ia gra m , 2 C harts , 2 G ra phs.

A rtic le

O RG AN IZ ATIO NAL b ehavio r

G RO UP d ecis io n m akin g

C O RPO RATE c ult u re

M ETA -a naly sis

T E AM S in th e w ork pla ce

P urp ose: T he p urp ose o f th is s tu dy w as to in vestig ate th e c ondit io nal e ffe cts o f p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y a nd r e la tio nship

c onflic t.D esig n/M eth odolo gy/A ppro ach: W e u tiliz ed a tim e-la gged s urv ey d esig n a nd m ult ile vel m odelin g to in vestig ate 6 0

te am s w ork in g o n a p ro je ct ta sk o ver th e c ours e o f 4

p re sence o f h ig h p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y w as p artic ula rly h elp fu l fo r r e ducin g r e la tio nship c onflic t. In tu rn , d ecre ased

re la tio nship c onflic t te nded to in cre ase te am p erfo rm ance. A ddit io nally , w hen w ork lo ad s harin g w as lo w , h ig h r e la tio nship

c onflic t w as e specia lly h arm fu l to te am p erfo rm ance.Im plic atio ns: R esult s s upport th e c onsid era tio n o f te am p artic ip ativ e

safe ty c lim ate to b ette r u nders ta nd th e c ondit io ns u nder w hic h p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y is lik ely to le ssen r e la tio nship

c onflic t a nd s ubsequently in cre ase te am p erfo rm ance. F in din gs a ls o h ig hlig ht th e im porta nce o f a void in g lo w w ork lo ad

sharin g, in th e p re sence o f p ro m in ent r e la tio nship c onflic t, to in cre ase te am p erfo rm ance.O rig in alit y /V alu e: B y e xam in in g

re la tio nship c onflic t a s a m edia to r a nd p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate a s a m odera to r o f p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y ’s e ffe cts , w e

m ake a n ovel c ontr ib utio n to e xta nt lit e ra tu re b y h elp in g to e lu cid ate b oth < it a lic > how a lic > a nd < it a lic > under w hat

condit io ns< /it a lic > d if fe re nces in p ow er v alu es, a m ong te am m em bers , c an in flu ence te am p erfo rm ance. R ela te dly , w e

answ er th e c all fo r m ore r e searc h th at a dopts a c ontin gency a ppro ach to w ard e xam in in g th e e ffe cts o f v alu es d iv ers it y Full T ext W ord C ount:

IS SN :

DO I:

A ccessio n N um ber:

P ers is te n t lin k t o t h is r e co rd

(P erm alin k):

C ut a n d P aste :

D ata b ase:

and r e la tio nship c onflic t. In d oin g s o, w e h elp to id entif y th e c ondit io ns u nder w hic h p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y a nd

re la tio nship c onflic t a re lik ely to d if fe re ntia lly in flu ence im porta nt te am o utc om es. [A BSTR AC T F R O M A U TH O R]

Copyrig ht o f J ourn al o f B usin ess & P sycholo gy is th e p ro perty o f S prin ger N atu re a nd it s c onte nt m ay n ot b e c opie d o r

em aile d to m ult ip le s it e s o r p oste d to a lis ts erv w it h out th e c opyrig ht h old er's e xpre ss w rit te n p erm is sio n. H ow ever, u sers

m ay p rin t, d ow nlo ad, o r e m ail a rtic le s fo r in div id ual u se. T his a bstr a ct m ay b e a brid ged. N o w arra nty is g iv en a bout th e

accura cy o f th e c opy. U sers s hould r e fe r to th e o rig in al p ublis hed v ers io n o f th e m ate ria l fo r th e fu ll a bstr a ct. ( C opyrig ht

applie s to a ll A bstr a cts .)

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dir e ct= tr u e& db= heh& AN =128333502& sit e = eds-liv e& scope= sit e

< A h re f= "h ttp ://e zpro xy.u m gc.e du/lo gin ?url= http s://s earc h.e bscohost.c om /lo gin .a spx?

dir e ct= tr u e& db= heh& AN =128333502& sit e = eds-liv e& scope= sit e "> D if fe re nces in th e V alu in g o f P ow er A m ong T e am

M em bers : a C ontin gency A ppro ach T o w ard E xam in in g th e E ffe cts o f P ow er V alu es D iv ers it y a nd R ela tio nship C onflic t.

< /A >

H ealt h B usin ess E lit e

D if fe re n ces in t h e V alu in g o f P ow er A m ong T eam M em bers : a C ontin gen cy A ppro ach T o w ard E xam in in g t h e E ffe cts o f P ow er V alu es

D iv ers it y a n d R ela tio nsh ip C onflic t

P urp ose: T he p urp ose o f th is s tu dy w as to in vestig ate th e c ondit io nal e ffe cts o f p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y a nd r e la tio nship c onflic t.D esig n/M eth odolo gy/A ppro ach:

W e u tiliz ed a tim e-la gged s urv ey d esig n a nd m ult ile vel m odelin g to in vestig ate 6 0 te am s w ork in g o n a p ro je ct ta sk o ver th e c ours e o f 4

p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate w as h ig h, th e p re sence o f h ig h p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y w as p artic ula rly h elp fu l fo r r e ducin g r e la tio nship c onflic t. In tu rn , d ecre ased

re la tio nship c onflic t te nded to in cre ase te am p erfo rm ance. A ddit io nally , w hen w ork lo ad s harin g w as lo w , h ig h r e la tio nship c onflic t w as e specia lly h arm fu l to te am

perfo rm ance.Im plic atio ns: R esult s s upport th e c onsid era tio n o f te am p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate to b ette r u nders ta nd th e c ondit io ns u nder w hic h p ow er v alu es

div ers it y is lik ely to le ssen r e la tio nship c onflic t a nd s ubsequently in cre ase te am p erfo rm ance. F in din gs a ls o h ig hlig ht th e im porta nce o f a void in g lo w w ork lo ad

sharin g, in th e p re sence o f p ro m in ent r e la tio nship c onflic t, to in cre ase te am p erfo rm ance.O rig in alit y /V alu e: B y e xam in in g r e la tio nship c onflic t a s a m edia to r a nd

partic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate a s a m odera to r o f p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y ’s e ffe cts , w e m ake a n ovel c ontr ib utio n to e xta nt lit e ra tu re b y h elp in g to e lu cid ate b oth

< it a lic > how a lic > a nd < it a lic > under w hat c ondit io ns< /it a lic > d if fe re nces in p ow er v alu es, a m ong te am m em bers , c an in flu ence te am p erfo rm ance. R ela te dly ,

w e a nsw er th e c all fo r m ore r e searc h th at a dopts a c ontin gency a ppro ach to w ard e xam in in g th e e ffe cts o f v alu es d iv ers it y a nd r e la tio nship c onflic t. In d oin g s o,

w e h elp to id entif y th e c ondit io ns u nder w hic h p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y a nd r e la tio nship c onflic t a re lik ely to d if fe re ntia lly in flu ence im porta nt te am o utc om es. Te am s; P ow er v alu es; D iv ers it y ; R ela tio nship c onflic t; T e am p erfo rm ance

In tr o ductio n

A lt h ough te am d iv ers it y r e searc h h as o fte n fo cused o n s urfa ce-le vel o r d em ogra phic c hara cte ris tic s ( e .g ., a ge, g ender), r e searc hers h ave r e com mended th at

m ore a tte ntio n b e p aid to d eep-le vel o r p sycholo gic al d iv ers it y ( e .g ., v alu es; H olle nbeck e t a l. [4 2] ; V an K nip penberg a nd S chip pers [1 1 7] ) , in p art, b ecause it

h as b een fo und to e xhib it g re ate r in flu ence o ver tim e ( H arris on e t a l. [3 9] ) . H ow ever, p rio r s tu die s e xam in in g th e e ffe cts o f d iv ers e p sycholo gic al c hara cte ris tic s

have o fte n fo cused o n p ers onalit y tr a it s a nd/o r a ttit u des ( e .g ., H arris on e t a l. [3 8] ; M oham med a nd A ngell [7 8] ) a nd h ave la rg ely ig nore d th e in flu ence o f v alu es

div ers it y w it h in te am s ( B ell [6 ] ) .

P ow er v alu es d iv ers it y , o r d if fe re nces in th e d esir e to a tta in s ocia l s ta tu s a nd p re stig e, a s w ell a s s ocia l in flu ence o r c ontr o l o ver o th ers , m ay b e e specia lly

im porta nt to c onsid er, in te am s, b ecause s uch d iv ers it y r e pre sents d if fe re nces in p ers onal, m otiv atio nal g oals r e gard in g s ocia l in te ra ctio ns ( S chw artz [9 6] ) .

A ccord in g to Z it e k a nd T ie dens ( [1 25] ) , “ P eople a re e xposed to h ie ra rc hy fr o m th e e arlie st m om ents in th eir liv es, s in ce p are nt- c hild r e la tio nship s a re ty pic ally

h ie ra rc hic al, a nd c ontin ue to b e e xposed to it th ro ughout th eir liv es in a lm ost e very o rg aniz atio n a nd g ro up th ey e ncounte r” ( p . 3 ). G iv en th e s alie nce o f a

d om in ance/s ubm is sio n d im ensio n in in te rp ers onal r e la tio ns ( e .g ., L onner [6 8] ) , th e w id espre ad u se o f te am s in m odern o rg aniz atio ns ( S ala s e t a l. [9 5] ;

T a nnenbaum e t a l. [1 1 3] ) , a nd a g ro w in g in te re st in p ow er a nd s ta tu s d if fe re nces in s uch te am s ( e .g ., A im e e t a l. [1 ] ; B enders ky a nd S hah [8 ] ) , it is u nfo rtu nate

th at te am r e searc h o n p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y is c om para tiv ely la ckin g.

T here fo re , in a n e ffo rt to in vestig ate p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y , in te am s, w e fo cus o n r e la tio nship c onflic t ( te nsio n a nd a nim osit y b etw een te am m em bers ) a s a

p ro xim al o utc om e a nd p ote ntia l m edia to r o f p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y ’s e ffe cts o n te am p erfo rm ance. P ast r e searc h in dic ate s th at r e la tio nship c onflic t a ris es fr o m

dif fe re nces in v alu es ( e .g ., C hun a nd C hoi [2 3] ; D e D re u [2 5] ; G re er a nd J ehn [3 7] ) a nd h as a h arm fu l im pact o n te am p erfo rm ance ( e .g ., D e D re u a nd

W ein gart [2 7] ; d e W it e t a l. [2 9] ; O ʼN eill e t a l. [8 3] ) . T here fo re , h ig hlig htin g c ondit io ns th at m ay m in im iz e th e o ccurre nce o f r e la tio nship c onflic t a nd it s

d etr im enta l c onsequences h as im porta nt im plic atio ns fo r b oth r e searc h a nd p ra ctic e.

A doptin g a c ontin gency a ppro ach to w ard in vestig atin g p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y is e specia lly im porta nt b ecause d if fe re nces in p ow er v alu es m ay h ave e it h er

com ple m enta ry o r c onflic tin g e ffe cts o n te am o utc om es. O n o ne h and, d if fe re nces in p ow er v alu es, a m ong te am m em bers , m ay in cre ase r e la tio nship c onflic t

on th e b asis o f m em ber d is sim ila rit y ( e .g ., B yrn e [1 4] ; W oehr e t a l. [1 23] ) . O n th e o th er h and, r e searc h o n d om in ance c om ple m enta rit y s uggests th at

te am mate s w ho d em onstr a te a ssertiv e c hara cte ris tic s c an w ork b ette r w it h th ose w ho a ssum e m ore p assiv e r o le s, a nd v ic e v ers a ( K ie sle r [5 9] ; K ris to f- B ro w n

et a l. [6 4] ) . In o th er w ord s, te am s c onsis tin g o f m em bers w ho a re m otiv ate d to a tta in c ontr o l o ver te am mate s, in a ddit io n to m em bers w ho w ould r a th er d efe r to

o th ers , m ay b enefit fr o m c om ple m enta ry te am m em ber d esir e s. S pecif ic ally , p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y m ay b e e specia lly r e le vant in te am s c hara cte riz ed b y n o

fo rm ally a ppoin te d le ader a nd s ubsta ntia l a uto nom y w it h r e spect to h ow w ork is c om ple te d ( e .g ., s elf - m anaged te am s; H um phre y e t a l. [4 4] ; M anz a nd S im s

[7 1] ; S ala s e t a l. [9 4] ) . In s uch te am s, m em bers a re fr e e to s tr u ctu re w ork a m ong th em selv es, a nd c an th ere fo re p re sent th eir c om ple m enta ry p ow er-re la te d

m otiv atio ns, p ro vid ed th at th ey fe el e ncoura ged a nd in te rp ers onally s afe to d o s o. T hat is , d if fe re nces in p ow er v alu es c an p ote ntia lly h elp to p ro m ote a m ore

d esir a ble d iv is io n o f la bor w it h in a uto nom ously fu nctio nin g te am s, a s m em bers ’ m otiv atio ns fo r c ontr o l a nd d om in ance a re c om ple m enta ry r a th er th an

conflic tin g in a m anner th at m ay c ontr ib ute to in te rp ers onal te nsio ns b etw een te am mate s. There fo re , g iv en th e p ote ntia lly c ontr a stin g ( i. e ., c om ple m enta ry v s c onflic tin g) e ffe cts o f p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y , th e p re sent s tu dy a dopts a c ontin gency

appro ach to in vestig ate th e in flu ence o f p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y o n r e la tio nship c onflic t a nd te am p erfo rm ance. C onceptu ally , w e a dvocate fo r th e p ers pectiv e

th at te am -le vel v aria ble s a re b est u nders to od w it h in th eir s it u atio nal c ondit io n a nd in c om bin atio n w it h r e le vant p ro cess-re la te d p henom ena ( e .g ., V an

K nip penberg a nd S chip pers [1 1 7] ) . T here fo re , w e in vestig ate w heth er th e p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y -re la tio nship c onflic t lin k d epends o n th e c onte xtu al m odera to r

of p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate ( s hare d p erc eptio ns th at th e te am is in te rp ers onally n onth re ate nin g a nd e ncoura gin g o f in volv em ent) , a nd w heth er th e in te ra ctio n

of p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y a nd p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate , o n te am p erfo rm ance, is m edia te d b y r e la tio nship c onflic t. F urth erm ore , w e e xam in e w ork lo ad

sharin g, o r th e e xte nt to w hic h te am m em bers p erc eiv e th at te am mate s d o th eir e xpecte d s hare o f th e w ork , a s a p ro cess-re la te d m odera to r o f th e lin k b etw een

re la tio nship c onflic t a nd te am p erfo rm ance. P artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate a nd w ork lo ad s harin g a re c onnecte d in th at b oth a re m ark ed b y c oncern s a bout e quit y

a nd c oopera tio n th at a ccom pany r e la tio nship c onflic t ( e .g ., F olg er [3 4] ; J ehn [5 0] ; R en a nd G ra y [9 1] ; S im ons a nd P ete rs on [1 09] ) .

O ur r e searc h p ro vid es th re e k ey c ontr ib utio ns to e xta nt lit e ra tu re . F ir s t, w e e xte nd e xis tin g r e searc h o n p ow er v alu es b y s pecif ic ally a nsw erin g th e c all fo r m ore

te am r e searc h o n th is u nder-in vestig ate d b ut “ re le vant a spect o f th e v alu es d om ain ,” ( W oehr e t a l. [1 23] , p .1 1 0). A lt h ough m ult ip le s tu die s h ave d em onstr a te d

th e im porta nce o f p ow er v alu es in p re dic tin g a v arie ty o f in div id ual- le vel o utc om es ( e .g ., A rth aud-D ay e t a l. [3 ] ; B ond e t a l. [1 1 ] ; B re tt a nd O kum ura [1 3] ; R aub

and R obert [9 0] ; S chw artz [1 01] , [1 02] ) , o nly a s m all n um ber o f s tu die s h as in vestig ate d p ow er v alu es in te am s ( e .g ., A rth aud-D ay e t a l. [3 ] ; W oehr e t a l. [1 23]

). M ore over, e ven fe w er s tu die s h ave e xplo re d d iv ers it y o f p ow er v alu es in te am s, d espit e b oth e m pir ic al ( W oehr e t a l. [1 23] ) a nd c onceptu al w ork ( e .g .,

S chw artz [9 9] , [1 00] , [1 03] , [1 04] ) s uggestin g th at s uch d iv ers it y is lin ked to te am r e la tio nship c onflic t.

S econd, w e a dopt a c ontin gency p ers pectiv e in e xam in in g p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y ’s e ffe cts . P rio r w ork o n p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y h as e m phasiz ed o nly m ain

e ffe cts ( W oehr e t a l. [1 23] ) . H ow ever, w e a nsw er th e c all o f te am d iv ers it y r e searc hers w ho h ave a dvocate d fo r m ore c om ple x m odels th at c onsid er b oth

m odera tin g a nd m edia tin g v aria ble s in v alu es d iv ers it y r e searc h ( V an K nip penberg a nd S chip pers [1 1 7] ) . T hat is , b y e xam in in g p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate a s a

m odera to r a nd r e la tio nship c onflic t a s a m edia to r o f p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y ’s e ffe cts , w e m ake a n ovel c ontr ib utio n to e xta nt lit e ra tu re b y h elp in g to e lu cid ate

b oth h ow a nd u nder w hat c ondit io ns p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y c an in flu ence te am p erfo rm ance.

T hir d , r e searc hers h ave s im ila rly a dvocate d fo r a c ontin gency a ppro ach in e xam in in g th e e ffe cts o f r e la tio nship c onflic t ( e .g ., d e W it e t a l. [2 9] ; S haw e t a l. [1 07]

). In th eir m eta -a naly sis o f th e in tr a gro up c onflic t lit e ra tu re , d e W it e t a l. ( [2 9] ) s pecif ic ally c alle d fo r m ore w ork th at e xam in es th e c ondit io ns u nder w hic h

perfo rm ance o utc om es o f p ro je ct ta sks m ay b e d if fe re ntia lly in flu enced b y r e la tio nship c onflic t. T here fo re , th e p re sent s tu dy u tiliz es a p ro je ct ta sk to in vestig ate

w ork lo ad s harin g a s a m odera to r th at m ay b ette r e lu cid ate th e c ondit io ns u nder w hic h r e la tio nship c onflic t is m ore lik ely to d ele te rio usly im pact te am

perfo rm ance.

P ow er V alu es

A ccord in g to S chw artz ( S chw artz [9 6] , S chw artz [9 7] ) , p ow er v alu es r e fe r to p ers onal, m otiv atio nal g oals fo cused o n th e a tta in m ent o f s ocia l s ta tu s a nd

pre stig e, a s w ell a s in flu ence o r c ontr o l o ver p eople a nd r e sourc es. L ik e o th er v alu es, th ey tr a nscend s pecif ic s it u atio ns a nd g uid e th e e valu atio n o f a ctio ns,

polic ie s, p eople , a nd e vents . A lt h ough p ow er v alu es m ay b e u nim porta nt to o ne in div id ual, th ey m ay b e v ery im porta nt to a noth er ( B ard i a nd S chw artz [4 ] ) .

T hat is , w here as in div id uals w ho a re h ig h o n p ow er v alu es a re g re atly m otiv ate d to a tta in c ontr o l o ver o th ers , a s w ell a s s ocia l s ta tu s a nd p re stig e, th ose w ho

are lo w o n p ow er v alu es h ave lit tle d esir e fo r p ow er o r s ta tu s, a nd a re m ore m otiv ate d to a ccept th e s ocia l e nvir o nm ent a s it is r a th er th an tr y to c ontr o l it .

M ore over, s im ila r to o th er v alu es, p ow er v alu es m ay s erv e a s c rit e ria th at p ro vid e s ocia l ju stif ic atio n fo r d ecis io ns a nd a ctio ns ( R okeach [9 3] ; S chw artz [9 6] ) . Past r e searc h h as s how n th at p ow er v alu es a re r e la te d to b ehavio ra l in te ntio ns ( F eath er [3 3] ) , w hic h in dic ate s th at in div id uals d esir e to a ct in a m anner

congru ent w it h th eir p ow er v alu es. F urth erm ore , m ult ip le s tu die s h ave d em onstr a te d th at p ow er v alu es p re dic t b ehavio r c onsis te nt w it h th eir m otiv atio nal g oals

( e .g ., B ard i a nd S chw artz [4 ] ; S chw artz [1 02] ) , in clu din g p re ssurin g o th ers to g o a lo ng w it h p re fe re nces o r o pin io ns a nd c hoosin g fr ie nds b ased o n p erc eiv ed

fin ancia l r e sourc es. A ddit io nally , p ow er v alu es h ave b een fo und to in flu ence th e d egre e o f o rg aniz atio nal in volv em ent, p ro socia l b ehavio r ( S chw artz [1 02] ) , tr u st

in o th ers ( S chw artz [1 01] ) , a nd c oopera tio n w it h o th ers ( S chw artz [9 8] ) . T hey h ave a ls o b een s how n to p la y a n im porta nt r o le in v ocatio nal c hoic e, c opin g

sty le s, c onflic t r e solu tio n ( B ond e t a l. [1 1 ] ) , n egotia tio n s chem as ( B re tt a nd O kum ura [1 3] ) , a nd d ecis io n-m akin g ( S chw artz e t a l. [1 05] ) .

T o o ur k now le dge, o nly a s in gle s tu dy h as e xam in ed th e r e la tio nship b etw een p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y a nd r e la tio nship c onflic t. In a s am ple o f u nderg ra duate

s tu dents , W oehr e t a l. ( [1 23] ) c onducte d a la bora to ry s tu dy, w here by o ver th e c ours e o f a ppro xim ate ly 7 5

fo r a nd b uild a b rid ge-lik e s tr u ctu re . R esult s d em onstr a te d th at p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y w as p osit iv ely c orre la te d w it h r e la tio nship c onflic t, th ere by d em onstr a tin g

it s p ro m is e fo r fu tu re in vestig atio n. H ow ever, th e a uth ors n ote d m ult ip le lim it a tio ns o f th eir s tu dy. S pecif ic ally , th ere w as n o in clu sio n o f m odera tin g v aria ble s,

w hic h is h ig hly in consis te nt w it h th e c ontin gency a ppro ach th at h as b een r e com mended fo r th e g enera l te am d iv ers it y ( e .g ., V an K nip penberg a nd S chip pers

[1 1 7] ) , v alu es d iv ers it y ( e .g ., V an K nip penberg a nd S chip pers [1 1 7] ) , a nd c onflic t ( e .g ., d e W it e t a l. [2 9] ; S haw e t a l. [1 07] ) lit e ra tu re s. In a ddit io n, th e a uth ors

h ig hlig hte d th e fa ct th at fin din gs o f th eir s tu dy “ m ay b e q uit e d if fe re nt a m ong te am s o f lo nger lif e s pans, p urs uin g d if fe re nt o r m ult ip le ta sks, a nd o pera tin g in a

m uch le ss c ontr o lle d e nvir o nm ent” ( W oehr e t a l. [1 23] , p . 1 1 8). T hus, fu tu re in vestig atio n in to th e r e la tio nship b etw een p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y a nd r e la tio nship

c onflic t is w arra nte d ( W oehr e t a l. [1 23] ) .

R ela tio nsh ip C onflic t

R ela tio nship c onflic t r e fe rs to d is agre em ents a m ong te am m em bers s te m min g fr o m in te rp ers onal in com patib ilit ie s a nd is c hara cte riz ed b y te nsio n, a nnoyance,

anger, a nd a nim osit y ( J ehn [5 0] ; J ehn a nd M annix [5 2] ) . B ased o n p ast v alu es a nd c onflic t r e searc h, r e la tio nship c onflic t w as id entif ie d a s a n im porta nt

pro xim al o utc om e a nd p ote ntia l m edia to r o f p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y ’s e ffe cts . T hat is , r e la tio nship c onflic t w as id entif ie d fo r th re e p rim ary r e asons. F ir s t, p ast

re searc h o n v alu es s uggests th at p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y s hould b e lin ked to r e la tio nship c onflic t, a s o pposed to ta sk o r p ro cess c onflic t. M ore s pecif ic ally , w ork

o n S chw artz ’s v alu es, w hic h h ave r e ceiv ed c ro ss-c ult u ra l s upport a nd h ave b een c onsid ere d th e m ost r e cogniz ed c onceptu aliz atio n o f v alu es ( s ee H it lin a nd

P ilia vin [4 1] ; R ohan [9 2] ) , h as c onsis te ntly a nd e xplic it ly e m phasiz ed th at p ow er v alu es a re in separa bly tie d to a ffe ctiv e a nd/o r e m otio n-re la te d o utc om es ( e .g .,

S chw artz [9 9] , [1 00] , [1 03] , [1 04] ) . R ela te dly , r e la tio nship c onflic t, w hic h is o fte n r e fe rre d to a s e m otio nal c onflic t ( e .g ., K acm ar e t a l. [5 6] ; L i a nd H am bric k

[6 7] ; S im ons a nd P ete rs on [1 09] ) , is b oth d efin ed a nd m easure d in a m anner in dic atin g a ffe ctiv e c om ponents ( e .g ., J ehn [5 0] ; J ehn a nd M annix [5 2] ) . In

c ontr a st, n eit h er ta sk c onflic t n or p ro cess c onflic t is ty pic ally d efin ed o r o pera tio naliz ed in th is m anner ( e .g ., J ehn [5 0] ; J ehn a nd M annix [5 2] ) .

S econd, r e la tio nship c onflic t h as b een s uggeste d to a ris e “ w hen m em bers p erc eiv e d is cre pancie s in p ers onalit y , v alu es, o r b elie fs ” ( C hun a nd C hoi [2 3] , p .

439, it a lic s a dded). A ccord in gly , p rio r r e searc h in dic ate s th at r e la tio nship c onflic t is r o ote d in in com patib ilit ie s r e le vant to fu ndam enta l p ers onal d if fe re nces ( e .g .,

J ehn [5 0] ) . C onsis te nt w it h th is th in kin g, c onflic t r e searc hers h ave s pecif ic ally n ote d te am m em ber d is agre em ents , b ased o n d if fe rin g p ers onal v alu es, a s

exam ple s o f r e la tio nship c onflic t ( e .g ., D e D re u [2 5] ; D e D re u a nd W ein gart [2 7] ; G re er a nd J ehn [3 7] ) . In c ontr a st, ta sk c onflic t d eriv es fr o m d if fe re nt ta sk-

re la te d v ie w poin ts o r o pin io ns a bout a g ro up ta sk ( J ehn e t a l. [5 3] ; J ehn a nd M annix [5 2] ; P elle d e t a l. [8 4] ) , a nd p ro cess c onflic t s te m s fr o m d if fe re nt

pers pectiv es s pecif ic to h ow th e g ro up ta sk w ill p ro ceed ( J ehn a nd M annix [5 2] ) . T here fo re , ta sk a nd p ro cess c onflic t a re c onceptu ally m ore s im ila r to e ach

oth er th an to r e la tio nship c onflic t. S pecif ic ally , w here as r e la tio nship c onflic t is c hara cte riz ed b y in te rp ers onal te nsio n, a nnoyance, a nger, a nd a nim osit y , ta sk

conflic t a nd p ro cess c onflic t a re m ore w ork -re la te d a s o pposed to “ p ers onal” ( M artín ez-M ore no e t a l. [7 2] , p .1 59). T hus, w e e xpecte d th at d if fe re nces a m ong te am m em bers , in th eir p ers onal p ow er v alu es, w ere m ore lik ely to a ffe ct r e la tio nship c onflic t, th an ta sk o r p ro cess c onflic t. T a ken to geth er, w e c onte nd th at

re searc h in b oth th e v alu es a nd c onflic t lit e ra tu re s s uggests a c le are r lin k b etw een p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y a nd r e la tio nship c onflic t, a s c om pare d to ta sk o r

pro cess c onflic t.

T hir d , in a ddit io n to p ast w ork c onceptu ally ty in g p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y to r e la tio nship c onflic t, r e cent m eta -a naly tic in vestig atio n h as e xplo re d th e r e la tio nship

b etw een th e th re e a fo re m entio ned c onflic t ty pes a nd te am p erfo rm ance, w hen te am p erfo rm ance w as r a te d b y e xperts ( e .g ., c ours e in str u cto rs ) a nd/o r

superv is ors ( O ʼN eill e t a l. [8 3] ) . S pecif ic ally , e ffe ct s iz es r e porte d fo r th e r e la tio nship c onflic t- te am p erfo rm ance ( c orre cte d r

s uperv is or r a tin gs), ta sk c onflic t- te am p erfo rm ance ( c orre cte d r

( c orre cte d r

u nder w hic h it s h arm fu l in flu ence o n te am p erfo rm ance m ay b e m it ig ate d a nd/o r e xacerb ate d. T here fo re , r e la tio nship c onflic t w as id entif ie d a s a k ey m edia tin g

pro cess fo r o ur m odel.

T heo re tic al D evelo pm en t a n d H yp oth eses

T he P ow er V alu es D iv ers it y -R ela tio nsh ip C onflic t L in k ( C om ple m en ta ry V ie w )

Pow er v alu es d iv ers it y m ay a ct a s a d ouble -e dged s w ord in it s in flu ence o n r e la tio nship c onflic t. N ota bly , it is p ossib le th at d if fe re nces in p ow er v alu es m ay h elp

t o r e duce r e la tio nship c onflic t. M ore s pecif ic ally , te am m em bers w ho a ttr ib ute g re ate r im porta nce to p ow er v alu es s hould b e m ore m otiv ate d to a ssum e

auth orit y o r a tta in p osit io ns o f s ta tu s w it h in th eir te am s. T hat is , th ey a re m ore lik ely to d esir e o pportu nit ie s r e pre senta tiv e o f a n a uth orit a tiv e r o le , s uch a s

dele gatin g r e sponsib ilit ie s to o th er te am m em bers . In c ontr a st, m em bers lo w er in p ow er v alu es a re le ss m otiv ate d b y s uch o pportu nit ie s, a nd m ore c om fo rta ble

c oopera tin g w it h th e d ir e ctio ns o f th eir te am mate s ( S chw artz [9 6] , [9 7] ) . G iv en th is in fo rm atio n, p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y m ay b e n egativ ely r e la te d to r e la tio nship

c onflic t, b ecause d if fe re nces in m em bers ’ p ow er v alu es m ay a llo w fo r c om ple m enta ry fit ( H um phre y e t a l. [4 4] ; K ris to f [6 3] ; M uchin sky a nd M onahan [7 9] ) . In

te am s c hara cte riz ed b y c om ple m enta ry fit , m em bers “ fit ” th e te am b ecause th ey a re d if fe re nt th an o th er te am mate s in s om e im porta nt w ay, a nd a re th ere fo re

a ble to fill a n eed ( C able a nd E dw ard s [1 5] ; H um phre y e t a l. [4 4] ; M uchin sky a nd M onahan [7 9] ) . A ccord in g to H um phre y e t a l. ( [4 4] ) , c om ple m enta ry fit m ay

expedit e th e c la rif ic atio n o f r o le s w it h in a te am . In te am s w it h h ig h p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y , n ot a ll te am m em bers w ill b e m otiv ate d to o bta in a p osit io n o f s ta tu s

or d om in ance ( e .g ., a r o le o f d ele gatio n). T e am m em bers w it h lo w er p ow er v alu es m ay b e m ore c om fo rta ble “ g oin g w it h th e flo w ” a nd d efe rrin g to o th ers ,

w here as m em bers w it h h ig her p ow er v alu es m ay d esir e th e a uth orit y o f a ssig nin g ta sks to te am mate s. T hus, p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y o ffe rs th e p ote ntia l fo r

com ple m enta ry te am r o le s, a s te am mate s a re d if fe re ntia lly m otiv ate d to fill u nm et n eeds w it h in th e te am .

The P ow er V alu es D iv ers it y -R ela tio nsh ip C onflic t L in k ( C onflic tin g V ie w )

How ever, it is a ls o p la usib le th at p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y m ay b e p osit iv ely r e la te d to r e la tio nship c onflic t. A s s uggeste d b y th e s im ila rit y a ttr a ctio n p ara dig m

(B yrn e [1 4] ) , d is sim ila rit y o f v alu es, b elie fs , a nd a ttit u des m ay d ecre ase in te rp ers onal a ttr a ctio n ( e .g ., M annix a nd N eale [7 0] ) . T hat is , te am m em bers w ho

attr ib ute le sser im porta nce to p ow er v alu es m ay p erc eiv e “ p ow er h ungry ” te am mate s a s u ncom fo rta bly d om in eerin g. In a ddit io n, th ose h ig her in p ow er v alu es

m ay p erc eiv e te am mate s w ho a re n ot e qually m otiv ate d to a tta in p ow er a s u ndesir a bly la ckin g in te re st in th e ta sk. T hus, d if fe re nces in p ow er v alu es m ay

cre ate te nsio n a nd a nim osit y in te am m em ber in te ra ctio ns. C onsid erin g th ese p ossib ilit ie s, w e p osit th at w heth er p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y y ie ld s c om ple m enta ry

o r c onflic tin g e ffe cts w ill d epend o n c erta in c ondit io ns.

A C ontin gen cy A ppro ach Brid gin g r e com mendatio ns fr o m s chola rs in b oth th e te am d iv ers it y a nd c onflic t lit e ra tu re s ( e .g ., d e W it e t a l. [2 9] ; S haw e t a l. [1 07] ; V an K nip penberg a nd

S chip pers [1 1 7] ) , w e p re sent a c ontin gency a ppro ach in w hic h th e p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y -re la tio nship c onflic t lin k d epends o n p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate , a nd

th e r e la tio nship c onflic t- te am p erfo rm ance lin k d epends o n w ork lo ad s harin g. B ecause r e la tio nship c onflic t h as b een id entif ie d a s a d estr u ctiv e fo rm o f te am

m em ber d is agre em ent a nd h as c onsis te ntly b een s how n to h ave n egativ e e ffe cts o n te am p erfo rm ance ( e .g ., D e D re u a nd W ein gart [2 7] ; d e W it e t a l. [2 9] ;

O ’N eill e t a l. [8 3] ) , c onsid erin g m odera tin g v aria ble s th at h elp to r e duce r e la tio nship c onflic t, a s w ell a s it s h arm fu l im pact o n te am p erfo rm ance, h as m eanin gfu l

im plic atio ns fo r p ra ctic e. R ela te dly , w e c onte nd th at te am -le vel v aria ble s a re b est u nders to od b y jo in tly fo cusin g o n d is tin ct a spects o f th e s it u atio n a nd r e le vant

pro cesses ( e .g ., V an K nip penberg a nd S chip pers [1 1 7] ) . In deed, c onte xt a nd p ro cess a re tw o k ey c ontin gency fa cto r c ate gorie s th at h ave b een id entif ie d a s

im porta nt to in vestig ate in th e g enera l te am ( e .g ., C am pio n e t a l. [1 6] , [1 7] ) , te am d iv ers it y ( e .g ., J oshi a nd R oh [5 5] ; V an K nip penberg a nd S chip pers [1 1 7] ) ,

a nd c onflic t ( e .g ., d e W it e t a l. [2 9] ; J ehn e t a l. [5 4] ; M anata [6 9] ; S haw e t a l. [1 07] ) lit e ra tu re s.

In th e p re sent s tu dy, w e fe atu re o ne c onte xtu al m odera to r ( p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate ) a nd o ne p ro cess-re la te d m odera to r ( w ork lo ad s harin g) in o ur s tu dy

m odel. C lim ate is a k ey c onte xtu al v aria ble in th e te am , d iv ers it y , a nd c onflic t lit e ra tu re s ( e .g ., B ra dle y e t a l. [1 2] ; F ra zie r a nd B ow le r [3 5] ; W ang e t a l. [1 1 9] ) ,

a nd w ork lo ad s harin g h as b een id entif ie d a s a n im porta nt te am p ro cess th at “ e nhances e ffe ctiv eness b y p re ventin g s ocia l- lo afin g o r fr e e r id in g” ( C am pio n e t a l.

[ 1 6] , p . 8 30). U niq uely r e pre sentin g c onte xt a nd p ro cess, r e spectiv ely , p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate a nd w ork lo ad s harin g a re tie d to geth er in th at b oth a re

c hara cte riz ed b y c oncern s o ver e quit y a nd c oopera tio n th at a ccom pany r e la tio nship c onflic t ( e .g ., F olg er [3 4] ; J ehn [5 0] ; R en a nd G ra y [9 1] ; S im ons a nd

P ete rs on [1 09] ) . W here as p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate c aptu re s p erc eptio ns o f e quit y in d is cussio ns a nd d ecis io n m akin g ( A nders on a nd W est [2 ] ; W est [1 20] ) ,

w ork lo ad s harin g r e fle cts p erc eptio ns o f e quit y r e gard in g te am m em bers fu lf illin g th eir s hare o f r e sponsib ilit ie s ( E re z e t a l. [3 1] ; M urp hy e t a l. [8 1] ) . M ore over,

w here as r e la tio nship c onflic t h as b een s uggeste d to d ecre ase c oopera tio n a m ong te am m em bers ( e .g ., J ehn [5 0] ) , p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate a nd w ork lo ad

sharin g h ave b een s uggeste d to in cre ase c oopera tio n ( e .g ., C arle ss a nd D e P aola [1 8] ; W est [1 20] ) . S pecif ic ally , th e p re sence o f a h ig h p artic ip ativ e s afe ty

c lim ate is c hara cte riz ed b y c oopera tio n in e ncoura gin g te am m em bers to fe el s ocia lly c om fo rta ble a nd p ro m otin g p artic ip atio n in d ecis io n-m akin g. S im ila rly , th e

pre sence o f h ig h w ork lo ad s harin g is c hara cte riz ed b y te am m em bers c oopera tin g w it h e ach o th er in d oin g th eir e xpecte d s hare o f te am work . T here fo re , g iv en

th at p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate a nd w ork lo ad s harin g a re c onnecte d v ia th eir im porta nce to g ro up c oncern s o ver e quit y a nd c oopera tio n, w hic h m ay b e

heig hte ned b y r e la tio nship c onflic t ( e .g ., F olg er [3 4] ; J ehn [5 0] ; R en a nd G ra y [9 1] ; S im ons a nd P ete rs on [1 09] ) , w e e xpect th at p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate

a nd w ork lo ad s harin g m ay b e p artic ula rly w ell- s uit e d fo r in vestig atio n a s m odera to rs in th e c urre nt s tu dy.

P artic ip ativ e S afe ty C lim ate a s a M odera to r o f t h e P ow er V alu es D iv ers it y -R ela tio nsh ip ...

A s d iv ers it y s chola rs h ave a dvocate d a nd m eta -a naly ses d em onstr a te , v aria tio n in d iv ers it y e ffe cts is o fte n d ue to m odera to rs ( e .g ., J oshi a nd R oh [5 5] ; V an

D ijk e t a l. [1 1 5] ; V an K nip penberg a nd S chip pers [1 1 7] ) . J oshi a nd R oh’s ( [5 5] ) m eta -a naly sis fo und th at d iv ers it y e ffe cts d ouble d o r tr ip le d in s iz e a fte r

accountin g fo r m odera tin g c onte xtu al v aria ble s. In a r e vie w o f th e d iv ers it y lit e ra tu re , J ackson a nd J oshi ( [4 7] ) lis te d c ult u re a nd c lim ate a s k ey c onte xtu al

m odera to rs th at r e searc hers s hould c ontin ue to in vestig ate . B uild in g o n th is r e searc h, w e in vestig ate th e in te ra ctiv e e ffe cts o f p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate a nd

pow er v alu es d iv ers it y o n r e la tio nship c onflic t.

P artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate r e fe rs to s hare d p erc eptio ns th at th e te am is in te rp ers onally n onth re ate nin g a nd e ncoura gin g o f in volv em ent ( A nders on a nd W est [2 ]

; P elt o korp i a nd H asu [8 5] ; P ir o la -M erlo e t a l. [8 6] ; W est [1 20] ) . In te am s w it h a h ig h p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate , m em bers a re e ncoura ged to p artic ip ate in

d is cussio ns a nd d ecis io n-m akin g, a s th ey p erc eiv e th e te am c lim ate to b e s upportiv e. T his c lim ate o f r e spect w it h in te am s a llo w s m em bers to fe el c om fo rta ble expre ssin g id eas w it h out fe ar o f b ein g d is re gard ed o r n egativ ely p erc eiv ed ( A nders on a nd W est [2 ] ; P elt o korp i a nd H asu [8 5] ; P ir o la -M erlo e t a l. [8 6] ; W est

[1 20] ) .

P artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate is a n e specia lly im porta nt fa cto r to c onsid er in o ur m odel b ecause d om in ance, a m otiv atio nal g oal a ssocia te d w it h p ow er v alu es,

can b e p erc eiv ed a s th re ate nin g a nd th ere by r e duce c oopera tio n a nd in cre ase c onflic t ( C arli e t a l. [1 9] ) . H ence, th e d egre e to w hic h th e te am h as e sta blis hed

an a tm osphere o f o pen, s upportiv e, a nd fr e e c om munic atio n a m ong m em bers is c le arly r e le vant. T hat is , th e in flu ence o f p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y o n r e la tio nship

c onflic t is lik ely to d epend o n w heth er g ro up m em bers s hare p erc eptio ns th at th e te am is in te rp ers onally n onth re ate nin g a nd e ncoura gin g o f in volv em ent. W e

th ere fo re id entif y p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate a s a d ete rm in in g fa cto r in w heth er th e b enefit s o f p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y y ie ld m ore c om ple m enta ry o r c onflic tin g

effe cts in te am s. B ecause it h elp s to fa cilit a te m utu al u nders ta ndin g o f te am m em bers ’ in te rp ers onal m otiv atio ns a nd b ehavio rs , p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate

m ay h elp to r e duce m is attr ib utio ns p re sente d b y d if fe rin g p ow er v alu es a nd th us lim it r e la tio nship c onflic t.

S pecif ic ally , w hen th e te am c lim ate is n onth re ate nin g, r e spectfu l, a nd e ncoura gin g o f c om munic atio n, m em bers a re lik ely to b e m ore c om fo rta ble a ro und

te am mate s a nd le ss o ffe nded b y th ose w ho d esir e to a ssum e p osit io ns o f d om in ance w it h in th e te am . M ore over, th ere m ay b e a g re ate r p ro babilit y th at te am

m em ber v alu es a nd s ubsequent r o le s w ill c om ple m ent r a th er th an c onflic t w it h o ne a noth er w hen p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate is h ig h. T he p ro cess o f n egotia tin g

ro le s is a c ru cia l s te p in th e fo rm atio n o f te am s ( Ilg en e t a l. [4 5] ) , a nd it m ay c ause c onflic t b etw een te am m em bers w ho d esir e s im ila r r o le s. H ow ever, u nder a

h ig h p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate , te am mate s m ay m ore e asily a gre e o n w ho w ill fu lf ill c erta in d utie s w it h in th e te am , a s a c lim ate c hara cte riz ed b y c om fo rt a nd

re spect h as b een e sta blis hed ( A nders on a nd W est [2 ] ; W est [1 20] ) .In a ddit io n, c onsis te nt w it h th eory o n c om ple m enta ry fit ( H um phre y e t a l. [4 4] ) , te am

m em bers w ho a ttr ib ute d if fe rin g le vels o f im porta nce to p ow er v alu es w ill h ave m ore c om ple m enta ry m otiv atio ns r e gard in g d esir e d te am r o le s. T e am m em bers

w ho w is h to d ele gate w ork w ill n eed te am mate s w ho a re w illin g to ta ke o n th ese r e sponsib ilit ie s ( M ein dl [7 7] ) . A s te am m em bers a re a ble to m ore e asily

a ssum e c om patib le d utie s th at a re c onsis te nt w it h th eir o w n p ers onal v alu es, th ey m ay n ot o nly b e m ore c onte nt w it h th eir o w n p la ce in th e te am , b ut a ls o w it h

th e p la ce o f th eir te am mate s, lo w erin g th e p ossib ilit y o f r e la tio nship c onflic t.

H ypoth esis 1 : P artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate w ill m odera te th e a ssocia tio n b etw een p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y a nd r e la tio nship c onflic t: W hen p artic ip ativ e s afe ty

c lim ate is h ig her ( v s lo w er), th e a ssocia tio n b etw een p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y a nd r e la tio nship c onflic t w ill b e m ore n egativ e.

T he C ondit io nal In dir e ct E ffe ct o f P ow er V alu es D iv ers it y

T hus fa r, w e h ave p ro posed th at th e in te ra ctio n o f p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y a nd p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate w ill p re dic t r e la tio nship c onflic t. S pecif ic ally , a s

partic ip ativ e c lim ate in cre ases, p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y w ill b e m ore c onduciv e to r e ducin g r e la tio nship c onflic t, b ased o n c ondit io ns p ro m otin g c om ple m enta ry fit

( H um phre y e t a l. [4 4] ) . S ubsequently , it is e xpecte d th at r e la tio nship c onflic t w ill b e n egativ ely r e la te d to te am p erfo rm ance.

R ela tio nship c onflic t m ay n egativ ely in flu ence th e in fo rm atio n p ro cessin g a bilit y o f te am m em bers , a s tim e a nd a tte ntio nal r e sourc es a re e xpended o n

in te rp ers onal p ro ble m s r a th er th an te am ta sks ( E van [3 2] ; J ehn a nd M annix [5 2] ; S im ons a nd P ete rs on [1 09] ) . T hat is , r e la tio nship c onflic t m ay d etr im enta lly

im pact te am s b y d is tr a ctin g m em bers a nd r e str ic tin g th e a tte ntio n th at th ey c an d evote to te am r e sponsib ilit ie s. A ddit io nally , r e la tio nship c onflic t h as b een

suggeste d to g enera te n egativ e e m otio ns a nd a ttit u des th at m ay r e duce c oopera tio n a m ong te am m em bers a nd d ecre ase th eir e ffo rts ( C hoi a nd S y [2 2] ; J ehn

et a l. [5 1] ) . S upportiv e o f th is r a tio nale , th re e m eta -a naly ses h ave fo und r e la tio nship c onflic t to b e n egativ ely a ssocia te d w it h te am p erfo rm ance ( D e D re u a nd

W ein gart [2 7] ; d e W it e t a l. [2 9] ; O ’N eill e t a l. [8 3] ) . There fo re , if th e c om bin ed p re sence o f h ig h p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y a nd a h ig h p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate le ssens r e la tio nship c onflic t, th en te am p erfo rm ance

should s ubsequently in cre ase. T hat is , c onsis te nt w it h o ur c ontin gency a ppro ach to w ard in vestig atin g p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y ’s e ffe cts , w e p ro pose th at th e

m echanis m b y w hic h th e in te ra ctio n o f p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y a nd p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate p osit iv ely in flu ences te am p erfo rm ance, is th ro ugh r e la tio nship

c onflic t. A s r e la tio nship c onflic t is r e duced, m em bers m ay m ore e asily d evote th eir tim e a nd e ffo rts to w ard c om ple tin g te am ta sks a s o pposed to m anagin g

te nse d is agre em ents a nd a nim osit ie s. H ence, th e fo llo w in g w as p re dic te d:

H ypoth esis 2 : T here w ill b e a p osit iv e in dir e ct e ffe ct o f p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y o n te am p erfo rm ance, th ro ugh r e la tio nship c onflic t, w hen p artic ip ativ e s afe ty

c lim ate is h ig her ( v s lo w er).

W ork lo ad S harin g a s a M odera to r o f t h e R ela tio nsh ip C onflic t-T eam P erfo rm an ce L in k

A lt h ough th re e m eta -a naly ses h ave d em onstr a te d r e la tio nship c onflic t’s n egativ e e ffe cts o n te am p erfo rm ance, th ere h as c onsis te ntly b een e vid ence o f

substa ntia l h ete ro geneit y in e ffe ct s iz es, in dic atin g th e p re sence o f m odera to rs ( D e D re u a nd W ein gart [2 7] ; d e W it e t a l. [2 9] ; O ʼN eill e t a l. [8 3] ) . T here fo re ,

schola rs h ave c alle d fo r fu rth er in vestig atio n o f m odera to rs r e le vant to th e r e la tio nship c onflic t- te am p erfo rm ance lin k ( e .g ., d e W it e t a l. [2 9] ) . B ecause o f it s

d etr im enta l im pact, it is im porta nt to fin d w ays to a m elio ra te r e la tio nship c onflic t’s n egativ e c onsequences fo r te am p erfo rm ance, b oth th eore tic ally a nd

pra ctic ally ( R en a nd G ra y [9 1] ) . A ddre ssin g th ese n eeds, w e e xam in e w ork lo ad s harin g a s a m otiv atio n-re la te d te am p ro cess v aria ble a nd m odera to r

(C am pio n e t a l. [1 6] , [1 7] ; E re z e t a l. [3 1] ) .

P rio r s tu die s c onsid erin g h ow to m anage r e la tio nship c onflic t h ave te nded to fo cus o n r e pair in g th e r e la tio nship th ro ugh v ario us c onflic t r e sponse s ty le s ( e .g .,

c olla bora tin g, a void in g, o r c onte ndin g r e sponses; D e D re u a nd V an V ia nen [2 6] ) o r r e sto ra tio n a ctio ns ( e .g ., a polo gie s, p enance, d em onstr a tin g c oncern ; R en

and G ra y [9 1] ) . H ow ever, in r e al- tim e, te am p erfo rm ance d em ands a re lik ely to c ontin ue w hile m em bers a re w ork in g o ut th eir d if fe re nces, w hic h m ay n ot b e

re solv ed in th e s hort te rm . T here fo re , r a th er th an c oncentr a te o n th e p ote ntia lly tim e-c onsum in g r e pair o f b it te r h ostilit ie s, w e fo cus m ore o n a ctu al te am work

a nd r e le vant p ro cesses in th e p re sence o f in te rp ers onal te nsio ns. T hat is , w e s eek to d ete rm in e w heth er r e la tio nship c onflic t’s n egativ e e ffe cts o n te am

perfo rm ance a re e xacerb ate d w hen te am m em bers a re p erc eiv ed a s n ot d oin g th eir s hare o f th e w ork lo ad, in th e fa ce o f a nnoyance a nd a nim osit y . H ig h le vels

o f w ork lo ad s harin g h ave b een s how n to h ave p osit iv e e ffe cts o n b ehavio ra l m easure s o f te am p ro ductiv it y a nd m anageria l ju dgm ents o f te am e ffe ctiv eness

(e .g ., C am pio n e t a l. [1 6] , [1 7] ) . In c ontr a st, th e p erc eptio n th at te am mate s a re n egle ctfu l o f th eir d utie s h as b een fo und to b e d etr im enta l to te am fu nctio nin g

(J assaw alla e t a l. [4 9] ) . T here fo re , w e fo cus o n th e in te ra ctiv e e ffe cts o f w ork lo ad s harin g b ecause it h as th e p ote ntia l to e xacerb ate p erfo rm ance d ecre m ents

w hen in te rp ers onal in com patib ilit ie s a m ong m em bers e xis t.

W e p osit th at th e d egre e to w hic h r e la tio nship c onflic t tr a nsla te s in to d ecre ased p erfo rm ance d epends o n th e e xte nt to w hic h m em bers p erc eiv e th at

te am mate s c om ple te r e sponsib ilit ie s a s e xpecte d. S pecif ic ally , it is m ore p ro bable th at r e la tio nship c onflic t w ill n egativ ely im pact p erfo rm ance u nder lo w er

w ork lo ad s harin g c ondit io ns. W hen m em bers d o n ot c om ple te th eir e xpecte d s hare o f r e sponsib ilit ie s, h ig h r e la tio nship c onflic t is e specia lly lik ely to r e sult in

d ecre ased p erfo rm ance. A s fr u str a te d te am m em bers s plit th eir a tte ntio n b etw een m anagin g in te rp ers onal te nsio ns a nd c om ple tin g n egle cte d w ork , in a ddit io n

to fu lf illin g n orm al r e sponsib ilit ie s to m eet p ro je ct d eadlin es, te am p erfo rm ance is lik ely to s uffe r. F urth er, c onsis te nt w it h th e n egativ it y b ia s ( K anouse a nd

H anson [5 7] ) , e vents o f a n egativ e n atu re s hould h ave m ore o f a n in flu ence o n te am m em bers ’ c ognit io n a nd b ehavio r th an n eutr a l o r p osit iv e e vents . F or

exam ple , a n in sta nce o f th e te am n ot c om ple tin g a d eliv era ble m ay b e m uch m ore s alie nt to m em bers th an a n in sta nce o f th e te am c om ple tin g a ta sk. T his

m ay b e p artic ula rly r e le vant w hen th ere a re h ig h le vels o f te nsio n a nd a nim osit y b etw een te am m em bers . A s m em bers d o n ot c om ple te th e w ork e xpecte d o f th em , a lr e ady h ig h le vels o f a nim osit y m ay b ecom e e ven m ore d is tr a ctin g. G iv en th e h ig h le vel o f in te rp ers onal te nsio n p re sent, te am m em bers m ay p erc eiv e

th at th ey a re b ein g e xplo it e d o r e ven r e ta lia te d a gain st w hen te am work is le ft u nfin is hed. In tu rn , th ey m ay r e duce th eir e ffo rts , u lt im ate ly d ecre asin g th e a m ount

of a tte ntio n d evote d to a ccom plis hin g th e te am ta sk ( K err [5 8] ) . M ore over, te am m em bers m ay lo w er th eir g oals fo r th e g ro up, a s p erc eptio ns o f w ork lo ad

in equit y m ay in cre ase a nd fu rth er d em otiv ate m em bers to p erfo rm th eir b est ( M ulv ey a nd K le in [8 0] ) . C onsid erin g th ese p oin ts , th e fo llo w in g w as p re dic te d:

H ypoth esis 3 : W ork lo ad s harin g w ill m odera te th e a ssocia tio n b etw een r e la tio nship c onflic t a nd te am p erfo rm ance: W hen w ork lo ad s harin g is lo w er ( v s h ig her),

th e a ssocia tio n b etw een r e la tio nship c onflic t a nd te am p erfo rm ance w ill b e m ore n egativ e.

M eth od

S am ple

T he p re sent s tu dy in clu ded 3 05 s tu dents fr o m th e M id -A tla ntic r e gio n o f th e U nit e d S ta te s. P artic ip ants w ere e nro lle d in o ne o f fiv e s ubsectio ns o f a

m anagem ent c ours e. In to ta l, 6 0 te am s p artic ip ate d. T e am s r a nged fr o m fo ur to s even m em bers in s iz e, w it h a n a vera ge o f a ppro xim ate ly 5 .1 m em bers p er

te am . T e am m em bers w ere 4 5.2 % m ale , a nd o n a vera ge, 2 1.4

B la ck.

Team T ask

Te am s w ere r e quir e d to w ork o n a p ro je ct o ver th e c ours e o f 4

O utc om e in te rd ependence c hara cte riz ed th e te am ta sk, a s te am mate s w ere lin ked to o ne a noth er w it h r e spect to p ro je ct g ra des ( S hea a nd G uzzo [1 08] ;

W agem an [1 1 8] ) . M ore s pecif ic ally , a ll te am m em bers r e ceiv ed th e s am e p ro je ct g ra de, w hic h u lt im ate ly c om pris ed 2 0% o f e ach in div id ual’s fin al c ours e g ra de.

To e nsure th at m em bers w ere c onsis te ntly c om munic atin g, d is cussin g p ro gre ss, a nd w ork in g o n te am ta sks, te am s w ere a llo tte d tim e r e gula rly , d urin g c ours e

m eetin gs, to w ork o n th e p ro je ct. M ore over, in th e s econd w eek o f th e s em este r, le ctu re s fo cused o n th e to pic o f te am s w it h th e o bje ctiv e o f m akin g s tu dents

c onceptu ally a w are o f b asic p rin cip le s o f te am work a nd te am d ynam ic s. M em bers w ere e xplic it ly in str u cte d to a dopt th e c hara cte ris tic s o f s elf - m anaged te am s

th ro ughout th eir p ro je ct ( e .g ., a uto nom ously d ete rm in in g p ro to cols , ta sk w ork , m em ber d utie s, d eadlin es fo r s ubta sks; H um phre y e t a l. [4 4] ; M anz a nd S im s

[7 1] ; S ala s e t a l. [9 4] ) . T e am s w ere r e sponsib le fo r th e fo llo w in g: ( a ) id entif y in g a c urre nt p ro ble m atic e vent in a n o rg aniz atio n, ( b ) g enera tin g id eas to r e m edy

th e p ro ble m , ( c ) d esig nin g a d eta ile d p la n to b e im ple m ente d, a nd ( d ) u sin g e xis tin g r e searc h to e xpla in w hy th e p la n w ould b e s uccessfu l.

D ata C olle ctio n P ro ced ure

D urin g th e fir s t w eek o f th e c ours e ( tim e 1 ), m em bers c om ple te d a s urv ey th at m easure d th eir o w n p erc eptio n o f p ow er v alu es. A s econd s urv ey m easurin g

partic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate , r e la tio nship c onflic t, a nd w ork lo ad s harin g w as a dm in is te re d d urin g th e la st w eek o f th e c ours e ( tim e 2 ). T e am s s ubsequently

s ubm it te d th eir p ro je cts o n th e fin al d ay, w hic h w ere e valu ate d b y th e c ours e in str u cto r, w ho a ssig ned e ach te am a n um eric al p erfo rm ance g ra de ( tim e 3 ). F or

all d ata c olle ctio n p ro cedure s, p artic ip ants w ere a ssure d th at th eir r e sponses w ould r e m ain c onfid entia l a nd th at d ata w ould o nly b e r e porte d in a ggre gate fo rm .

Durin g th e s tu dy, th e in str u cto r w as n ot a w are o f th e p ow er v alu es c om posit io n o f te am s. T he in tr a -te am r e sponse r a te w as 9 9% a t tim e 1 a nd 8 9% a t tim e 2 .

M easu re s

P ow er v alu es w ere a ssessed v ia fiv e it e m s fr o m th e p ow er s ubscale o f th e S chw artz V alu e S urv ey ( S chw artz [9 6] ) , a nd it e m r e sponses r a nged fr o m − 1

(o pposed to m y v alu es) to 7 ( o f s upre m e im porta nce). E ach te am m em ber r a te d th e im porta nce o f e ach it e m a s a “ m otiv atin g p rin cip le in m y lif e ,” in clu din g “S O CIA L P O W ER ( c ontr o l o ver o th ers , d om in ance).” T he α r e lia bilit y c oeffic ie nt w as.8 3.

P artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate w as a ssessed w it h th e fo ur-it e m p artic ip ativ e s afe ty m easure d evelo ped b y K iv im aki a nd E lo vain io ( [6 0] ) , w hic h is a s horte ned

vers io n o f th e s cale d evelo ped b y A nders on a nd W est ( [2 ] ) . T he w ord “ P eople ” w as c hanged to “ T e am m em bers ” fo r o ne a pplic able it e m . S pecif ic ally , th e it e m

“T e am m em bers fe el u nders to od a nd a ccepte d b y e ach o th er” w as u sed a fte r b ein g a dapte d to in clu de “ te am m em bers ” a s th e r e fe re nt. Ite m r e sponses w ere

c oded fr o m 1 , “ s tr o ngly d is agre e,” to 7 , “ s tr o ngly a gre e.” T he α r e lia bilit y w as.8 5.

R ela tio nship c onflic t w as m easure d u sin g th re e it e m s a dapte d fr o m th e r e la tio nship c onflic t s cale d evelo ped b y J ehn a nd M annix ( [5 2] ) , in clu din g “ T here w as

em otio nal c onflic t in m y w ork g ro up.” Ite m s w ere r a te d o n a s even-p oin t L ik ert s cale fr o m 1 , “ n ot a t a ll, ” to 7 , “ a lo t.” T he α r e lia bilit y fo r th is s cale w as.9 3.

W ork lo ad s harin g w as a ssessed w it h fiv e it e m s a dapte d fr o m th e w ork lo ad s harin g m easure u sed b y E re z e t a l. ( [3 1] ) , to in clu de te am m em bers a s th e

re fe re nt. A n e xam ple it e m is “ M em bers a dequate ly c om ple te d th eir r e sponsib ilit ie s h ere in th is te am .” Ite m r e sponses r a nged fr o m 1 , “ s tr o ngly d is agre e,” to 7 ,

“s tr o ngly a gre e.” T he α r e lia bilit y c oeffic ie nt w as.8 8.

Te am p erfo rm ance w as a ssessed b y th e c ours e in str u cto r, w ho g ra ded te am s’ fin al p ro je ct r e ports o n a s cale fr o m 0 to 2 5, w it h h ig her s core s r e pre sentin g

hig her le vels o f te am p erfo rm ance.

C ontr o l V aria b le s

Te am s iz e, th e m ean o f p ow er v alu es, a ge d iv ers it y , g ender d iv ers it y , a nd r a ce/e th nic it y d iv ers it y w ere e xam in ed a s c ontr o l v aria ble s. T e am s iz e w as e xam in ed

as a c ontr o l v aria ble b ecause la rg er te am s m ay b e m ore h ete ro geneous ( e .g ., J ackson e t a l. [4 6] ) , a nd te am s iz e h as b een fo und to b e a ssocia te d w it h

m ult ip le te am o utc om es, in clu din g p erfo rm ance ( e .g ., S om ech [1 11 ] ; W heela n [1 21] ) . F urth erm ore , c onsis te nt w it h r e com mendatio ns o f d iv ers it y s chola rs

(B edeia n a nd M osshold er [5 ] ; C ole e t a l. [2 4] ; H arris on a nd K le in [4 0] ) , th e m ean o f p ow er v alu es w as u sed a s a c ontr o l v aria ble . S urfa ce-le vel d iv ers it y

c hara cte ris tic s w ere a ls o e xam in ed a s c ovaria te s to d ete rm in e th e e xte nt to w hic h p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y p re dic te d u niq ue v aria nce in o utc om es b eyond th ese

backgro und v aria ble s. In a ddit io n, p ast r e searc h h as fo und d em ogra phic d iv ers it y to b e r e la te d to c onflic t ( e .g ., S ta hl e t a l. [1 1 2] ) a nd te am p erfo rm ance ( e .g .,

B ell e t a l. [7 ] ) . A ge d iv ers it y w as e xam in ed v ia s ta ndard d evia tio n. G ender

R esu lt s

P re lim in ary A naly ses a n d A ggre g atio n

Ta ble 1 s um mariz es d escrip tiv e s ta tis tic s a nd c orre la tio ns fo r te am -le vel v aria ble s in th e p re sent s tu dy. P ow er v alu es d iv ers it y w as c onceptu aliz ed a s

separa tio n d iv ers it y ( H arris on a nd K le in [4 0] ) a nd w as a ssessed u sin g a d is pers io n m odel ( C han [2 0] ) . In div id ual- le vel s core s w ere a ggre gate d to th e te am

le vel v ia s ta ndard d evia tio n. T e am p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate , te am r e la tio nship c onflic t, a nd te am w ork lo ad s harin g m easure s w ere a ls o o bta in ed b y

aggre gatin g in div id ual- le vel r e sponses to th e te am le vel. H ow ever, b ecause th ey r e pre sent s hare d g ro up p ro pertie s ( K ozlo w ski a nd K le in [6 2] ) , a r e fe re nt- s hif t

c onsensus m odel ( C han [2 0] ) w as u tiliz ed.

B efo re s core s w ere a ggre gate d, w it h in -g ro up a gre em ent o r c onsensus w as e valu ate d. S pecif ic ally , IC C(1 ) w as u sed to a ssess th e le vel o f c onsensus a nd

consis te ncy e xpecte d if a r a te r w as r a ndom ly s ele cte d fr o m th e p opula tio n a nd h is o r h er s core s w ere c om pare d to th e m ean s core o bta in ed fr o m a s am ple o f

ra te rs ( B lie se [1 0] ; J am es [4 8] ; L eB re to n a nd S ente r [6 6] ) . IC C(1 ) w as.5 1 fo r p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate ,.3 5 fo r r e la tio nship c onflic t, a nd.4 6 fo r w ork lo ad sharin g. J am es ( [4 8] ) r e porte d a m edia n o bserv ed IC C(1 ) v alu e o f.1 2 in th e in dustr ia l/ o rg aniz atio nal p sycholo gy a nd o rg aniz atio nal b ehavio r lit e ra tu re . IC C(1 )

valu es, in th e c urre nt s tu dy, w ere w ell a bove.1 2. In a ddit io n to IC C(1 ), IC C(2 ) w as c alc ula te d to a ssess th e r e lia bilit y o r s ta bilit y o f te am -le vel m eans. F or

IC C(2 ), w e fo llo w ed th e g uid elin e o f v alu es m eetin g o r e xceedin g.7 0 to ju stif y a ggre gatio n ( e .g ., K le in e t a l. [6 1] ; L eana a nd P il [6 5] ) . IC C(2 ) w as.8 4 fo r

partic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate ,.7 3 fo r r e la tio nship c onflic t, a nd.8 1 fo r w ork lo ad s harin g.

F urth erm ore , b ased o n r e com mendatio ns fr o m p ast r e searc h ( e .g ., L eB re to n a nd S ente r [6 6] ; W oehr e t a l. [1 24] ) , r v alu es w ere c alc ula te d a nd r e porte d fo r

te am p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate , te am r e la tio nship c onflic t, a nd te am w ork lo ad s harin g r a tin gs. A u nif o rm n ull d is tr ib utio n w as th eoriz ed to b e m ost a ppro pria te ,

as w e d id n ot a ssum e a s yste m atic r e sponse b ia s ( L eB re to n a nd S ente r [6 6] ) . F or in sta nce, a le nie ncy b ia s w as th ought to b e u nlik ely , b ecause a ll p artic ip ants

w ere a ssure d th at th eir r e sponses w ould r e m ain c onfid entia l a nd w ould o nly b e u sed fo r r e searc h p urp oses. W e fo llo w ed th e h euris tic o f m edia n r v alu es

m eetin g o r e xceedin g.7 0 to fu rth er ju stif y a ggre gatio n ( e .g ., M ath ie u e t a l. [7 5] ; M ath ie u a nd S chulz e [7 4] ; R app a nd M ath ie u [8 9] ; S im sek e t a l. [1 1 0] ) , b eyond

IC Cs. A lt h ough 4 te am s fo r p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate , 2 1 te am s fo r r e la tio nship c onflic t, a nd 2 2 te am s fo r w ork lo ad s harin g h ad c oeffic ie nts b elo w .7 0, m edia n

valu es w ere s till a bove m in im um s ta ndard s. S pecif ic ally , th e m edia n r v alu e w as.8 9 fo r p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate ( M

m axim um

m in im um v alu es d em onstr a te d a ppro pria te w it h in -te am a gre em ent, ju stif y in g a ggre gatio n to th e te am

le vel.

C onfir m ato ry F acto r A naly sis

C onfir m ato ry fa cto r a naly sis w as u tiliz ed to a ssess th e th eoriz ed fo ur-fa cto r s tr u ctu re o f th e m easure m ent m odel. F it in dic es a s w ell a s C hi- s quare d if fe re nce

te sts w ere u sed to d ete rm in e if th e p ro posed m easure m ent m odel fit th e d ata a ppro pria te ly . P ow er v alu es, p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate , r e la tio nship c onflic t, a nd

w ork lo ad s harin g w ere e xpecte d to lo ad o n s epara te fa cto rs . T here fo re , th e fo ur-fa cto r m odel w as e xpecte d to p ro vid e th e b est fit to th e d ata a s c om pare d to

a lt e rn ativ e m odels . R esult s in dic ate d th at th e h ypoth esiz ed fo ur-fa cto r m easure m ent m odel fit th e d ata r e asonably w ell ( χ ( N

S R M R

model d id n ot fit th e d ata w ell ( χ ( N

(N

w ere s et to lo ad o n a s epara te fa cto r th an p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate , r e la tio nship c onflic t, a nd w ork lo ad s harin g, w hic h w ere c om bin ed in to a s in gle fa cto r. F or

th e th re e-fa cto r m odel, p ow er v alu es a nd r e la tio nship c onflic t w ere s et to lo ad o n tw o s epara te fa cto rs , w hile p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate a nd w ork lo ad s harin g

w ere c om bin ed in to a noth er fa cto r. B oth th e tw o-fa cto r ( χ ( N ( N

d f ( N

fa cto r ( ∆ χ ( N

fo ur-fa cto r m odel, s ta ndard iz ed fa cto r lo adin gs fo r p ow er v alu es ( .7 3,.6 9,.7 4,.6 5,.7 6), r e la tio nship c onflic t ( .8 7,.9 4,.9 1), p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate

( .7 5,.8 4,.7 9,.7 7), a nd w ork lo ad s harin g ( .7 9,.7 8,.8 2,.8 2,.6 7) r a nged fr o m .6 5 to .9 4. A ll it e m s s ig nif ic antly lo aded o n th eir r e spectiv e la te nt fa cto rs ( p

S ig nif ic ant c orre la tio ns e xis te d b etw een th e r e la tio nship c onflic t a nd p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate fa cto rs ( e stim ate

w ork lo ad s harin g fa cto rs ( e stim ate

to geth er, r e sult s s upport th e d is crim in ant v alid it y o f m easure s u sed in th e c urre nt s tu dy.

N este d D ata

w g(j)

w g(j)

w g(j)

w g(j)

2

2 2

2 2

2

2 Because te am s w ere n este d w it h in m anagem ent c ours e s ubsectio ns, IC C(1 ) v alu es w ere c alc ula te d to d ete rm in e th e a m ount o f v aria nce in r e la tio nship c onflic t

and te am p erfo rm ance a ttr ib uta ble to s ubsectio n m em bers hip . IC C(1 ) v alu es w ere .0 1 fo r r e la tio nship c onflic t a nd.1 2 fo r te am p erfo rm ance. T hat is , 1 % o f th e

varia nce in r e la tio nship c onflic t a nd 1 2% o f th e v aria nce in te am p erfo rm ance w ere fo und to b e a ttr ib uta ble to c ours e s ubsectio ns. B ecause c ours e s ubsectio n

had a s m all e ffe ct o n r e la tio nship c onflic t s core s a nd a m ediu m to la rg e e ffe ct o n te am p erfo rm ance s core s ( L eB re to n a nd S ente r [6 6] ) , m ult ile vel m odelin g

w as u sed, a nd p re dic to rs w ere g ra nd-m ean c ente re d. T his a llo w ed fo r th e e stim atio n o f le vel 1 ( te am ) e ffe cts w hile a ccountin g fo r le vel 2 ( s ubsectio n) e ffe cts .

S pecif ic ally , h ypoth eses w ere a ssessed v ia m ult ile vel p ath a naly sis in M PLU S 7 , u sin g m axim um lik elih ood e stim atio n. B ecause w e d id n ot h ypoth esiz e th at

re la tio nship s w ould s ig nif ic antly d if fe r b ased o n s ubsectio n m em bers hip , in te rc epts w ere a llo w ed to v ary a cro ss s ubsectio ns, b ut s lo pes w ere fix ed fo r th e

te stin g o f a ll le vel 1 ( te am -le vel) r e la tio nship s.

H yp oth eses T estin g

H ypoth esis 1 p re dic te d th at p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate w ould m odera te th e r e la tio nship b etw een p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y a nd r e la tio nship c onflic t. W hile

c ontr o llin g fo r a ge d iv ers it y , g ender d iv ers it y , r a ce/e th nic it y d iv ers it y , te am s iz e, a nd th e m ean le vel o f p ow er v alu es, w e fo und a s ig nif ic ant in te ra ctio n b etw een

pow er v alu es d iv ers it y a nd p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate in p re dic tin g r e la tio nship c onflic t ( γ

1 2% o f th e v aria nce in r e la tio nship c onflic t b eyond c ontr o ls a nd m ain e ffe cts . A p lo t o f th e s im ple s lo pes a t o ne s ta ndard d evia tio n a bove a nd b elo w th e m ean

re veale d th at th e fo rm o f th e in te ra ctio n w as c onsis te nt w it h p re dic tio ns ( s ee F ig . 1 ). P ow er v alu es d iv ers it y w as fo und to b e n egativ ely r e la te d to r e la tio nship

c onflic t w hen p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate w as h ig h ( + 1S D : e stim ate

e stim ate

d iv ers it y a nd r e la tio nship c onflic t. * N ote . T he s olid lin e ( h ig h p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate ) is s ta tis tic ally d if fe re nt fr o m z ero a t o ne s ta ndard d evia tio n a bove th e

m ean ( p

A s e xpecte d, r e la tio nship c onflic t w as n egativ ely r e la te d to te am p erfo rm ance ( γ

([8 7] ) , w e fo und, a s p re dic te d in h ypoth esis 2 , a p osit iv e in dir e ct e ffe ct o f p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y o n te am p erfo rm ance, th ro ugh r e la tio nship c onflic t, w hen

partic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate w as h ig h ( + 1S D : e stim ate

S E

is c onsid ere d m ost a ppro pria te b ecause it a ccounts fo r th e n on-n orm al s am plin g d is tr ib utio n o f th e in dir e ct e ffe ct ( P re acher e t a l. [8 8] ) . R esult s a t 2 0,0 00

re petit io ns s how ed th at th e c onfid ence in te rv als d id n ot in clu de z ero ( 9 5% C I [.2 3, 1 .5 9]) fo r th e p osit iv e in dir e ct e ffe ct w hen p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate w as

hig h, w hic h p ro vid ed s upport fo r h ypoth esis 2 .

H ypoth esis 3 p re dic te d th at w ork lo ad s harin g w ould m odera te th e r e la tio nship b etw een r e la tio nship c onflic t a nd te am p erfo rm ance. A s s how n in T a ble 2 , a

s ta tis tic ally s ig nif ic ant in te ra ctio n w as fo und ( γ

re la tio nship c onflic t. A n e xam in atio n o f th e s im ple s lo pes a t o ne s ta ndard d evia tio n b elo w a nd a bove th e m ean r e veale d th at th e fo rm o f th e in te ra ctio n w as

consis te nt w it h p re dic tio ns ( s ee F ig . 2 ). R ela tio nship c onflic t w as n egativ ely r e la te d to te am p erfo rm ance w hen w ork lo ad s harin g w as lo w ( − 1S D :

estim ate

s upporte d. S ta ndard iz ed c oeffic ie nt e stim ate s o f th e fin al m odel a re p re sente d in F ig . 3 . U nsta ndard iz ed e stim ate s, w it h th eir s ta ndard e rro rs , a re r e porte d in

T a ble 2 .W ork lo ad s harin g m odera tin g th e r e la tio nship b etw een r e la tio nship c onflic t a nd te am p erfo rm ance. * N ote . T he d otte d lin e ( lo w w ork lo ad s harin g) is sta tis tic ally d if fe re nt fr o m z ero a t o ne s ta ndard d evia tio n b elo w th e m ean ( p

a re p ro vid ed. * p

D is cu ssio n

This s tu dy y ie ld ed th re e m ajo r fin din gs. F ir s t, th e in te ra ctio n b etw een p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y a nd p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate w as a s ig nif ic ant p re dic to r o f

re la tio nship c onflic t. W hen p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate w as h ig her, p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y w as e specia lly h elp fu l in r e ducin g r e la tio nship c onflic t. S econd, th is

r e duced r e la tio nship c onflic t w as s ubsequently a ssocia te d w it h in cre ased te am p erfo rm ance. T hat is , p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y e xhib it e d a p osit iv e in dir e ct e ffe ct

on te am p erfo rm ance, th ro ugh r e la tio nship c onflic t, w hen p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate w as h ig her. T hir d , w ork lo ad s harin g m odera te d th e a ssocia tio n b etw een

re la tio nship c onflic t a nd te am p erfo rm ance. W hen w ork lo ad s harin g w as lo w er, r e la tio nship c onflic t w as fo und to b e p artic ula rly d etr im enta l to te am

perfo rm ance. T hese fin din gs h ig hlig ht th e c ondit io ns u nder w hic h p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y a nd r e la tio nship c onflic t m ay d if fe re ntia lly in flu ence te am o utc om es.

T heo re tic al Im plic atio ns a n d F utu re D ir e ctio ns

W e c onsid ere d te am p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate a s a m odera to r o f th e a ssocia tio n b etw een p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y a nd r e la tio nship c onflic t. In d oin g s o, w e b uilt

u pon th e o nly p rio r s tu dy o n te am p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y , w hic h s ole ly e xam in ed m ain e ffe cts , a nd e xplic it ly r e cogniz ed th e e xclu sio n o f s it u atio nal m odera to rs

a s a lim it a tio n ( W oehr e t a l. [1 23] ) . D ra w in g fr o m a c ontin gency a ppro ach to w ard th e in vestig atio n o f p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y ’s e ffe cts , w e fo und th at th e

m odera tin g r o le o f p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate in th e p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y -re la tio nship c onflic t lin k c an b e e xpla in ed b y th eory o n c om ple m enta ry fit ( e .g .,

H um phre y e t a l. [4 4] ) . S pecif ic ally , in th e p re sence o f a h ig h p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate , h ig h p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y is a ccom panie d b y a ccepta nce a nd

encoura gem ent a m ong te am m em bers , w hic h m ay fa cilit a te te am m em bers ’ d esir e s to c om ple m ent r a th er th an c onflic t w it h o ne a noth er. T hus, a te am ’s

c lim ate m ay b e c ru cia l fo r m axim iz in g th e d esir a ble e ffe cts o f p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y o n r e la tio nship c onflic t. R ela te dly , o ur w ork h ig hlig hts th e n eed to c onsid er

th e in flu ence o f c onte xtu al m odera to rs in fu tu re r e searc h o n p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y . M em bers h ig her in p ow er v alu es m ay h ave th eir m otiv atio nal g oals

e ncoura ged m ore , d ependin g o n s pecif ic g ro up a nd/o r o rg aniz atio nal v aria ble s. F or e xam ple , te am mate s m otiv ate d to a tta in p osit io ns o f p ow er m ay b e

norm ativ ely a ccepte d in d ecentr a liz ed o rg aniz atio ns o r g ro ups in w hic h h ig h e m pow erm ent e xis ts . H ow ever, th ey m ay b e d is coura ged in s ettin gs w here s tr ic t

norm s c onflic t w it h th eir g oals . G iv en th ese p ossib ilit ie s, fu tu re w ork m ay h elp to e lu cid ate a ddit io nal c ondit io ns u nder w hic h p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y is lik ely to

d if fe re ntia lly in flu ence r e la tio nship c onflic t a nd te am p erfo rm ance.

B y in vestig atin g th e im pact o f w ork lo ad s harin g o n th e r e la tio nship c onflic t- te am p erfo rm ance lin k, w e a nsw ere d th e c all to g ain fu rth er in sig ht in to th e c ondit io ns

under w hic h p erfo rm ance o utc om es o f p ro je ct ta sks a re d if fe re ntia lly im pacte d b y r e la tio nship c onflic t ( d e W it e t a l. [2 9] ) . W hen te am m em bers p erc eiv ed th at

th eir te am mate s fa ile d to d o a n a ppro pria te s hare o f th e w ork , th e p re sence o f h ig h r e la tio nship c onflic t w as p artic ula rly lik ely to h in der te am p erfo rm ance.

F ru str a te d te am m em bers fo rc ed to s plit th eir a tte ntio n b etw een m anagin g in te rp ers onal te nsio ns, a nim osit ie s, a nd r e la te d c om plic atio ns in a ddit io n to th e te am

ta sk, m ay b e m ore lik ely to b e o verb urd ened a nd/o r d em otiv ate d b y s la ckin g te am mate s. T hus, w ork lo ad s harin g m ay b e a n im porta nt m odera to r o f th e

re la tio nship c onflic t- te am p erfo rm ance r e la tio nship . F utu re in vestig atio ns in to m odera to rs o f th e r e la tio nship c onflic t- te am p erfo rm ance a ssocia tio n s hould

a ssess th e im pact o f w ork lo ad s harin g in c onju nctio n w it h d if fe re nt ta sk ty pes ( e .g ., c re ativ it y , d ecis io n-m akin g, p ro ductio n, m ix ed; d e W it e t a l. [2 9] ; M cG ra th

[7 6] ) , w hic h m ay p ro ve fr u it fu l in id entif y in g th e e xte nt to w hic h th e in te ra ctio n o f r e la tio nship c onflic t a nd w ork lo ad s harin g o n te am p erfo rm ance, is r e le vant to

o th er te am ta sks in a ddit io n to p ro je ct ta sks. F or in sta nce, th e u ndesir a ble e ffe cts o f lo w er w ork lo ad s harin g, o n th e r e la tio nship c onflic t- te am p erfo rm ance lin k,

m ay b e le ss d etr im enta l in p ro ductio n ta sks c hara cte riz ed b y lo w c om ple xit y a nd r o utin e e xecutio n. Furth erm ore , w e h eeded th e r e quests o f d iv ers it y s chola rs b y n ot o nly in vestig atin g m odera to rs o f te am d iv ers it y -te am o utc om e r e la tio nship s, b ut a ls o p ayin g

atte ntio n to th e c ondit io ns u nder w hic h te am p ro cesses m edia te th e e ffe cts o f d iv ers it y ( V an K nip penberg a nd S chip pers [1 1 7] ) . T hat is , w hen p artic ip ativ e

safe ty c lim ate w as h ig her ( v s lo w er), a p osit iv e in dir e ct e ffe ct o f p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y o n te am p erfo rm ance, th ro ugh r e la tio nship c onflic t, w as p re sent. T a ken

to geth er, th e c urre nt s tu dy h ig hlig hts u nder w hat c ondit io ns th e e ffe cts o f p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y c an b e c om ple m enta ry , o r d esir a ble , in a uto nom ously

f u nctio nin g te am s. A lt h ough r e searc h o n th e c om ple m enta ry e ffe cts o f d iv ers it y h as te nded to fo cus o n d if fe re nces in s kills , in fo rm atio n, a nd e xpertis e ( M annix

a nd N eale [7 0] ) , d iv ers it y o f v alu es, a nd p ow er v alu es in p artic ula r, m ay w arra nt fu rth er a tte ntio n. T hat is , b y e xam in in g a m odera te d m edia tio n m odel in w hic h

surfa ce-le vel d iv ers it y c hara cte ris tic s ( i. e ., a ge, g ender, r a ce/e th nic it y d iv ers it y ) w ere a ccounte d fo r, th e p re sent s tu dy w as th e fir s t to e m pir ic ally d em onstr a te

th at p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y c an b e b enefic ia l fo r r e ducin g r e la tio nship c onflic t a nd in cre asin g te am p erfo rm ance. A ddit io nally , e vid ence fu rth er s uggests th at th e

posit iv e e ffe cts o f te am d iv ers it y a re n ot lim it e d to th e ty pic ally s tu die d d iv ers it y c hara cte ris tic s r e le vant to fu nctio nal b ackgro und, w hic h h ave g enera lly n ot b een

em pir ic ally s upporte d w it h r e spect to d ir e ct e ffe cts ( V an K nip penberg a nd S chip pers [1 1 7] ) . T here fo re , fu tu re r e searc h o n th e c om ple m enta ry e ffe cts o f p ow er

valu es d iv ers it y s hould n ot o nly c onsid er m odels th at in clu de b oth m odera tin g a nd m edia tin g v aria ble s, b ut s hould a ls o c onsid er d em onstr a tin g p ow er v alu es

div ers it y ’s in flu ence a bove a nd b eyond o th er p ote ntia lly r e le vant d iv ers it y v aria ble s ( e .g ., fu nctio nal b ackgro und, o th er v alu es, p ers onalit y tr a it s ).

N ota bly , p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y w as fo und to b e n egativ ely r e la te d to r e la tio nship c onflic t. T hese r e sult s a re in c ontr a st to th e o nly p rio r s tu dy e xam in in g th e

re la tio nship b etw een p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y a nd r e la tio nship c onflic t, w hic h fo und a p osit iv e c orre la tio n ( W oehr e t a l. [1 23] ) . H ow ever, it s hould b e n ote d th at

W oehr a nd c olle agues d id n ot a ccount fo r s urfa ce-le vel d iv ers it y , a nd a fte r c ontr o llin g fo r th e te am m ean o f p ow er v alu es, th e r e la tio nship d is covere d b y W oehr

and c olle agues b ecam e n on-s ig nif ic ant. In th e p re sent s tu dy, in a ddit io n to c ontr o llin g fo r th e te am m ean o f p ow er v alu es, m ult ip le s urfa ce-le vel d iv ers it y

d em ogra phic s w ere a ls o a ccounte d fo r ( i. e ., a ge, g ender, r a ce/e th nic it y ), w hic h m ay in flu ence th e r e la tio nship o bserv ed. T here fo re , a s a n e xte nsio n o f p ast

w ork a nd a s tr e ngth o f th e c urre nt r e searc h, o ur s tu dy is th e fir s t to d em onstr a te th e u niq ue a nd in cre m enta l e ffe cts o f p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y b eyond o th er

div ers it y v aria ble s. M ore over, d if fe re nces in e ffe ct s iz es, a cro ss s tu die s, m ay p ro vid e fu rth er s upport fo r a n e m phasis o n m ore c om ple x m odels th at in clu de

m odera to rs in te am d iv ers it y r e searc h, a s w ell a s v alu es d iv ers it y r e searc h in p artic ula r ( V an K nip penberg a nd S chip pers [1 1 7] ) . R ela te dly , T e tt e t a l. ( [1 1 4] )

c onclu ded th at b id ir e ctio nalit y , a cro ss s tu die s, is c om mon a nd m ay b e a ttr ib ute d in p art, to th e s tu dy c onte xt. F or in sta nce, p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y m ay b e m ore

b enefic ia l to te am m em ber in te ra ctio ns in s pecif ic ty pes o f te am s a nd/o r ta sks. In th e la bora to ry s tu dy c onducte d b y W oehr e t a l. ( [1 23] ) , s tu dents w ho d id n ot

know e ach o th er b efo re p artic ip atin g in th e s tu dy, w ork ed to geth er fo r a ppro xim ate ly 7 5

re quir e d to w ork to geth er fo r a v ery s hort d ura tio n, c le ar a nd s pecif ic in str u ctio ns w ere p re sente d, a nd o ne o ptim al s olu tio n e xis te d, a tte m pts to a ssum e

dom in ance o r c ontr o l o ver o th er m em bers , b y la rg ely u nfa m ilia r te am mate s, m ay b e p erc eiv ed a s u nnecessary a nd o ffe nsiv e, r e gard le ss o f m em bers ’

com ple m enta ry v alu es. P erh aps n ot s urp ris in gly , W oehr a nd c olle agues s ta te d th at “ th e fin din gs o f th e p re sent s tu dy m ay b e q uit e d if fe re nt a m ong te am s o f

lo nger lif e s pans, p urs uin g d if fe re nt o r m ult ip le ta sks a nd o pera tin g in a m uch le ss c ontr o lle d e nvir o nm ent” ( p . 1 1 8). In c ontr a st, th e m ore a uto nom ous te am s in

t h e c urre nt s tu dy w ork ed o n ill- d efin ed p ro ble m s olv in g ta sks, o r ta sks la ckin g p re dete rm in ed o r c onclu siv e s olu tio ns ( W ild m an e t a l. [1 22] ) . T hese ta sks,

chara cte riz ed b y h ig h c om ple xit y , w ere c arrie d o ut o ver th e c ours e o f 4

o f w ork . T here fo re , p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y , w hic h is c hara cte riz ed b y m em bers ’ m otiv atio ns to a ssum e c om ple m enta ry d utie s, m ay h ave b een p erc eiv ed m ore

fa vora bly , a s d if fe re ntia l r o le s a nd r e sponsib ilit ie s w ere lik ely n ecessary to m anage th e c om ple xit ie s o f te am ta sks.

B ecause te am m em bers h old m any v alu es, a nd th ey m ay a ttr ib ute g re ate r im porta nce to c erta in v alu es th an o th ers ( B ard i a nd S chw artz [4 ] ; S chw artz [9 6] ) ,

fu tu re w ork s hould n ot o nly c ontin ue to a dopt a c ontin gency a ppro ach to w ard th e s tu dy o f v alu es d iv ers it y , b ut s hould a ls o s eek to e xpand c urre nt k now le dge wit h r e spect to in te ra ctio ns a m ong v alu e ty pes. F or e xam ple , it is p ossib le th at p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y m ay in te ra ct w it h a chie vem ent v alu es to p re dic t te am

perfo rm ance. G iv en th at p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y is a ssocia te d w it h c om ple m enta ry m otiv atio ns b etw een te am m em bers w it h r e spect to a ssum in g s pecif ic

d utie s, th e a dded p re sence o f h ig h m ean a chie vem ent v alu es w it h in th e te am s uggests th at, in g enera l, m em bers w ill a ls o b e h ig hly m otiv ate d to d em onstr a te

th eir c om pete nce a nd p erfo rm w ell. T here fo re , r e searc hers s hould e xplo re th e e xte nt to w hic h d if fe re nces in te am m em bers ’ p ow er v alu es in te ra ct w it h o th er

valu e ty pes to p re dic t te am o utc om es. F urth er, a lt h ough th e c urre nt s tu dy fo cused o n p ow er v alu es, a nd in d oin g s o, h elp ed to b ro aden th e r a nge o f v alu es

pre vio usly c onsid ere d in te am s, fu tu re r e searc hers s hould c ontin ue to e xplo re th e c ondit io ns u nder w hic h o th er s pecif ic ty pes o f v alu es d iv ers it y , in a ddit io n to

p ow er, a re r e le vant to te am o utc om es. T his is n ote w orth y, a s p ast w ork h as o fte n c onceptu aliz ed v alu es d iv ers it y , a nd v alu es in g enera l, a s if th e n um ero us

valu e ty pes ( e .g ., p ow er, a chie vem ent, tr a dit io nalis m ) w ere e quiv ale nt. F or in sta nce, a skin g p artic ip ants a bout th e d egre e to w hic h th eir g enera l v alu es a re

s im ila r to , o r d if fe re nt fr o m , o th er g ro up m em bers m ay n ot b e p artic ula rly in fo rm ativ e fo r u nders ta ndin g th e p re cis e, u nderly in g v alu e ty pe(s ) in flu encin g ( a nd

m echanis m s e xpla in in g) m em bers ’ b ehavio r. B y c onsid erin g v alu es in a n o verly g enera l m anner, th e e ffe cts o f s pecif ic v alu e ty pes m ay b e o bscure d a nd/o r

th ose v alu e ty pes th at a re m ost s alie nt to r a te rs m ay b e m is re pre sente d. T here fo re , fu tu re w ork o n v alu es d iv ers it y , a nd v alu es in g enera l, s hould c onsid er th e

specif ic v alu e ty pes th at a re c onceptu ally r e le vant to th e r e searc h q uestio n(s ) o f in te re st, a nd o pera tio naliz e th em a ppro pria te ly .

In a ddit io n, r e searc hers s hould c ontin ue to in vestig ate c ondit io ns u nder w hic h th e p osit iv e e ffe cts o f v alu es d iv ers it y m ay b e m axim iz ed. F or in sta nce, e xta nt

lit e ra tu re h as d em onstr a te d th at d iv ers it y is m ore lik ely to h ave b enefic ia l e ffe cts w hen te am m em bers b elie ve in th e v alu e o f d iv ers it y ( D e M euse a nd H osta ger

[2 8] ; V an K nip penberg a nd H asla m [1 1 6] ) . S pecif ic ally , H om an e t a l. ( [4 3] ) fo und th at d iv ers e te am s h ad g re ate r p erfo rm ance w hen m em bers v alu ed d iv ers it y

a s c om pare d to w hen th ey d id n ot. T hus, th e v alu e o f d iv ers it y a s w ell a s c onte xtu al v aria ble s s uch a s c lim ate s th at s upport d iv ers it y m ay b e p ro m is in g

dir e ctio ns fo r s ubsequent s tu dy.

W it h r e spect to lim it a tio ns o f th e p re sent s tu dy, th e s am ple u sed m ay lim it th e g enera liz abilit y o f fin din gs. W e in vestig ate d s tu dent p ro je ct te am s, w hic h w ere

re sponsib le fo r p erfo rm in g a ta sk o ver th e c ours e o f s evera l m onth s fo r w hic h th ey r e ceiv ed a g ra de. T hese te am s w ould h ave e xis te d r e gard le ss o f d ata

c olle ctio n, a nd w ere m ost s im ila r to ta sk fo rc es w it h a d h oc m em bers hip , lim it e d lif e tim es, a nd n arro w ly d efin ed g oals . H ow ever, fu tu re w ork s hould in vestig ate

th e e xte nt to w hic h fin din gs g enera liz e to lo nger-te rm te am s in o rg aniz atio ns.

A ddit io nally , th e c urre nt s tu dy m ay b e lim it e d in r e gard to te am s’ le vel o f ta sk in te rd ependence. S pecif ic ally , v ario us fo rm s o f ta sk in te rd ependence w ere lik ely

p re sent, d ependin g o n th e s pecif ic p ro je ct s ubta sk a t h and ( e .g ., W ild m an e t a l. [1 22] ) . F or e xam ple , a lt h ough in it ia l c olle ctiv e b ra in sto rm in g e ffo rts a nd

subsequent p erio ds o f in fo rm atio n s ynth esis m ay h ave b een c hara cte riz ed b y r e cip ro cal a nd/o r in te nsiv e ta sk in te rd ependence, in w hic h m ult ip le m em bers o r

entir e te am s jo in tly c olla bora te d in b ack-a nd-fo rth c om munic atio ns ( W ild m an e t a l. [1 22] ) , it is lik ely th at, a t tim es, e ffo rts w ere d iv id ed o n v ario us ta sks in a

m anner c hara cte ris tic o f p oole d in te rd ependence. A lt h ough w e r e cogniz e th ese p ote ntia l c hanges in ta sk in te rd ependence a s a lim it a tio n o f th e c urre nt s tu dy,

w e a ls o c onte nd th at th is is lik ely s im ila r to h ow m any te am s fu nctio n in o rg aniz atio ns. F or in sta nce, W ild m an e t a l. ( [1 22] ) , in p re sentin g a ta xonom y o f

in te gra tiv e te am ta sk ty pes a nd te am -le vel c hara cte ris tic s, s uggeste d th at te am s in o rg aniz atio ns m ove fr o m o ne s ubta sk to a noth er, a nd th is m ay b e

accom panie d b y s hif ts in ta sk in te rd ependence. C onsequently , fu tu re w ork s hould c onsid er o th er ty pes o f te am ta sks, a nd in vestig ate th e e xte nt to w hic h ta sk

in te rd ependence in o rg aniz atio nal te am s c hanges o ver tim e, a s w ell a s th e c ondit io ns u nder w hic h s uch c hanges m ay r e la te to te am p ro cesses ( e .g .,

r e la tio nship c onflic t, w ork lo ad s harin g) a nd te am p erfo rm ance.

P ra ctic al Im plic atio ns a n d C onclu sio n Stu dy r e sult s s uggest th at m anagers m ay b enefit fr o m e ncoura gin g te am s w it h d iv ers e p ow er v alu es to fo rm a h ig h p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate , w hic h m ay h elp

t o d ecre ase th e lik elih ood o f r e la tio nship c onflic t. C erta in c hara cte ris tic s o f le aders m ay b e a nte cedents to fo ste rin g a h ig h p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate . F or

exam ple , le ader in clu siv eness ( N em bhard a nd E dm ondson [8 2] ) , le ader a ccessib ilit y , a nd le ader a cknow le dgem ent o f fa llib ilit y ( E dm ondson [3 0] ) h ave b een

fo und to b e a ssocia te d w it h th e e sta blis hm ent o f a n in te rp ers onally s afe te am c lim ate . G iv en th ese fin din gs, it m ay b e b enefic ia l to tr a in le aders o n th ese

chara cte ris tic s, o r c onsid er a ppoin tin g le aders w ho e xhib it th em .

More over, to m it ig ate th e d ele te rio us e ffe cts o f r e la tio nship c onflic t o n te am p erfo rm ance, m anagers m ay b enefit fr o m e ncoura gin g h ig her w ork lo ad s harin g. T he

use o f te am c harte rs m ay b e a w ay to fa cilit a te h ig her w ork lo ad s harin g. In a s am ple o f M BA te am s, h ig h-q ualit y c harte rs , w hic h in corp ora te d w rit te n

expecta tio ns fo r e ach te am m em ber r e gard in g w ork r e sponsib ilit ie s, c ontin gency p la ns, a nd d eadlin es, w ere a ssocia te d w it h g re ate r te am p erfo rm ance b y th e

m id poin t ( e .g ., C hid am bara m a nd B ostr o m [2 1] ; G ers ic k [3 6] ) o f a te am ta sk ( M ath ie u a nd R app [7 3] ) .

In c onclu sio n, o ur s tu dy is th e fir s t to h ig hlig ht h ow a nd u nder w hat c ondit io ns p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y in flu ences te am o utc om es. C onsis te nt w it h th e

contin gency a ppro ach r e com mended b y b oth te am d iv ers it y a nd c onflic t s chola rs , w e h elp to e lu cid ate th e c ondit io nal e ffe cts o f b oth p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y a nd

re la tio nship c onflic t. R esult s s upport th e u tilit y o f c onsid erin g te am p artic ip ativ e s afe ty c lim ate to b ette r u nders ta nd th e c ondit io ns u nder w hic h d if fe re nces in

p ow er v alu es, a m ong te am m em bers , a re lik ely to r e duce r e la tio nship c onflic t a nd s ubsequently b enefit te am p erfo rm ance. F in din gs a ls o h ig hlig ht th e

m odera tin g r o le o f w ork lo ad s harin g fo r u nders ta ndin g th e c ondit io ns u nder w hic h r e la tio nship c onflic t is m ore lik ely to u ndesir a bly im pact te am p erfo rm ance.

T he p re sent s tu dy a dds to th e e m erg in g r e searc h a dvocatin g fo r m ore c om ple x m odels th at c onsid er b oth th e m odera tin g a nd m edia tin g e ffe cts o f te am

div ers it y , a s w ell a s m ore r e searc h o n te am v alu es d iv ers it y in p artic ula r. F urth erm ore , a lt h ough r e searc h o n th e c om ple m enta ry e ffe cts o f te am d iv ers it y h as

com monly p ro posed d iv ers it y v aria ble s r e le vant to s kills , in fo rm atio n, a nd e xpertis e, w e d em onstr a te th at p ow er v alu es d iv ers it y , o r d if fe re nces in th e d esir e to

a tta in s ocia l s ta tu s a nd p re stig e a s w ell a s s ocia l in flu ence o r c ontr o l o ver o th ers , w arra nts fu tu re c onsid era tio n w it h r e spect to b enefic ia l e ffe cts o n b oth te am

pro cesses a nd te am p erfo rm ance.

A ckn ow le d gem en ts

T he fir s t a uth or w ould lik e to th ank M aria D . A lip our, E den B . K in g, a nd tw o a nonym ous r e vie w ers fo r th eir h elp fu l c om ments o n e arlie r v ers io ns o f th is p aper.

R efe re n ces

C it a tio ns

1 A im e F , H um phre y S , D eR ue D S, P aul J B , T he r id dle o f h ete ra rc hy: p ow er tr a nsit io ns in c ro ss-fu nctio nal te am s, A cadem y o f M anagem ent J ourn al, 2 014, 5 7,

2, 3 27, 3 52

2 A nders on N R, W est M A, M easurin g c lim ate fo r w ork g ro up in novatio n: d evelo pm ent a nd v alid atio n o f th e te am c lim ate in vento ry , J ourn al o f O rg aniz atio nal

B ehavio r, 1 998, 1 9, 3 , 2 35, 2 58

3 A rth aud-D ay M L, R ode J C , T urn le y W H, D ir e ct a nd c onte xtu al e ffe cts o f in div id ual v alu es o n o rg aniz atio nal c it iz enship b ehavio r in te am s, J ourn al o f

A pplie d P sycholo gy, 2 012, 9 7, 4 , 7 92, 8 07

4 B ard i A , S chw artz S H , V alu es a nd b ehavio r: s tr e ngth a nd s tr u ctu re o f r e la tio ns, P ers onalit y a nd S ocia l P sycholo gy B ulle tin , 2 003, 2 9, 1 207, 1 220 5 B edeia n A G , M osshold er K W , O n th e u se o f th e c oeffic ie nt o f v aria tio n a s a m easure o f d iv ers it y , O rg aniz atio nal R esearc h M eth ods, 2 000, 3 , 2 85, 2 97

6 B ell S T, D eep-le vel c om posit io n v aria ble s a s p re dic to rs o f te am p erfo rm ance: a m eta -a naly sis , J ourn al o f A pplie d P sycholo gy, 2 007, 9 2, 5 95, 6 15

7 B ell S T, V illa do A J, L ukasik M , B ela u L , B rig gs A , G ettin g s pecif ic a bout d em ogra phic d iv ers it y v aria ble a nd te am p erfo rm ance r e la tio nship s: a m eta -

analy sis , J ourn al o f M anagem ent, 2 011 , 3 7, 7 09, 7 43

8 B enders ky C , S hah N P, T he c ost o f s ta tu s e nhancem ent: p erfo rm ance e ffe cts o f in div id uals ’ s ta tu s m obilit y in ta sk g ro ups, O rg aniz atio n S cie nce, 2 012,

23, 2 , 3 08, 3 22

9 B la u P M , In equalit y a nd h ete ro geneit y : a p rim it iv e th eory o f s ocia l s tr u ctu re , 1 977, N ew Y ork , F re e P re ss

10 B lie se P D , K le in K J, K ozlo w ski S W J, W it h in g ro up a gre em ent, n on-in dependence, a nd r e lia bilit y : im plic atio ns fo r d ata a ggre gatio n a nd a naly sis , M ult ile vel

th eory , r e searc h, a nd m eth ods in o rg aniz atio ns: fo undatio ns, e xte nsio ns, a nd n ew d ir e ctio ns, 2 000, S an F ra ncis co, J ossey-B ass, 3 48, 3 81

11 B ond M H, L eung K , A u A , T o ng K K, C hem onges-N ie ls on Z , C om bin in g s ocia l a xio m s w it h v alu es in p re dic tin g s ocia l b ehavio urs , E uro pean J ourn al o f

P ers onalit y , 2 004, 1 8, 3 , 1 77, 1 91

12 B ra dle y B H , P ostle th w ait e B E, K lo tz A C , H am dani M R, B ro w n K G , R eapin g th e b enefit s o f ta sk c onflic t in te am s: th e c rit ic al r o le o f te am p sycholo gic al

safe ty c lim ate , J ourn al o f A pplie d P sycholo gy, 2 012, 9 7, 1 , 1 51, 1 58

13 B re tt J M , O kum ura T , In te r-a nd in tr a cult u ra l n egotia tio n: U S a nd J apanese n egotia to rs , A cadem y o f M anagem ent J ourn al, 1 998, 4 1, 5 , 4 95, 5 10

14 B yrn e D , T he a ttr a ctio n p ara dig m , 1 971, N ew Y ork , A cadem ic P re ss

15 C able D M , E dw ard s J R , C om ple m enta ry a nd s upple m enta ry fit : a th eore tic al a nd e m pir ic al in te gra tio n, J ourn al o f A pplie d P sycholo gy, 2 004, 8 9, 5 , 8 22,

834

16 C am pio n M A, M edsker G J, H ig gs A C , R ela tio ns b etw een w ork g ro up c hara cte ris tic s a nd e ffe ctiv eness: im plic atio ns fo r d esig nin g e ffe ctiv e w ork g ro ups,

P ers onnel P sycholo gy, 1 993, 4 6, 4 , 8 23, 8 47

17 C am pio n M A, P apper E M , M edsker G J, R ela tio ns b etw een w ork te am c hara cte ris tic s a nd e ffe ctiv eness: a r e plic atio n a nd e xte nsio n, P ers onnel

P sycholo gy, 1 996, 4 9, 2 , 4 29, 4 52

18 C arle ss S A, D e P aola C , T he m easure m ent o f c ohesio n in w ork te am s, S m all G ro up R esearc h, 2 000, 3 1, 1 , 7 1, 8 8

19 C arli L L, L aF le ur S J, L oeber C C, N onverb al b ehavio r, g ender, a nd in flu ence, J ourn al o f P ers onalit y a nd S ocia l P sycholo gy, 1 995, 6 8, 1 030, 1 041

20 C han D , F unctio nal r e la tio ns a m ong c onstr u cts in th e s am e c onte xt d om ain a t d if fe re nt le vels o f a naly sis : a ty polo gy o f c om posit io n m odels , J ourn al o f

A pplie d P sycholo gy, 1 998, 8 3, 2 34, 2 46

21 C hid am bara m L , B ostr o m R , G ro up d evelo pm ent ( I) : a r e vie w a nd s ynth esis o f d evelo pm ent m odels , G ro up D ecis io n a nd N egotia tio n, 1 997, 6 , 2 , 1 59,

187 22 C hoi J N , S y T , G ro up-le vel o rg aniz atio nal c it iz enship b ehavio r: e ffe cts o f d em ogra phic fa ult lin es a nd c onflic t in s m all w ork g ro ups, J ourn al o f

O rg aniz atio nal B ehavio r, 2 010, 3 1, 7 , 1 032, 1 054

23 C hun J S , C hoi J N , M em bers ’ n eeds, in tr a gro up c onflic t, a nd g ro up p erfo rm ance, J ourn al o f A pplie d P sycholo gy, 2 014, 9 9, 3 , 4 37, 4 50

24 C ole M S, B edeia n A G , H ir s chfe ld R R, V ogel B , D is pers io n-c om posit io n m odels in m ult ile vel r e searc h a d ata -a naly tic fr a m ew ork , O rg aniz atio nal

R esearc h M eth ods, 2 011 , 1 4, 4 , 7 18, 7 34

25 D e D re u C K, W hen to o lit tle o r to o m uch h urts : e vid ence fo r a c urv ilin ear r e la tio nship b etw een ta sk c onflic t a nd in novatio n in te am s, J ourn al o f

M anagem ent, 2 006, 3 2, 1 , 8 3, 1 07

26 D e D re u C K, V an V ia nen A E, M anagin g r e la tio nship c onflic t a nd th e e ffe ctiv eness o f o rg aniz atio nal te am s, J ourn al o f O rg aniz atio nal B ehavio r, 2 001, 2 2,

3, 3 09, 3 28

27 D e D re u C KW , W ein gart L R , T a sk v ers us r e la tio nship c onflic t, te am p erfo rm ance, a nd te am m em ber s atis fa ctio n: a m eta -a naly sis , J ourn al o f A pplie d

P sycholo gy, 2 003, 8 8, 4 , 7 41, 7 49

28 D e M euse K P, H osta ger T J, D evelo pin g a n in str u m ent fo r m easurin g a ttit u des to w ard a nd p erc eptio ns o f w ork pla ce d iv ers it y : a n in it ia l r e port, H um an

R esourc e D evelo pm ent Q uarte rly , 2 001, 1 2, 1 , 3 3, 5 1

29 W it F R C, G re er L L, J ehn K A, T he p ara dox o f in tr a gro up c onflic t: a m eta -a naly sis , J ourn al o f A pplie d P sycholo gy, 2 012, 9 7, 2 , 3 60, 3 90

30 E dm ondson, A . C . ( 2 003). M anagin g th e r is k o f le arn in g: P sycholo gic al s afe ty in w ork te am s. In M . W est, D . T jo svold , & K . G . S m it h ( E ds.) , In te rn atio nal

handbook o f o rg aniz atio nal te am work a nd c oopera tiv e w ork in g. d oi: 1 0.1 002/9 780470696712.c h13.

31 E re z A , L eP in e J A , E lm s H , E ffe cts o f r o ta te d le aders hip a nd p eer e valu atio n o n th e fu nctio nin g a nd e ffe ctiv eness o f s elf - m anaged te am s: a q uasi-

e xperim ent, P ers onnel P sycholo gy, 2 002, 5 5, 9 29, 9 48

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40 H arris on D A, K le in K J, W hat’s th e d if fe re nce? D iv ers it y c onstr u cts a s s epara tio n, v arie ty , o r d is parit y in o rg aniz atio ns, A cadem y o f M anagem ent R evie w ,

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44 H um phre y S E, H olle nbeck J R , M eyer C J, Ilg en D R, T ra it c onfig ura tio ns in s elf - m anaged te am s: a c onceptu al e xam in atio n o f th e u se o f s eedin g to

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45 Ilg en D R, H olle nbeck J R , J ohnson M D, J undt D K, T e am s in o rg aniz atio ns: fr o m in put- p ro cess-o utp ut m odels to IM OI m odels , A nnual R evie w o f

P sycholo gy, 2 005, 5 6, 5 17, 5 43

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51 J ehn K A, C hadw ic k C , T hatc her S M , T o a gre e o r n ot to a gre e: th e e ffe cts o f v alu e c ongru ence, in div id ual d em ogra phic d is sim ila rit y , a nd c onflic t o n

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55 J oshi A , R oh H , T he r o le o f c onte xt in w ork te am d iv ers it y r e searc h: a m eta - a naly tic r e vie w , A cadem y o f M anagem ent J ourn al, 2 009, 5 2, 3 , 5 99, 6 27

56 K acm ar K M , B achra ch D G , H arris K J, N oble D , E xplo rin g th e r o le o f s uperv is or tr u st in th e a ssocia tio ns b etw een m ult ip le s ourc es o f r e la tio nship c onflic t

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58 K err N L, M otiv atio n lo sses in s m all g ro ups: a s ocia l d ile m ma a naly sis , J ourn al o f P ers onalit y a nd S ocia l P sycholo gy, 1 983, 4 5, 8 19, 8 28

59 K ie sle r D J, T he 1 982 in te rp ers onal c ir c le : a ta xonom y fo r c om ple m enta rit y in h um an tr a nsactio ns, P sycholo gic al R evie w , 1 983, 9 0, 3 , 1 85, 2 14

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81 M urp hy S M , W ayne S J, L id en R C, E rd ogan B , U nders ta ndin g s ocia l lo afin g: th e r o le o f ju stic e p erc eptio ns a nd e xchange r e la tio nship s, H um an r e la tio ns,

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84 P elle d L H , E is enhard t K M , X in K R , E xplo rin g th e b la ck b ox: a n a naly sis o f w ork g ro up d iv ers it y , c onflic t a nd p erfo rm ance, A dm in is tr a tiv e S cie nce

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90 R aub S , R obert C , D if fe re ntia l e ffe cts o f e m pow erin g le aders hip o n in -ro le a nd e xtr a -ro le e m plo yee b ehavio rs : e xplo rin g th e r o le o f p sycholo gic al

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91 R en H , G ra y B , R epair in g r e la tio nship c onflic t: h ow v io la tio n ty pes a nd c ult u re in flu ence th e e ffe ctiv eness o f r e sto ra tio n r it u als , A cadem y o f M anagem ent

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P H O TO ( C O LO R)

PH O TO ( C O LO R)

PH O TO ( C O LO R)

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