Please help me out with the two research paper review. I attached the rubric, 2 research paper, and 1 review worksheet. Please submit 2 review worksheet for each paper. Thanks.

While the immature birds and adu lts are of roughly equal sizes, the adult birds have a competitive advantage through motivation to defend a resource. The older adult birds may have greater asymmetry of value for the resource, because of a greater amount of energy/time invested in a habit at. This means the adults are more willing to fight for territory. Additionally, age correlated plumage patterns can act as an indicator of a bird's fighting ability because it is an indication of the bird's age (“Bird Competition Lab Protocol”) . In whit e crowned (WCSP) and golden crowned sparrows (GCSP), the birds have several morphological indicators of age. Both species belong to the genus of Zonotrichia , which is the genus of sparrows. The species can be deciphered from each other from distinct black and white stripes on the crown of the white -crowned sparrow’s head, and a black and gold crown on the golden crowned sparrow ( Meier ). When the WCSP are immature, they have brown and tan crowns, compared with the black and white stripes on th e mature birds ( “Bird Competition Lab Protocol” ). Immature GCSPs have a rusty stripe on the cap with a yellow stripe on top of the crown ( “Golden -Crowned Sparrow Identification ”). Previous research has indicated that there is a positive correlation betwe en resource holding potential and male reproductive success (Kelly). Testing this theory through these sparrows would reveal if bird reproduction is significantly impacted by the resource holding potential, in this case age, of the sparrows. This study i nvestigated the effect of bird age/maturity had on competitive ability and thus mating potential. This was done through comparing the number of dominant fight outcomes between immature and adult white crowned sparrows and golden crowned sparrows. It was predicted that mature male birds will have greater success in fighting immature male birds.

Specifically, the adult white crowned sparrow versus the immature white crowned sparrow and the adult golden crowned sparrow compared to the immature white and golden crowned sparrow. This is because the adult sparrow has more resource holding potential because of their age and experience as territory defenders. Methods The data for this experiment was collected via observation of birds in the wild. This observatio n occurred at Lake Los Carneros. Six piles of bird seed were laid out around the lake and researchers observed the interactions between birds at these feeding grounds. Among the interactions observed were between adult white crowned sparrows and immature w hite crowned sparrows, and adult golden crowned sparrows and immature golden crowned sparrows. The outcomes of social interactions between the birds were recorded; the outcomes were referred to as “displacements,” where the winner of the interaction newly occupies the space in which the loser once did. The observations were compiled into a data set to determine the relative importance of sex, size, and age in bird mating patterns. The data for this research was compiled from observations in both 2011 and 2022. The data was then interpreted and analyzed. Using the data collected specifically from the white crowned adult and immature sparrows and the golden crowned adult and immatur e sparrows, a binomial test was conducted for each species to determine whether the adult birds won a significantly greater number of times when fighting against immature birds of their same species. For these binomial tests a one tailed distribution was u sed, because there was previous knowledge that resource holding potential would make for a greater fighter in these birds, and given that the adults have greater resource holding potential it was likely that the adults would win significantly greater amoun ts of fights. Thus, we used a one tailed binomial test to refute the null hypothesis that the adult white crowned/golden crowned sparrow do not have a significantly greater number of wins than their immature counterparts. A Chi -squared test was then conduc ted to analyze the data between the white crowned and golden crowned sparrows. This allowed us to determine whether there is a correlation between adult bird winning and species. Chi squared tests are always two tailed. Results White Crowned Sparrow : The binomial test was conducted to determine whether adults and immature WCSPs had a significantly different number of wins. The null hypothesis for this test is that the adults do not have a significantly greater number of wins than their immature counterpar ts. Adult WCSPs had 86 wins against immature WCSPs, and immature WCSPs had 16 wins against adult WCSPs (Table 2 ). Because the test was one tailed, the k value at alpha=0.05 is 0.8224. The r crit value was 42.154. The r rare value was 16 (Two tailed binomial test, N=102, r=16 , rcrit =42.154 ). Because r crit was greater than r rare we reject the null hypothesis that there is not a significantly different number of wins between the adult and immature white crowned sparrows. Golden Crowned Spa rrow Adults vs. Immature: The adult GCSPs had 9 wins against immature GCSPs, and the immature GCSPs had 1 win against the adult GCSPs ( Table 1 ). The null hypothesis of this test is that the adults do not have a significantly greater number of wins than the ir immature counterparts. The binomial test to determine if the GCSPs had a significantly greater number of wins between the adults and the immatures also had an alpha of 0.05 and a k value of 0.8224 (Two tailed binomial test, N=10, r=1 , r crit =1.772 ). The rcrit was calculated to be 1.772. The r rare for the GCSPs was 1. Because r crit is greater than r rare the null hypothesis is rejected. X2 Test: The x 2 test was conducted to determine if there is a correlation between adult wins and species using the number of wins and losses from each adult sparrow population (Figure 2) . The null hypothesis is that adult winning and species are independent of each other. The degrees of freedom was one, and the alpha value was 0.05, resulting in a X 2crit of 3.84. The x 2 value was calculated to equal 0.324. X 2crit is greater than X 2, so the null hypothesis fails to be rejected. Discussion The data from this study revealed that the age of white crowned and golden crowned sparrows significantly impacts the out come of fights between adult and immature birds, and the adult birds win a significant number of those fights . From the binomial test between the white crowned sparrow adult and immature birds, we rejected the null hypothesis and could conclude that adult white crowned sparrows win a significant number of the fights against immature white crowned sparrows. Similarly, in the binomial test between the immature and adult golden crowned sparrows, the null hypothesis was rejected and can conclude that the adult golden crowned sparrow wins a significant number of the fights against the immature GCSPs.

Additionally, the chi -squared test comparing the relationship between adult wining and sparrow species failed to reject the null hypothesis, concluding that the num ber of times an adult sparrow wins a fight with the immature sparrow is independent of the species. These statistical tests indicate that the resource holding potential of the adult sparrows gives a significant competitive advantage against immature sparro ws. The chi -squared test additionally revealed that the adult winning is independent of sparrow species, indicating that adults have a greater ability to defend resources and territories among a variety of bird species. There are also several ways in whi ch this study could be improved. The dataset could have been larger, creating more data points which would generate clearer observable trends between the different species. Additionally, a source of error for this research is the fact that the data is set is viewable before conducting the analysis. This creates bias in the tests being run and the functionality of the study by already having a grasp of the trends in the data. However, overall t his research supports the current theories of resource holding p otential and asymmetry of value creating fighting capabilities and incentive for animal behavior and territory defense. The data from this research did support the hypothesis that adult male birds will have greater success when fighting immature birds. Specifically through looking at white crowned and golden crowned sparrows, data was able to be collected and analyzed between adults and immature birds of the same species. Because the adults still had significantly greater wins over the immature birds wit hin the same species, this begs the question of how kin selection and genetic relations play into this resource defense; this could be interesting future research for this study. Literature Cited Arnberg, Nina N et al. “Social Network Structure in Wintering Golden -Crowned Sparrows Is Not Correlated with Kinship.” Molecular ecology 24.19 (2015): 5034 –5044. Web. “Bird Competition Lab Protocol.” EEMB138. GauchoSpace. February 21, 2022. Fernandez -Juricic, Esteban. et al. “The Visual Fields of Two Ground -Foraging Birds, House Finches and House Sparrows, Allow for Simultaneous Foraging and Anti -Predator Vigilance.” Ibis (London, England) 150.4 (2008): 779 –787. Web. “Golden -Crowned Sparrow Identification, All about Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology.” , All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology , https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Golden - crowned_Sparrow/id#. Kaufman, Kenn. “Crowned Sparrows: Details to Look for on White -Throated, White -Cr owned, Golden -Crowned, and Harris’s Sparrows.” Birder’s world 18.6 (2004): 70 –. Print. Kelly, C.D. The interrelationships between resource -holding potential, resource -value and reproductive success in territorial males: How much variation can we explain?. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 62, 855 –871 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265 -007 -0518 -8. Meier, Eve. “White -Crowned and Golden -Crowned Sparrow.” Santa Clara Valley Audubon Society , S anta Clara Valley Audubon Society, 27 Jan. 2022, https://scvas.org/backyard - bird -blog/white -crowned -and -golden -crowned -sparrows. Thusius, Kevin J et al. “Male Mask Size Is Correlated with Mating Success in the Common Yellowthroat.” Animal behaviour 62.3 (2001): 435 –446. Web. Thomasson, Kelly . “ Game Theory.” University of California, Santa Barbara. Santa Barbara, CA. February 3 , 2022. Figures Sparrow Species/Age Wins Losses Golden Crowned Adults 9 1 Golden Crowned Immature 1 9 White Crowned Adults 86 16 White Crowned Immature 16 86 Table 1 : Table of the numerical data collected from observation showing the wins and losses of the adult vs. immature golden crowned sparrows and the adult vs. immature white crowned sparrows. Figure 1 : Bar graph showing the wins of the adult vs. immature golden crowned sparrows. Figure 2 : Bar graph showing the wins of the adult white crowned sparrows vs. the immature white crowned sparrows. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Golden Crowned Adults Golden Crowned Immature 0 20 40 60 80 100 White Crowned Adults White Crowned Immature X2 Observed Table Wins Losses Total (ni) White Crowned Adults 86 16 102 Golden Crowned Adults 9 1 10 Total (nj) 95 17 112 X2 Expected Table Wins Losses Total (ni) White Crowned Adults 86.51 15.48 102 Golden Crowned Adults 8.48 1.52 10 Total (nj) 95 17 112 Table 2 : Table showing the observed and expected values calculated to use in the chi squared test.