Please help me out with the two research paper review. I attached the rubric, 2 research paper, and 1 review worksheet. Please submit 2 review worksheet for each paper. Thanks.
Abstract In this study , I investigated the ef fect of age on social dominance in the species White-crowned Sparrows [ Zonotrichia leucophry s] and Golden-crowned Sparrows [ Zonotrichia atricapilla ]. I was interested in seeing how possible experience that comes with age may af fect an individual’ s fighting ability . I hypothesized that adult individuals would have more fighting experience that allowed them to win more interactions when placed against younger individuals.Likewise, their age-correlated plumage patterns may act as a signal of experience that allowsthem to dominate/intimidate younger individuals. I tested this by setting up four sites of bird feedin a birding site and observing interactions between dif ferent species of birds. A binomial test and chi test were conducted to see if there was a significant dif ference in win rates where dominance was shown between younger and adult individuals. I saw that the win rate of adultWhite-crowned Sparrows [ Zonotrichia leucophry s] and Golden-crowned Sparrows [ Zonotrichia atricapilla ] was significantly higher than immature individuals within and between species. From this, I concluded that older age is correlated with social dominance in birds. However , further studies are needed to determine whether this was a direct cause-and-ef fect relationship or if other factors are in play . Intr oduction Social dominance in birds leads to many important behavioral and ecological consequences. Not only do dominant birds correlate with higher survival but also higherreproductive success (LeBoeuf & Peterson 1969). Thus it is important to understand what phenotypic traits correlate with dominance and which ones af fect an individual’ s resource holding potential – an individual’ s ability to defend a resource. In many cases the higher an individual’ s RHP the higher a male’ s bird reproductive success (LeBoeuf & Peterson 1969). However , other factors such as experience can also contribute to an individual’ s ability to defend their resource( BIRD COMPETITION PROT OCOL: Interspecific Interactions and Social Dominance in Birds Study or ganism and methods, 2022 ). This experience may be indicated to other birds through age-correlated plumage patterns which is what this paper hopes to address. The species I decided to observe were the White-crowned Sparrows [ Zonotrichia leucophry s] and Golden-crowned Sparrows [ Zonotrichia atricapilla ] due to the fact that they have distinct age-correlated plumage patterns. The White-Crowned Sparrow breeds in Alaska and British Columbia in the spring and summer and migrates to Southern California in order toforage until they return back in Spring( BIRD COMPETITION PROT OCOL: Interspecific Interactions and Social Dominance in Birds Study or ganism and methods, 2022 ). The immature individuals have brown and tan crowns while adults have black and white striped crowns.Likewise, the Golden-Crowned Sparrow also has age-correlated plumage patterns with the adultshaving brighter black stripes and golden crowns while immature individuals keep a duller goldencrown and brown stripes(). The Golden-Crowned Sparrow breeds in habitats near the coast and mountains in Alaska and northwestern Canada and will migrate from southern British Columbia to northern Baja California in the winter(). Both these species were chosen for the recognizableage-correlated plumage patterns. Previous studies have addressed the importance of deciphering phenotypic traits in terms of social dominance, however many focus on sex and size leaving age a lesser -explored trait. In this paper , I hope to find a correlation between age and dominance and predict that adult individuals’ plumage will intimidate younger individuals and that their overall fighting experience will allow them to win most of the fights of dominance.Methods In order to collect the data, I went to a birding site at the South Coast Railroad Museum at the Historic Goleta Depot. At this site, four bags of bird feed were placed far away from each other . Observation began mid-afternoon for about 2 hours. W ithin these two hours, each bird feed site was monitored for approximately 30 minutes. During this observation time, therewasn’ t a lot of data able to be collected– didn’ t see anything during the data collection lab, so I used aggregated data from 2022 and 201 1. A two-tailed binomial test was conducted on this data between adults individuals of both species and immature individuals to see if the win rates were significantly dif ferent between the two groups. A chi test was also conducted in order to determine whether win ratios were dependent on age.Results After the observation was complete, it was seen that there were 218 instances in which there was an encounter between immature and mature individuals. Of those 218 instances, therewere 139 mature wins of dominance and 79 immature wins (figure 1). A two-tailed binomial test was performed and the resulting r critical value was 94 while the r -value was 79. Since r crit was greater than r , the null hypothesis can be rejected. This test was also conducted in r and the true probability of success was found to be 0.3623853 ( p-value of 5.833e-05) ensuring that we areable to reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant dif ference between the win rates of immature and mature individuals. The binomial distribution for the expected probability of 0.5 and actual probability of success 0.3623853 is represented by figure 2. A chi test was also conducted in r in order to see if dominance was dependent on age or not (if the win: lose ratio dif fers between the two age categories). Table 1 below shows the dif ferent wins and losses between the two groups. W e were able to see that dominance and age were, in fact, dependent and that dominance ratio dif fers between immature and mature groups (X 2= 70.23, X 2 crit= 3.841, df= 1, alpha= 0.05, X 2> X 2 crit). Discussion These results suggest that there is a correlation between dominance and age. Our results showed a significant dif ference between the win rate of adult sparrows and immature sparrows as seen by the binomial test. This suggests that age plays a part in the dominance of birds, however , we can not assume a direct cause and ef fect relationship since other factors can still be at play . Nonetheless, it’ s a step in the right direction for defining phenotypic traits as their ef fect on RHP and overall dominance. These individuals’ age-correlated plumage signals to other individuals that they hold the fighting experience and thus the other individual must decide where they standin relation. For the younger individuals that might mean backing of f or surrendering the resource they have if they deem the older individual as more dominant. The chi test also confirmed a relationship between dominance and age. In this case, the chi test showed that dominance and age are dependent (dominance – through win: loss ratio–does dif fer between adult and immature birds). This further shows that age does play a part in dominance, however , that part still remains undefined. All that can be said is that there is a correlation between the two and that promising new research should be done to directly definethe exact role that age plays in an individual’ s dominance. For a bird, social dominance is not only a means of obtaining resources but a means of ensuring future reproductive success and survival. Thus, examining this behavior and determining which phenotypic traits dominance is dependent on is an important field of research.Age is just one of the many factors that can lead to social dominance but defining it as anessential factor will help when trying to define other traits as factors in the future. Literatur e Cited 2022. BIRD COMPETITION PROT OCOL: Interspecific Interactions and Social Dominance in Bir ds Study or ganism and methods . EEMB 138.Golden-cr owned Sparr ow identification, all about bir ds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology . , All About
Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology . (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2022, from https://www .allaboutbirds.or g/guide/Golden-crowned_Sparrow/id#:~:text=In%20summer%2C% 20adult%20Golden%2Dcrowned,obvious%20yellow%20on%20the%20crown.Leboeuf, B. J. & Peterson, R. S. (1969). Social status and mating activity in elephant seals.Science, 163, 91-93.
Lindström, K., & Pampoulie, C. (2004). Ef fects of resource holding potential and resource value
on tenure at nest sites in sand gobies. Behavioral Ecology ,16 (1), 70–74. https://doi.or g/10.1093/beheco/arh132 Figure 1This figure shows the dif ferences in wins based on age for the sparrows. Figure 2 - Actual vs. Expected Binomial Distribution This figure shows two binomial distributions. One for the actual probability of success seen fromthe data and one for the expected. As we can see here, the distributions are dif ferent. Table 1 - Chi-square tableW ins LossesTotalMature13923162Immature79108187Total218131349This table shows specifically the number of wins and losses for the two groups as well as thetotal amount of mature, immature birds, wins, and losses.
