see the pdf attached for the questions.

2/27/22, 9:35 PM COMP 494 (Revision 2) Study Guide: Unit 1

https://comp.athabascau.ca/494/r2/unit01.html 1/7

CO M PU TER S C IE N CE 4 94: R ESE A RC H M ETH O DS

Stu dy G uid e

U nit 1 : W hat I s Re se a rch ? Re se a rch P ro b le m s, H ypo th ese s a n d Lit e ra tu re

Re vie w s

This u n it c o n ta in s t h e f o llo w in g s e ctio ns:

1.1 P re fa ce

1.2 L ea rn in g O utc o m es

1.3 S ele ctin g a P ro b le m

1.4 F orm in g a R ese a rc h T op ic o r Q uestio n a n d C on du ctin g a L it era tu re R ev ie w

1.5 R efe re n ce s

1 .1 P re fa ce

R ese a rc h is a u n iqu e a ctiv ity. I t e x acts t e sta b le i n sig hts f r o m r e se a rc h ers a n d u se s r ig oro u s m eth od s t o r e a ch v a lid ate d p ro ofs f o r t h ose in sig hts . A t t h e s a m e

tim e, it is f le x ib le a b ou t t h e s e le ctio n o f m eth od s, t h e in te rp re ta tio n o f r e su lt s , a n d t h e t y p e a n d s c o p e o f p ro b le m s c o n sid ere d . “ E very s ig nif ic an t p ie ce o f

re se a rc h n ot o n ly c o n tr ib ute s t o t h e e v o lu tio n o f t h e h um an k n ow le d ge f r o n tie r, t h e “ w hat,” b u t a ls o e n ric hes t h e p ro ce ss m ech an is m s u n derly in g r e se a rc h , t h e

“h ow ” ( K um ar, 2 0 11, p . 2 8 7).

A cco rd in g t o W ik ip ed ia , r e se a rc h is u se d t o “ e sta b lis h o r c o n fir m f a cts , r e a ffir m t h e r e su lt s o f p re v io us w ork , s o lv e n ew o r e x is tin g p ro b le m s, s u pport th eo re m s

(h ttp :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w ik i/Theo re m ) , o r d ev elo p n ew th eo rie s ( h ttp :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w ik i/Theo ry ) ” ( “ R ese a rc h ,” 2 0 14 ).

T he a rtic le g o es o n t o s ta te t h at “ [t] h e p rim ary p u rp ose s o f b asic r e se a rc h ( a s o p pose d t o a p plie d r e se a rc h ) a re d ocu m en ta tio n

(h ttp :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w ik i/Docu m en ta tio n) , d is co very ( h ttp :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w ik i/Disco very _ % 28 ob se rv a tio n% 29 ) , in te rp re ta tio n

(h ttp :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w ik i/In te rp re ta tio n_ % 28 ph iloso p h y% 29 ) , o r t h e re se a rc h a n d d ev elo p m en t

(h ttp :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w ik i/Rese a rc h _ an d_ dev elo p m en t) ( R & D ) o f m eth od s a n d s y ste m s f o r t h e a d va n ce m en t o f h um an kn ow le d ge

(h ttp :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w ik i/Know le d ge) .” C on vers e ly , a p plie d r e se a rc h is d esig ned t o d ev elo p p ra ctic al a p plic atio ns o f t h e f u n dam en ta l s c ie ntif ic p rin cip le s

re v ea le d b y b asic r e se a rc h .

T hus a p pli e d v ers u s b a sic is o n e c ru cia l d is tin ctio n in r e se a rc h . A noth er is em pir ic a l v ers u s r a tion al :

E m pir ic ism is a l a b el f o r a w ay o f t h in kin g a n d w ork in g w ith d ata . I t in dic ate s a n a ttit ude c o m ple x c h ara cte riz ed b y a n u tm ost f a it h in t h e s e n se s, a f ir m

belie f in t h e p ow er o f o b se rv a tio n, a w illin gn ess t o b e r u le d b y o b se rv a b le e v id en ce , a b elie f t h at s c ie ntif ic c o n clu sio ns s h ou ld n ev er g et b ey o n d t h e r e a lm o f

ex tr a p ola tio n, a n d a f e elin g t h at t h e r a tio nal u n iv ers e o f s c ie nce is n oth in g m ore t h at t h e h ab it ual a sso cia tio n o f c e rta in id ea s o f a p erc e iv er.

R atio nalis m r e p re se n ts t h e o p posit e w ay o f t h in kin g a n d w ork in g w ith f a cts . I n r a tio nalis tic m eth od t h e c rit erio n o f t r u th is n ot s e n so ry b u t in te lle ctu al a n d

ded u ctiv e. I t a ssu m es t h e u n iv ers a lit y o f n atu ra l l a w s, a n d h en ce it s a p pea l t o s e n se p erc e p tio n is in p u rs u it o f p artic ula rs . T here is a d ir ect p re o ccu patio n

with c o n ce p tu al s c h em es, c o n str u ctio ns, a n d l o gic al m an ip ula tio ns. T he s u pre m e e x am ple o f r a tio nalis m is in p u re m ath em atic s. ( M cK in ney , 1 9 66, p . 7 2 )

T here is a d yn am ic in te rp la y b etw een t h e r a tio nalis tic a n d e m pir ic al p ers p ectiv es. M an y t h eo rie s a n d h yp oth ese s d ev elo p d ed u ctiv ely ; h ow ev er, t h ose t h eo rie s

an d h yp oth ese s m ust b e v a lid ate d b y r e a l- w orld o b se rv a tio ns, t h at is , e m pir ic ally . A cco rd in g t o W . L aw re n ce N eu m an , t h is c o m bin atio n d efin es t h e p osit iv ist

ap pro ach t o r e se a rc h :

P osit iv ist s o cia l s c ie nce is a n o rg an iz ed m eth od f o r c o m bin ing d ed u ctiv e l o gic w ith p re cis e e m pir ic al o b se rv a tio ns o f in div id ual b eh avio r in o rd er t o d is co ver

a n d c o n fir m a s e t o f p ro b ab il is tic c a u sa l l a w s t h at c a n b e u se d t o p re d ic t g en era l p atte rn s o f h um an b eh avio r. ( 2 0 06, p . 8 2)

No te t h at, w hile Ne um an r e str ic ts h is c o n sid era tio n t o s o cia l s c ie nce r e se a rc h , w hic h is m ost l ik ely t o b e t h e t y p e o f r e se a rc h s tu den ts u n derta k e in C om pu tin g

an d I n fo rm atio n S yste m s, t h e s a m e g en era l p oin t c a n b e m ad e a b ou t s c ie ntif ic r e se a rc h in a n y a re a .

R an jit K um ar ( 2 0 05) o u tlin es a u se fu l w ay t o d is tin gu is h a m on g t y p es o f r e se a rc h :

If y o u e x am in e a r e se a rc h s tu dy f r o m t h e p ers p ectiv e o f it s o b je ctiv es, b ro ad ly a r e se a rc h e n dea vo u r c a n b e c la ss if ie d a s d esc rip tiv e, c o rre la tio nal,

e x p la n ato ry o r e x p lo ra to ry . . . .

A s tu dy c la ssif ie d a s d esc r ip tiv e r e se a rch a tte m pts t o d esc rib e s y ste m atic ally a s it uatio n, p ro b le m , p h en om en on , s e rv ic e o r p ro gra m , o r p ro vid es

in fo rm atio n a b ou t, s a y, t h e l iv in g c o n dit io ns o f a c o m mun it y, o r d esc rib es a ttit udes t o w ard s a n is su e. . . .

T he m ain e m ph asis o f a cor re la tion al r e se a rch s tu dy is t o d is co ver o r e sta b lis h t h e e x is te n ce o f a r e la tio nsh ip /a sso cia tio n/in te rd ep en den ce b etw een t w o o r

m ore a sp ects o f a s it uatio n. . . . 2/27/22, 9:35 PM COMP 494 (Revision 2) Study Guide: Unit 1

https://comp.athabascau.ca/494/r2/unit01.html 2/7

Exp la n ator y r e se a rch a tte m pts t o c la rif y w hy a n d h ow t h ere is a r e la tio nsh ip b etw een t w o a sp ects o f a s it uatio n o r p h en om en on . . . .

[E xp lor ator y r e se a rch . . . is u n derta k en w ith t h e o b je ctiv e e it her t o e x p lo re a n a re a w here l it tle is k n ow n o r t o in vestig ate t h e p oss ib ilit ie s o f u n derta k in g a

p artic ula r r e se a rc h s tu dy. ( p . 1 0 , e m ph asis in t h e o rig in al)

K um ar ( 2 0 05) a ls o e x p la in s t h at r e se a rc h c a n b e d is tin gu is hed a cco rd in g t o t h e “ in qu ir y m od e e m plo yed ” ( p . 8 ).

T he s tr u ctu re d a p pro ach t o in qu ir y is u su ally c la ssif ie d a s q u an tit a tiv e r e se a rch a n d u n str u ctu re d a s q u ali t a tiv e r e se a rch . I n t h e s tr u ctu re d a p pro ach

e v ery th in g t h at f o rm s t h e r e se a rc h p ro ce ss— ob je ctiv es, d esig n, s a m ple , a n d t h e q u estio ns t h at y o u p la n t o a sk o f r e sp on den ts — is p re d ete rm in ed . T he

un str u ctu re d a p pro ach , b y c o n tr a st, a llo w s f le x ib ilit y in a ll t h ese a sp ects o f t h e p ro ce ss. T he s tr u ctu re d a p pro ach is m ore a p pro p ria te t o d ete rm in e t h e

ex te n t o f a p ro b le m , is su e o r p h en om en on ; t h e u n str u ctu re d t o e x p lo re it s n atu re . ( p . 1 2 , e m ph asis in t h e o rig in al)

I n g en era l, a cco rd in g t o C olin R ob so n , s o cia l s c ie nce r e se a rc h s h ou ld b e “ e m pir ic ally b ase d , s y ste m atic , s c e p tic al a n d e th ic al [ a n d] in s o m e s e n se in flu en tia l o r

effe ctiv e if it is t o b e w orth w hile” ( 2 0 02, p . 1 9 ). T he r e q u ir em en t f o r e th ic al c o n du ct o f r e se a rc h is p artic ula rly im porta n t w ith r e se a rc h t h at in vo lv es p eo p le .

(R ese a rc h e th ic s f o rm s t h e t o p ic o f U nit 5 o f t h is c o u rs e .) T he q u estio n o f in flu en ce a n d e ffe ctiv en ess is r e la te d t o e th ic s. I t is b ase d o n t h e c o n ce p t t h at f r iv olo u s

re se a rc h is a w aste o f r e so u rc e s a n d o f t h e t im e o f t h e p eo p le ( in te rv ie wees, r e sp on den ts ) w ho p artic ip ate .

T his in tr o d u ctio n h as d ra w n a tte n tio n t o m an y o f t h e d is tin ctio ns t h at c a n c h ara cte riz e s c ie ntif ic r e se a rc h , b u t it is im porta n t t o r e m em ber t h at ir re sp ectiv e o f

th e u n derly in g p h iloso p h y, s c ie ntif ic r e se a rc h is a b ou t e x p an din g t h e k n ow le d ge f r o n tie r.

U nit 1 r e q u ir es t h at y o u e n gag e in r e a d in g a ctiv itie s, v id eo v ie win g a ctiv itie s, a n d s o m e a sse ssm en t a ctiv itie s, in clu din g c o n tr ib utin g t o a d is cu ssio n f o ru m . W e

an tic ip ate t h at y o u w ill n eed a b ou t 9 h ou rs ( 5 4 0 m in ute s) t o c o m ple te t h is u n it .

1 .2 L e arn in g O bje ctiv e s

Aft e r c o m ple tin g U nit 1 , y o u s h ou ld b e a b le t o

d efin e t h e t e rm re se a rch a n d d esc rib e w hat r e se a rc h in vo lv es.

d is cu ss t h e im porta n ce o f r e se a rc h .

id en tif y d if fe re n t t y p es o f r e se a rc h .

desc rib e t h e p ro ce sse s b y w hic h r e se a rc h is c o n du cte d .

id en tif y m eth od s t h at c a n b e u se d t o s e le ct a p ro b le m .

ev a lu ate t h e q u alit y o f a r e se a rc h p ro b le m .

iden tif y m eth od s t h at c a n b e u se d t o c o lle ct, r e v ie w, a n d in fe r f in din gs f r o m t h e l it era tu re .

1 .3 S e le ctin g a P ro b le m

W e e stim ate t h at t h is s e g m en t o f U nit 1 s h ou ld t a k e a b ou t 4 h ou rs ( 2 4 0 m in ute s) t o c o m ple te .

R ea d in g A ssig n m en t 1 .3 .R 1

This s a m ple r e se a rc h a rtic le id en tif ie s m an y o f t h e k ey e le m en ts o f r e se a rc h . I t s e rv es a s a n o verv ie w o f w hat is in vo lv ed in r e se a rc h a n d w hat is e x p ecte d a s a n

o u tc o m e o f r e se a rc h .

T ro ch im , W .M .K . ( 2 0 06). S am ple p ap er. R etr ie ved f r o m t h e w eb sit e o f t h e R ese a rc h M eth od s K now le d ge B ase :

h ttp :/ /w ww.s o cia lr e se a rc h m eth od s.n et/ k b /sa m pap er.p h p ( h ttp :/ /w ww.s o cia lr e se a rc h m eth od s.n et/ k b /sa m pap er.p h p)

No te t h e s e ctio ns in clu ded in t h is a rtic le : a b str a ct, in tr o d u ctio n ( th is s e ctio n is u n tit le d in t h is a rtic le , b u t it d oes in clu de a l it era tu re r e v ie w), m eth od ( in clu din g

sa m ple , m ea su re s, d esig n, a n d p ro ce d u re s), r e su lt s , c o n clu sio ns a n d r e fe re n ce s.

R ea d in g A ssig n m en t 1 .3 .R 2

This r e a d in g in tr o d u ce s t h e l a n gu ag e o f r e se a rc h a n d p re se n ts a b rie f d is cu ssio n o f k ey a sp ects o f r e se a rc h . M ak e c e rta in t h at y o u f o llo w e a ch o f t h e l in ks, a n d

be p re p are d t o r e tu rn t o t h em a s y o u w ork t h ro u gh t h e c o u rs e .

T ro ch im , W .M .K . ( 2 0 06 b). F ou n datio ns. R etr ie ved f r o m t h e w eb sit e o f t h e R ese a rc h M eth od s K now le d ge B ase :

h ttp :/ /w ww.s o cia lr e se a rc h m eth od s.n et/ k b /in tr e s.p h p ( h ttp :/ /w ww.s o cia lr e se a rc h m eth od s.n et/ k b /in tr e s.p h p)

V ie w in g A ssig n m en t 1 .3 .V 1

W atc h t h e s h ort v id eo :

P ic cia no, A . ( 2 0 07). 2 . I n tr o d u ctio n t o r e se a rc h m eth od s. R etr ie ved f r o m http :/ /y o u tu .b e/x O qQ cm G2-u 0 ( h ttp :/ /y o u tu .b e/x O qQ cm G2-u 0 )

R ea d in g A ssig n m en t 1 .3 .R 3

In 2 0 09, t h e E uro p ea n C om missio n p u blis hed t w o r e p orts . I n t h e f ir st r e p ort ( s e e b elo w ), r e a d t h e s e ctio n t it le d “ T he A sia n C en tu ry .” I n t h e s e co n d r e p ort ( s e e

b elo w ), r e a d t h e s e ctio ns t it le d “ T he R ole o f S ocio -e co n om ic S cie nce s a n d H um an it ie s” a n d “ C on dit io ns f o r T ra n sit io n.” 2/27/22, 9:35 PM COMP 494 (Revision 2) Study Guide: Unit 1

https://comp.athabascau.ca/494/r2/unit01.html 3/7

Euro p ea n C om missio n, D irecto ra te G en era l f o r S ocio -e co n om ic S cie nce s a n d H um an it ie s. ( 2 0 0 9). T he w or ld i n 2 0 25: R is in g A sia a n d s oc io- econ om ic

t r a n sit ion . R etr ie ved f r o m http :/ /e c.e u ro p a.e u /re se a rc h /so cia l- s c ie nce s/ p d f/ p olic y_ re v ie ws/ th e-w orld -in -2 0 25-r e p ort_ en .p d f

(h ttp :/ /e c.e u ro p a.e u /re se a rc h /so cia l- s c ie nce s/ p d f/ p olic y_ re v ie ws/ th e-w orld -in -2 0 25-r e p ort_ en .p d f)

E uro p ea n C om missio n, D irecto ra te G en era l f o r S ocio -e co n om ic S cie nce s a n d H um an it ie s. ( 2 0 0 9). P eop le , t h e e con om y a n d ou r p la n et: S u sta in able

d ev elop men t i n sig hts f r om s oc io- econ om ic s c ie n ce s a n d h u m an it ie s . R etr ie ved f r o m http :/ /b ooksh op .e u ro p a.e u / en /p eo p le -th e-e co n om y-a n d-o u r-p la n et-

p bK INA 24 0 53 /? C ata lo g C ate g o ry ID =O 1o K ABstR Q YA AAEj1 J E Y4e5 L ( h ttp :/ /b ooksh op .e u ro p a.e u /e n /p eo p le -th e-e co n om y-a n d-o u r-p la n et-

p bK INA 24 0 53 /? C ata lo gC ate g o ry ID =O 1o K ABstR Q YA AAEj1 J E Y4e5 L )

R ea d in g A ssig n m en t 1 .3 .R 4

The P ow erP oin t a va il ab le o n t h e l in k b elo w c o n sid ers t h e im porta n ce o f c ro ss-d is cip lin ary r e se a rc h :

D ale , A . ( 2 0 08). C ro ssin g d is cip lin ary b ou n darie s. R etr ie ved f r o m t h e N CR M w eb sit e: h ttp :/ /e p rin ts .n crm .a c.u k/3 58 / ( h ttp :/ /e p rin ts .n crm .a c.u k/3 58 /)

S tu dy Q uestio n s

In dis pu ta b ly , t h e p u rp ose o f r e se a rc h is t o c re a te n ew k n ow le d ge, b u t w hat is d on e w ith t h at k n ow le d ge? R esp on d t o t h e q u estio ns b elo w in t h e c o n te x t o f t h e

artic le s y o u h ave r e a d a n d t h e s h ort v id eo y o u h ave w atc h ed .

1. R ese a rc h ers , in g en era l, s h are t h eir w ork o n ly w ith c o lle a g u es a n d f u n ders , a n d t h e r e se a rc h o u tc o m es a re t y p ic ally n ot a im ed a t t h e p u blic . W hy d oes

th is k in d o f e x clu siv ity o ccu r, a n d w hat p ro b le m s r e su lt f r o m it ?

2. E xte n din g c u rre n t r e se a rc h r e q u ir es a t h oro u gh u n ders ta n din g o f p ast r e se a rc h in t h e a re a a s w ell a s c o n te m pora ry r e se a rc h e ffo rts . W hy is it im porta n t

to p u t r e se a rc h in c o n te x t, a n d w hat s tr a te g ie s c a n r e se a rc h ers u se t o d o s o ? A re t h ere a n y r is ks in t h e e m ph asis o n c o n te x t?

3. R ese a rc h m ea n s n arro w f o cu s, n ot b ro ad er a p plic atio n. I s t h is s ta te m en t t r u e? W hat a re t h e im plic atio ns, p osit iv e a n d n eg ativ e, o f a n arro w f o cu s?

4. I t is im possib le t o a p ply o u tc o m es o f a s in gle r e se a rc h s tu dy o n a s o cie ty -w id e s c a le . I s t h is t h e c a se ? W hy? I s it a g o od o r a b ad t h in g?

5. R ese a rc h c a n b e in te rd is cip lin ary . W hat a re t h e s tr e n gth s o f c ro ss-d is cip lin ary r e se a rc h , a n d h ow c a n it p ro ce ed ?

6. T ech n iqu es e x is t t o r e co rd a n d c o m mun ic ate r e se a rc h o u tc o m es t o a p u blic a u die nce . W hat a re t h ese t e ch n iq ues, a n d h ow e ffe ctiv e a re t h ey ?

1 .4 F o rm in g a R ese arc h T o p ic o r Q uestio n a n d C on du ctin g a L it e ra tu re R evie w

W e e stim ate t h at t h is s e g m en t o f U nit 1 s h ou ld t a k e a b ou t 5 h ou rs ( 3 0 0 m in ute s) t o c o m ple te .

D r. W . P . B rin km an o ffe rs a c o u rs e o n E m pir ic al R ese a rc h M eth od s a t t h e D elf t U niv ers it y o f T ech n olo gy ( s e e B rin km an , 2 0 11). H e d is tin gu is hes t h re e d if fe re n t

ty p es o f r e se a rc h q u estio ns.

Fr eq u en cy ( d esc rip tiv e ) q u est io n s

H ow o ft e n d o p ro gra m mers t a k e a b re a k ?

W hat a re t h e r e a so n s f o r p ro gra m mers t o t a k e a b re a k ?

[F urth er e x am ple s]

H ow u sa b le d o u se rs f in d s o ft w are a p plic atio n X ?

H ow s o cia ble a re F ace b ook u se rs ?

H ow o ft e n d o n etw ork s e rv ers c ra sh ?

W hat a re u se rs ’ v ie ws o n 3 D T V ?

D if fe re n ce q u est io n s

Com pare d t o c o m pu te r a rtis ts , d o p ro gra m mers u se c o m pu te rs f o r l o n ger c o n tin uou s in te rv a ls ?

[F urth er e x am ple s]

Is t h ere d if fe re n ce b etw een m ale a n d f e m ale u se rs in t im e s p en d o n lin e?

H as c u lt u re a n e ffe ct o n a p ers o n ’s p re fe re n ce o f w eb p ag e d esig n?

H as e ffe ctiv en ess o f r e co gn is in g e m otio n u sin g c o m pu te r f a ce r e co gn it io n t e ch n iq ue in flu en ce b y t y p e o f e m otio n e x p re sse d in t h e f a ce ?

R ela tio n sh ip q u est io n s

Is t h ere a r e la tio nsh ip b etw een t h e im ag e q u alit y o f t h e f o cu s o f a tte n tio n a n d t h e p erc e iv ed o vera ll q u alit y o f im ag e?

[F urth er e x am ple s]

Is t h ere a r e la tio nsh ip b etw een p erc e iv ed u sa b il it y o f s y ste m X a n d c o m pu te r s k il ls o f t h e u se r?

D oes a n in cre a se in p erc e iv ed im ag e q u alit y c o in cid e w ith a n in cre a se in c o m pre ssio n t im e?

H as t h e d eg re e o f p re se n ce a p osit iv e e ffe ct o n e ffe ctiv en ess o f V R t r e a tm en t? ( B rin km an , 2 0 10 a). 2/27/22, 9:35 PM COMP 494 (Revision 2) Study Guide: Unit 1

https://comp.athabascau.ca/494/r2/unit01.html 4/7

In e sse n ce , t h e r e se a rc h q u estio n s h ou ld id en tif y a p rop erty ( e .g ., p ro gra m mers ’ a ttit udes t o w ard s m ood -s u pport s o ft w are ) o f t h e e le m en t, a p ro p erty t h at c a n

va ry b etw een e le m en ts o f t h e p op u la tio n ( e .g ., t h e p op u la tio n o f p ro fe ssio nal p ro gra m mers ) in a g iv en s it uatio n o r e n vir on m en t ( e .g ., w hen d eb u ggin g o r w hen

w ork in g in g ro u ps).

A s a n oth er e x am ple , a r e se a rc h q u estio n c o u ld i n vestig ate t h e c a u sa l r e la tio nsh ip b etw een t h e a n te ce d en t ( e .g ., a ttit ude t o w ard s a n d s o cia l n orm s g o vern in g t h e

desig n o f a m ob il e p h on e) a n d t h e con se q u en t ( e .g ., in te n tio n t o s e le ct a m ob il e p h on e w ith a p artic ula r d esig n).

V aria ble s a sso cia te d w ith t h e a n te ce d en t a re c a lle d in dep en den t v a ria ble s , a n d v a ria ble s a sso cia te d w ith t h e c o n se q u en t a re c a lle d d ep en den t v a ria ble s . A

d ep en den t v a ria ble c h an ges a s t h e in dep en den t v a ria ble c h an ges.

A n in te rv en in g v a ria ble “ lin ks t h e in dep en den t a n d d ep en den t v a ria ble s. I n c e rta in s it uatio ns t h e r e la tio nsh ip b etw een a n in dep en den t v a ria ble a n d a

d ep en den t v a ria ble c a n not b e e sta b lis hed w ithou t t h e in te rv en tio n o f a n oth er v a ria ble ” ( K um ar, 2 0 05, p . 6 1). F or e x am ple , t h e r e se a rc h q u estio n “ d o h ig h-

defin itio n m on it ors im pro ve t h e e ffe ctiv en ess o f v ir tu al r e a lit y t r e a tm en ts ,” c o u ld b e in flu en ce d b y a n in te rv en in g v a ria ble w e w ill c a ll “ v ir tu al p re se n ce .” T hus,

“h ig h-d efin itio n m on it or” c a u sa lly r e la te s t o “ v ir tu al p re se n ce ” a n d in t u rn “ v ir tu al p re se n ce ” c a u sa lly r e la te s t o “ e ffe ctiv en ess o f v ir tu al r e a lit y t r e a tm en ts .”

E xtr a n eo u s v a ria ble s in flu en ce t h e s tr e n gth o f t h e r e la tio nsh ip b etw een t h e in dep en den t a n d t h e d ep en den t v a ria ble s. F or in sta n ce , t h e e x tr a n eo u s v a ria ble ,

“g am in g e x p erie nce ,” m ight in flu en ce t h e c a u sa l r e la tio n b etw een “ h ig h-d efin itio n m on it or” a n d t h e “ e ffe ctiv en ess o f v ir tu al r e a lit y t r e a tm en ts .”

No te t h at, a cco rd in g t o W illia m B rin km an ( 2 0 10 b),

C au sa lit y r e q u ir es a t l e a st t h re e c o n dit io ns:

1. s ig nif ic an t c o rre la tio n b etw een t h e v a ria ble s

2. t e m pora l a sy m metr y ( tim e p re ce d en ce )

3. e lim inatio n o f a n y c o m mon c a u sa l v a ria ble ( e x tr a n eo u s v a ria ble )

R ea d in g A ssig n m en t 1 .4 .R 1

Rea d a b ou t d ep en den t a n d in dep en den t v a ria ble s in a s o u rc e o f y o u r c h oic e.

O ne p ossib le s o u rc e is

D ep en den t a n d in dep en den t v a ria ble s. ( 2 0 13 , A ugu st 2 7). I n W ik ip ed ia . R etr ie ved M arc h 5 , 2 0 14 , f r o m http :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?

tit le = D ep en den t_ an d_ in dep en den t_ va ria ble s& old id =570 39 930 1 ( h ttp :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?

tit le = D ep en den t_ an d_ in dep en den t_ va ria ble s& old id =570 39 930 1)

R ea d a b ou t s ta tis tic al s ig nif ic an ce in a s o u rc e o f y o u r c h oic e.

O ne p ossib le c h oic e is

S ta tis tic al s ig nif ic an ce . ( 2 0 14 , M arc h 2 ). I n W ik ip ed ia . R etr ie ved M arc h 5 , 2 0 14 , f r o m http :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?

tit le = Sta tis tic al_ sig nif ic an ce & old id =59 775 16 32 ( h ttp :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?tit le = Sta tis tic al_ sig nif ic an ce & old id =59 775 16 32 )

R ea d a b ou t r e se a rc h q u estio ns in t h e s o u rc e s id en tif ie d b elo w :

Ryers o n U niv ers it y, D ep artm en t o f S tu den t S erv ic es. ( n .d . a). O n-lin e w ork sh op o n f o rm ula tin g a r e se a rc h q u estio n a n d h yp oth esis .

Ryers o n U niv ers it y, D ep artm en t o f S tu den t S erv ic es. ( n .d . b). T he r e se a rc h q u estio n a n d h yp oth esis . R etr ie ved f r o m http :/ /g w ie 4gra d s.o rg /th esis -h yp oth esis /

Rese a rc h % 20 Q uestio n% 20 an d% 20 H yp oth esis % 20 (R yers o n % 20 U niv ers it y).p d f ( h ttp :/ /g w ie 4gra d s.o rg /th esis -

hyp oth esis /R ese a rc h % 20 Q uestio n% 20 an d% 20 H yp oth esis % 20 (R yers o n % 20 U niv ers it y).p d f)

S ta te U niv ers it y o f Ne w Y ork , E SC O nlin e W rit in g C en te r. ( 2 0 11). D ev elo p in g a r e se a rc h q u estio n. R etr ie ved f r o m http :/ /w ww.e sc .e d u /o n lin e-w rit in g-c e n te r/

re so u rc e s/ re se a rc h / re se a rc h -p ap er-s te p s/ d ev elo p in g-q u estio ns/ ( h ttp :/ /w ww.e sc .e d u /o n lin e-w rit in g-c e n te r/ re so u rc e s/ re se a rc h /re se a rc h -p ap er-

s te p s/ d ev elo p in g-q u estio ns/ )

R ea d a b ou t l it era tu re r e v ie ws in t h e s o u rc e s id en tif ie d b elo w .

U niv ers it y o f T oro n to , W rit in g. ( n .d .) . T he l it era tu re r e v ie w: A f e w t ip s o n c o n du ctin g it . R etr ie ved f r o m http :/ /w ww.w rit in g.u to ro n to .c a /a d vic e/sp ecif ic -ty p es-

o f- w rit in g/ lit era tu re -r e v ie w ( h ttp :/ /w ww.w rit in g.u to ro n to .c a /a d vic e/sp ecif ic -ty p es-o f- w rit in g/lit era tu re -r e v ie w)

Asia n I n stit ute o f T ech n olo gy, L an gu ag e C en te r. ( 2 0 10 ). U sin g t h e l it era tu re . R etr ie ved S ep te m ber 1 9 , 2 0 10 f r o m

h ttp :/ /w ww.l a n gu ag es.a it .a c.t h /E L21L IT .H TM .

No te t h at t h is U RL w as in activ e a s o f J an uary 1 2 , 2 0 12 , b u t t h e w eb sit e w as a va il ab le t h ro u gh t h e I n te rn et A rc h iv e: h ttp :/ /w eb .a rc h iv e.o rg / w eb /

20 10 0619 0 54 0 12 / h ttp :/ /w ww.l a n gu ag es.a it .a c.t h /E L21L IT .H TM

(h ttp :/ /w eb .a rc h iv e.o rg /w eb /2 0 10 0619 0 54 0 12 /h ttp :/ w ww.l a n gu ag es.a it .a c.t h /E L21L IT .H TM )

This it em c o n ta in s a d is cu ssio n o f c o m mon t r a p s a n d v ic io us c ir cle s.

U niv ers it y o f No rth C aro lin a a t C hap el H ill, W rit in g C en te r. ( 2 0 10 – 20 11). L it era tu re r e v ie ws. R etr ie ved f r o m

h ttp :/ /w rit in gce n te r.u n c.e d u /re so u rc e s/ h an dou ts -d em os/ sp ecif ic -w rit in g-a ssig nm en ts / lit era tu re -r e v ie ws

(h ttp :/ /w rit in gce n te r.u n c.e d u /re so u rc e s/ h an dou ts -d em os/ sp ecif ic -w rit in g-a ssig nm en ts / lit era tu re -r e v ie ws)

U niv ers it y o f C alif orn ia S an ta C ru z, U niv ers it y L ib ra ry . ( 2 0 11). W rit e a l it era tu re r e v ie w. R etr ie ved f r o m http :/ /lib ra ry .u csc .e d u /h elp /h ow to /w rit e-a -lit era tu re -

re v ie w ( h ttp :/ /lib ra ry .u csc .e d u /h elp /h ow to /w rit e-a -li t e ra tu re -r e v ie w) 2/27/22, 9:35 PM COMP 494 (Revision 2) Study Guide: Unit 1

https://comp.athabascau.ca/494/r2/unit01.html 5/7

McNe al, A . ( n .d .) . H ow t o r e a d a s c ie ntif ic r e se a rc h p ap er— a f o u r-s te p g u id e f o r s tu den ts a n d f o r f a cu lt y . R etr ie ved J an uary 1 2 , 2 0 12 , f r o m

h ttp :/ /h elio s.h am psh ir e.e d u /~ ap m NS /d esig n/R ESO U RCE S/H OW _R EA D .h tm l.

No te t h at t h is U RL w as in activ e a s o f M arc h 5 , 2 0 14 , b u t t h e w eb sit e w as a va il ab le t h ro u gh t h e I n te rn et A rc h iv e: h ttp :/ /w eb .a rc h iv e.o rg /w eb /

20 12 0 310 04275 6 / h ttp :/ /h elio s.h am psh ir e.e d u /~ ap m NS /d esig n/R ESO U RCE S/H OW _R EA D .h tm l

(h ttp :/ /w eb .a rc h iv e.o rg /w eb /2 0 12 0 310 04275 6 /h ttp :/ h elio s.h am psh ir e.e d u /% 7E ap m NS/d esig n/R ESO U RCE S/H OW _R EA D .h tm l)

A th ab asc a U niv ers it y, S ch ool o f C om pu tin g a n d I n fo rm atio n S yste m s. ( n .d .) . L it era tu re r e v ie w. R etr ie ved f r o m h ttp :/ /lib ra ry .a th ab asc a u .c a /d rr/ re d ir ect.p h p?

id =319 76 ( h ttp :/ /lib ra ry .a th ab asc a u .c a /d rr/ re d ir ect.p h p?id =319 76 )

[S n yd er, M .] [ 1 9 97]. C rit ic al r e v ie w p ap er. R etr ie ved f r o m t h e w eb sit e o f t h e U niv ers it y o f A lb erta P sy ch olo gy D ep artm en t:

h ttp :/ /w ww.p sy ch .u alb erta .c a /~ m sn yd er/ A ca d em ic/ psy ch 40 3/crp ap er.h tm l

(h ttp :/ /w ww.p sy ch .u alb erta .c a /% 7E m sn yd er/ A ca d em ic/p sy ch 40 3/crp ap er.h tm l)

H elb erg , C . ( n .d .) . P it fa lls o f d ata a n aly sis ( o r h ow t o a vo id l ie s a n d d am ned l ie s). R etr ie ved f r o m

h ttp :/ /w ww2.c s.u re g in a.c a /~ rb m /cs10 0/n ote s/ sp re a d sh eets / lie s.h tm l ( h ttp :/ /w ww2.c s.u re g in a.c a /~ rb m /cs10 0/n ote s/ sp re a d sh eets / lie s.h tm l)

I n p artic ula r, r e a d a b ou t m eta -a n aly sis :

M eta -a n aly sis . ( 2 0 14 , F eb ru ary 1 1). W ik ip ed ia . R etr ie ved f r o m http :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?tit le = M eta -a n aly sis &old id =59 49 9358 0

(h ttp :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?tit le = M eta -a n aly sis &old id =59 49 9358 0 )

N ote : I f y o u a re p la n nin g t o w rit e a n e ssa y r a th er t h an c o m ple tin g a t h esis o r a p ro je ct, y o u m ay a ls o w ish t o w atc h t h e v id eo c lip id en tif ie d b elo w :

Pic cia no, A . ( 2 0 08). B . M eta -a n aly sis . R etr ie ved f r o m http :/ /y o u tu .b e/iH vn 30 Zi4 zM ( h ttp :/ /y o u tu .b e/iH vn 30 Zi4 zM )

Univ ers it ie s, s o cie tie s, a n d p ro fe ssio nal a sso cia tio ns h ave e x te n siv e l ib ra rie s, in clu din g b ooks, m ag azin es a n d j o u rn als . I T p ro fe ssio nals h ave l o n g u se d t h ese

re so u rc e s t o f u rth er t h eir r e se a rc h a n d d ev elo p m en t a ctiv itie s. M ore r e ce n tly , m an y o f t h ese l ib ra rie s h ave m oved o n lin e. I n it ia lly , o n ly t h e c a ta lo gu es w ere

a va il ab le , b u t n ow m ore a n d m ore r e so u rc e s h ave b een c o n verte d t o d ig ital f o rm at f o r o n lin e a cce ss .

In t h e b eg in nin g, s p ecia l t e rm in als o r l o ca l w ired c o n nectio ns w ere r e q u ir ed t o a cce ss t h e d ig ital in fo rm atio n, b u t n ow o n lin e a cce ss t o m ost s u ch d ata b ase s is

a va il ab le t h ro u gh t h e I n te rn et, m ak in g t h e in fo rm atio n a va il ab le t o a n yo n e in t h e w orld w ith a n I n te rn et c o n n ectio n.

A th ab asc a U niv ers it y h as a n e x te n siv e o n lin e l ib ra ry , a s b efit s a d is ta n ce l e a rn in g in stit utio n. T he l is t o f j o u rn als in a ll a re a s o f t h e a rts a n d s c ie nce s is

c o m pre h en siv e. F or t h e C S g ra d u ate s tu den t, t h e n um ber o f I T j o u rn als a n d m ag azin es is a ls o e x te n siv e. M ost o f t h ese j o u rn als a n d m ag azin es a re a va il ab le

o n lin e.

T w o o f t h e m ore im porta n t s o cie tie s f o r I T p ro fe ssio nals a re t h e I n stit ute o f E le ctr ic al a n d E le ctr o n ic s E ngin eers ( I E EE ( h ttp :/ /w ww.ie ee.o rg /in dex .h tm l) ) a n d

th e A sso cia tio n f o r C om pu tin g M ach in ery ( A CM ( h ttp :/ /w ww.a cm .o rg /) ). T hese t w o o rg an iz atio ns r e p re se n t m uch o f t h e “ s ta te o f t h e a rt" ” in c o m pu tin g

sc ie nce t o d ay, a n d t h e m an y j o u rn als p u blis hed b y t h ese o rg an iz atio ns a re e sse n tia l t o ols in t h e I T p ro fe ssio nal’s t o olk it .

P ra ctic e A ssig n m en t 1 .4 .P 1

In t h e m id-n in etie s, L yco s w as o n e o f t h e p re fe rre d s e a rc h e n gin es. T od ay t h ere a re n um ero u s s e a rc h e n gin es, o f v a ry in g e ffe ctiv en ess, b u t t h e m ost p op u la r

se a rc h e n gin e c u rre n tly in u se is G oogle ™ .

In a d dit io n t o t h e d ed ic ate d s e a rc h e n gin es, t h ou sa n ds o f w eb p ag es n ow o ff e r “ p orta ls ” t o t h e I n te rn et, f e a tu rin g s e a rc h e n gin es t h at w ill e x am in e e it her t h e

lo ca l s it e o r t h e e n tir e I n te rn et. T hese p orta l e n gin es a re o ft e n “ p ow ere d b y G oogle ” o r b y s o m e o th er m ain str e a m s e a rc h e n gin e. F or e x am ple , t h e J ava s it e

(h ttp :/ /w ww.o ra cle .c o m /te ch n etw ork /ja va /in dex .h tm l) f e a tu re s a s e a rc h e n gin e t h at w ill s e a rc h t h e e n tir e J ava s it e.

M ost p eo p le c h oose a s e a rc h e n gin e a n d t h en s tic k w ith it a s l o n g a s it c o n tin ues t o d eliv er v a lu ab le l in ks t o q u erie s w ithou t r e tu rn in g t o o m uch “ ju n k.” T he

big gest p ro b le m w ith w eb s e a rc h es is t h at t h ey t e n d t o r e tu rn a l o t o f u n re la te d p ag es, a s w ell a s p ag es t h at n o l o n ger e x is t. T his p ro b le m is a r e su lt b oth o f t h e

m ech an is m u se d t o g ath er s it es, a n d o f t h e m ech an is m u se d t o s to re a n d in dex t h ose s it es.

P ic k a p h ra se t h at r e la te s t o y o u r r e se a rc h . T ry t o c h oose y o u r p h ra se s o t h at is n ot t o o g en eric ( e .g ., “ c o m pu te r p ro gra m min g” o r “ o b je ct o rie nte d ” w ill r e tu rn

m illio ns o f h it s). C hoose a n y t w o w eb s e a rc h e n gin es ( i. e., G oogle a n d o n e o th er). E nte r y o u r p h ra se a n d c o m pare t h e “ to p 1 0 ” p ag es r e tu rn ed b y e a ch e n gin e.

T ry p u ttin g d ou ble q u ote s a ro u n d t h e p h ra se a n d c o m pare t h e r e su lt s t o t h e f ir st s e a rc h . E xp lo re t h e “ a d va n ce d s e a rc h ” f e a tu re s o f t h e t w o s e a rc h e n gin es.

A ssig n m en t 1

R ev ie w A ssig nm en t 1 o n t h e c o u rs e h om e p ag e, a n d d o w hate v er y o u c a n a t t h is p oin t.

1 .5 R efe re n ce s

Asia n I n stit ute o f T ech n olo gy, L an gu ag e C en te r. ( 2 0 10 ). U sin g t h e l it era tu re . R etr ie ved S ep te m ber 1 9 , 2 0 10 f r o m

h ttp :/ /w ww.l a n gu ag es.a it .a c.t h /E L21L IT .H TM

No te t h at t h is U RL w as in activ e o n M arc h 5 , 2 0 14 , b u t t h e w eb sit e w as a va il ab le t h ro u gh t h e I n te rn et A rc h iv e: h ttp :/ /w eb .a rc h iv e.o rg /w eb /

20 10 0619 0 54 0 12 / h ttp :/ /w ww.l a n gu ag es.a it .a c.t h /E L21L IT .H TM

(h ttp :/ /w eb .a rc h iv e.o rg /w eb /2 0 10 0619 0 54 0 12 /h ttp :/ w ww.l a n gu ag es.a it .a c.t h /E L21L IT .H TM )

Ath ab asc a U niv ers it y, S ch ool o f C om pu tin g a n d I n fo rm atio n S yste m s. ( n .d .) . L it era tu re r e v ie w. R etr ie ved f r o m

h ttp :/ /sc is .a th ab asc a u .c a /h tm l/ lo /re p os/ co m p695/lit era tu re _ re v ie w.p pt ( h ttp :/ /sc is .a th ab asc a u .c a /h tm l/ lo /re p os/ co m p695/lit era tu re _ re v ie w.p pt) 2/27/22, 9:35 PM COMP 494 (Revision 2) Study Guide: Unit 1

https://comp.athabascau.ca/494/r2/unit01.html 6/7

Brin km an , W . P . ( 2 0 10 a). L ectu re 2 : E m pir ic al r e se a rc h m eth od s I N4 30 4— re se a rc h p la n . R etr ie ved f r o m http s:/ /o cw .t u delf t .n l/ w p-

co n te n t/ u plo ad s/ le ctu re _ 2_ E R M _20 10 .p d f ( h ttp s:/ /o cw .t u delf t .n l/ w p-c o n te n t/ u plo ad s/ le ctu re _ 2_ E R M _20 10 .p d f)

B rin km an , W . P . ( 2 0 10 b). L ectu re 3 : E m pir ic al r e se a rc h m eth od s I N4 30 4— ex p erim en ta l d esig n ( fix ed d esig n). R etr ie ved f r o m http s:/ /o cw .t u delf t .n l/ w p-

co n te n t/ u plo ad s/ le ctu re _ 3_ E R M _20 10 .p d f ( h ttp s:/ /o cw .t u delf t .n l/ w p-c o n te n t/ u plo ad s/ le ctu re _ 3_ E R M _20 10 .p d f)

B rin km an , W . P . ( 2 0 11). E m pir ic al r e se a rc h m eth od s. R etr ie ved f r o m t h e w eb sit e o f t h e D elf t U niv ers it y o f T ech n olo gy:

h ttp s:/ /o cw .t u delf t .n l/ co u rs e s/ e m pir ic al- r e se a rc h -m eth od s/ ( h ttp s:/ /o cw .t u delf t .n l/ co u rs e s/ e m pir ic al- r e se a rc h -m eth od s/ )

C ord is Ne ws. ( 2 0 09). Ne w s tu die s h ig hlig ht t h e r o le o f r e se a rc h a n d d ev elo p m en t. R etr ie ved f r o m t h e w eb sit e o f t h e E uro p ea n C om missio n:

http :/ /co rd is .e u ro p a.e u /fe tc h ?C A LLE R =E N_NE WS& ACTIO N =D &SE SSIO N =& RCN =316 0 1 ( h ttp :/ /co rd is .e u ro p a.e u /fe tc h ?

C A LLE R =E N_NEW S& ACTIO N=D &SE SSIO N= &RCN =316 0 1)

C ow boy c o d in g. ( 2 0 14 , J an uary 3 ). W ik ip ed ia . R etr ie ved M arc h 9 , 2 0 14 , f r o m http :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?tit le = Cow boy_ co d in g& old id =58 90 519 92

(h ttp :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?tit le = Cow boy_ co d in g& old id =58 90 519 92)

D ep en den t a n d in dep en den t v a ria ble s. ( 2 0 13 , A ugu st 2 7). I n W ik ip ed ia . R etr ie ved M arc h 5 , 2 0 14 , f r o m http :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?

tit le = D ep en den t_ an d_ in dep en den t_ va ria ble s& old id =570 39 930 1 ( h ttp :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?

tit le = D ep en den t_ an d_ in dep en den t_ va ria ble s& old id =570 39 930 1)

E uro p ea n C om missio n, D irecto ra te G en era l f o r S ocio -e co n om ic S cie nce s a n d H um an it ie s. ( 2 0 0 9). T he w or ld i n 2 0 25: R is in g A sia a n d s oc io- econ om ic

t r a n sit ion . R etr ie ved f r o m http s:/ /e c.e u ro p a.e u /re se a rc h /so cia l- s c ie nce s/ p d f/ p olic y_ re v ie ws/ th e-w orld -in -2 0 25-r e p ort_ en .p d f

(h ttp s:/ /e c.e u ro p a.e u /re se a rc h /so cia l- s c ie nce s/ p d f/ p olic y_ re v ie ws/ th e-w orld -in -2 0 25-r e p ort_ en .p d f)

E uro p ea n C om missio n, D irecto ra te G en era l f o r S ocio -e co n om ic S cie nce s a n d H um an it ie s. ( 2 0 0 9). P eop le , t h e e con om y a n d ou r p la n et: S u sta in able

p bK INA 24 0 53 /? C ata lo g C ate g o ry ID =O 1o K ABstR Q YA AAEj1 J E Y4e5 L ( h ttp :/ /b ooksh op .e u ro p a.e u /e n /p eo p le -th e-e co n om y-a n d-o u r-p la n et-

p bK INA 24 0 53 /? C ata lo gC ate g o ry ID =O 1o K ABstR Q YA AAEj1 J E Y4e5 L )

E xtr e m e p ro gra m min g. W ik ip ed ia . ( 2 0 14 , M arc h 5 ). R etr ie ved M arc h 7 , 2 0 14 , f r o m http :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?

tit le = E xtr e m e_ pro gra m min g& old id =59 8 30 373 7 ( h ttp :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?tit le = E xtr e m e_ pro gra m min g& old id =59 8 30 373 7)

F ro d em an , R ., K le in , J .T ., & M itch am , C . ( 2 0 12 ). O xfo rd H an dbook o f I n te rd is cip lin arit y. [ O verv ie w]. R etr ie ved f r o m

h ttp s:/ /g lo b al.o u p.c o m /a ca d em ic/p ro d u ct/ th e-o xfo rd -h an dbook-o f- in te rd is cip lin arit y-9 78 0 19 8 73 352 2?cc= ca & la n g= en & #

(h ttp s:/ /g lo b al.o u p.c o m /a ca d em ic/p ro d u ct/ th e-o xfo rd -h an dbook-o f- in te rd is cip lin arit y-9 78 0 19 8 73 352 2?cc= ca & la n g= en & #)

H elb erg , C . ( n .d .) . P it fa lls o f d ata a n aly sis ( o r h ow t o a vo id l ie s a n d d am ned l ie s). R etr ie ved f r o m

h ttp :/ /w ww2.c s.u re g in a.c a /~ rb m /cs10 0/n ote s/ sp re a d sh eets / lie s.h tm l ( h ttp :/ /w ww2.c s.u re g in a.c a /~ rb m /cs10 0/n ote s/ sp re a d sh eets / lie s.h tm l)

H yp oth esis . ( 2 0 14 , M arc h 5 ). I n W ik ip ed ia . R etr ie ved M arc h 5 , 2 0 14 , f r o m http :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?tit le = H yp oth esis &old id =59 8 2575 6 0

(h ttp :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?tit le = H yp oth esis &old id =59 8 2575 6 0 )

K um ar, R . ( 2 0 05). R ese a rch m eth od olog y: A s te p -b y -s te p g u id e f or b eg in ners ( 2 n d e d .) . L on don : S A G E. R etr ie ved f r o m http :/ /w ww.s o cio lo gy.k p i.u a/w p-

co n te n t/ u plo ad s/ 2 0 14 / 0 6/ R an jit _ K um ar-R ese a rc h _ M eth od olo gy_ A _Ste p -b y-S te p _ G .p d f ( h ttp :/ /w ww.s o cio lo gy.k p i.u a/w p-

co n te n t/ u plo ad s/ 2 0 14 /0 6/R an jit _ K um ar-R ese a rc h _ M eth od olo gy_ A _Ste p -b y-S te p _ G .p d f)

K um ar, V . ( 2 0 11). B ook r e v ie w: P roc ess g u id e f or s tu den ts f or i n te rd is c ip li n ary w or k i n c om pute r s c ie n ce /in for matic s ( 2 n d e d .) ( A uth or: A ndre a s H olz in ger).

E duca tion al T ech n ol og y & S oc ie ty , 1 4 ( 2 ): 2 8 7– 28 8. R etr ie ved f r o m http s:/ /w ww.j s to r.o rg /sta b le /je d u cte ch so ci. 14 .2 .2 8 7?se q = 1

(h ttp s:/ /w ww.j s to r.o rg /sta b le /je d u cte ch so ci. 14 .2 .2 8 7?se q = 1)

M cK in ney , J .C . ( 1 9 66). C on str u ctiv e t y p ol og y a n d s oc ia l t h eor y . Ne w Y ork : M ere d it h.

M cNe al A . ( n .d .) . H ow t o r e a d a s c ie ntif ic r e se a rc h p ap er— a f o u r-s te p g u id e f o r s tu den ts a n d f o r f a cu lt y . R etr ie ved J an uary 9 , 2 0 12 , f r o m h ttp :/ / lg d ata .s 3 -

w eb sit e-u s-e a st- 1 .a m azo n aw s.c o m /d ocs/ 5 57/6 18 458 /H OW _R EA D .p d f.

No te t h at t h is U RL w as in activ e a s o f M arc h 5 , 2 0 14 , b u t t h e w eb sit e w as a va il ab le t h ro u gh t h e I n te rn et A rc h iv e:

h ttp :/ /w eb .a rc h iv e.o rg /w eb /2 0 12 0 310 04275 6 / h ttp :/ /h elio s.h am psh ir e.e d u /~ ap m NS /d esig n/R ESO U RCE S/H OW _R EA D .h tm l

(h ttp :/ /w eb .a rc h iv e.o rg /w eb /2 0 12 0 310 04275 6 /h ttp :/ h elio s.h am psh ir e.e d u /% 7E ap m NS/d esig n/R ESO U RCE S/H OW _R EA D .h tm l)

M eta -a n aly sis . ( 2 0 14 , F eb ru ary 1 1). W ik ip ed ia . R etr ie ved M arc h 5 , 2 0 14 , f r o m http :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?tit le = M eta -a n aly sis &old id =59 49 9358 0

(h ttp :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?tit le = M eta -a n aly sis &old id =59 49 9358 0 )

Ne um an , W . L . ( 2 0 06 ). S oc ia l r e se a rch m eth od s: Qu ali t a tiv e a n d q u an tit a tiv e a p proa ch es ( 6 th e d .) . B osto n : P ea rs o n / A lly n a n d B aco n .

O pen s o u rc e . ( 2 0 14 , M arc h 9 ). W ik ip ed ia . R etr ie ved M arc h 9 , 2 0 14 , f r o m http :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?tit le = O pen _ so u rc e & old id =59 8 817 0 01

(h ttp :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?tit le = O pen _ so u rc e & old id =59 8 817 0 01)

O pen -s o u rc e s o ft w are . ( 2 0 14 , M arc h 7 ). W ik ip ed ia . R etr ie ved M arc h 9 , 2 0 14 , f r o m http :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?tit le = O pen -

so u rc e _ so ft w are & old id =59 8 60 16 0 8 ( h ttp :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?tit le = O pen -s o u rc e _ so ft w are & old id =59 8 60 16 0 8)

P ic cia no, A . ( 2 0 07). 2 . I n tr o d u ctio n t o r e se a rc h m eth od s. R etr ie ved f r o m http :/ /y o u tu .b e/x O qQ cm G2-u 0 ( h ttp :/ /y o u tu .b e/x O qQ cm G2-u 0 )

Pic cia no, A . ( 2 0 08). B . M eta -a n aly sis . R etr ie ved J an uary 1 2 , 2 0 12 , f r o m http :/ /y o u tu .b e/iH vn 30 Zi4 zM ( h ttp :/ /y o u tu .b e/iH vn 30 Zi4 zM )

Rese a rc h . ( 2 0 14 , M arc h 1 ). I n W ik ip ed ia . R etr ie ved M arc h 5 , 2 0 14 , f r o m http :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?tit le = R ese a rc h & old id =59 772 0 379

(h ttp :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?tit le = R ese a rc h & old id =59 772 0 379 ) 2/27/22, 9:35 PM COMP 494 (Revision 2) Study Guide: Unit 1

https://comp.athabascau.ca/494/r2/unit01.html 7/7

T O P

R ob so n , C . ( 2 0 02) R ea l w or ld r e se a rch : A r e sou rce f or s oc ia l s c ie n tis ts a n d p ra ctit ion er-r e se a rch ers ( 2 n d e d .) . M ald en , M A: B la ck w ell.

R yers o n U niv ers it y, D ep artm en t o f S tu den t S erv ic es. ( n .d . a). O n-lin e w ork sh op o n f o rm ula tin g a r e se a rc h q u estio n a n d h yp oth esis .

Rese a rc h % 20 Q uestio n% 20 an d% 20 H yp oth esis % 20 (R yers o n % 20 U niv ers it y).p d f ( h ttp :/ /g w ie 4gra d s.o rg /th esis -

hyp oth esis /R ese a rc h % 20 Q uestio n% 20 an d% 20 H yp oth esis % 20 (R yers o n % 20 U niv ers it y).p d f)

s te p s/ d ev elo p in g-q u estio ns/ )

S ta tis tic al s ig nif ic an ce . ( 2 0 14 , M arc h 2 ). I n W ik ip ed ia . R etr ie ved M arc h 5 , 2 0 14 , f r o m http :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?

tit le = Sta tis tic al_ sig nif ic an ce & old id =59 775 16 32 ( h ttp :/ /e n .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w /in dex .p h p?tit le = Sta tis tic al_ sig nif ic an ce & old id =59 775 16 32 )

[S n yd er, M .] [ 1 9 97]. C rit ic al r e v ie w p ap er. R etr ie ved f r o m t h e w eb sit e o f t h e U niv ers it y o f A lb erta P sy ch olo gy D ep artm en t:

h ttp :/ /w ww.p sy ch .u alb erta .c a /~ m sn yd er/ A ca d em ic/p sy ch 40 3/crp ap er.h tm l

(h ttp :/ /w ww.p sy ch .u alb erta .c a /% 7E m sn yd er/ A ca d em ic/p sy ch 40 3/crp ap er.h tm l)

T ro ch im , W .M .K . ( 2 0 06 a). S am ple p ap er. R etr ie ved f r o m t h e w eb sit e o f t h e R ese a rc h M eth od s K now le d ge B ase :

h ttp :/ /w ww.s o cia lr e se a rc h m eth od s.n et/ k b /sa m pap er.p h p ( h ttp :/ /w ww.s o cia lr e se a rc h m eth od s.n et/ k b /sa m pap er.p h p)

T ro ch im , W .M .K . ( 2 0 06 b). F ou n datio ns. R etr ie ved f r o m t h e w eb sit e o f t h e R ese a rc h M eth od s K now le d ge B ase :

h ttp :/ /w ww.s o cia lr e se a rc h m eth od s.n et/ k b /in tr e s.p h p ( h ttp :/ /w ww.s o cia lr e se a rc h m eth od s.n et/ k b /in tr e s.p h p)

re v ie w ( h ttp :/ /lib ra ry .u csc .e d u /h elp /h ow to /w rit e-a -li t e ra tu re -r e v ie w)

U niv ers it y o f No rth C aro lin a a t C hap el H ill, W rit in g C en te r. ( 2 0 10 – 20 11). L it era tu re r e v ie ws. R etr ie ved f r o m

h ttp :/ /w rit in gce n te r.u n c.e d u /re so u rc e s/ h an dou ts -d em os/ sp ecif ic -w rit in g-a ssig nm en ts / lit era tu re -r e v ie ws

(h ttp :/ /w rit in gce n te r.u n c.e d u /re so u rc e s/ h an dou ts -d em os/ sp ecif ic -w rit in g-a ssig nm en ts / lit era tu re -r e v ie ws)

o f- w rit in g/ lit era tu re -r e v ie w ( h ttp :/ /w ww.w rit in g.u to ro n to .c a /a d vic e/sp ecif ic -ty p es-o f- w rit in g/lit era tu re -r e v ie w)

U niv ers it y o f W isco n sin , E au C la ir e. ( n .d .) . G en era tin g a r e se a rc h h yp oth esis . R etr ie ved J an uary 1 2 , 2 0 12 , f r o m

h ttp :/ /p eo p le .u w ec.e d u /p ie rc e ch /R ese a rc h M eth od s/ G en era tin g% 20 a% 20 re se a rc h % 20 hyp oth esis /

gen era tin g% 20 a% 20 re se a rc h % 20 hyp oth esis % 20 in dex .h tm

( h ttp :/ /p eo p le .u w ec.e d u /p ie rc e ch /R ese a rc h M eth od s/ G en era tin g% 20 a% 20 re se a rc h % 20 hyp oth esis /g en era tin g% 20 a% 20 re se a rc h % 20 hyp oth esis % 20 in dex .h tm )