RPA-Assig #2 - see attached
6/10/22, 5:04 PM Gun Violence Research - The Educational Fund to Stop Gun V iolencehttps://efsgv.org/learn/learn-more-about-gun-violence/gun-violence-research/ 1/18
G un V io le n ce R ese arc h
G un v io le nce is a th re at to p ublic h ealt h in th e U nit e d S ta te s. O ur g ove rn m ent s h ould tr e at
th is e pid em ic lik e th ey h ave w it h o th er p ublic h ealt h c ris e s, s u ch a s c a r c ra sh es, to bacco
u se , o r m easle s — b y fu ndin g r e se arc h th at c a n h elp to d eve lo p e vid ence -b ase d p re ve ntio n
so lu tio ns. R ese arc h s e eks to in cre ase u nders ta ndin g o f h ow to h elp e ff e ctiv e ly r e duce a nd
pre ve nt d eath a nd in ju ry , w hic h c a n b e tr a nsla te d in to e ff e ctiv e in te rv e ntio ns th ro ugh p olic y
o r p ra ctic e . U nfo rtu nate ly , c o m pare d to o th er d is e ase s, v e ry lit tle m oney is s p ent to r e se arc h
g un v io le nce . R ese arc h fu ndin g is n eeded to u nders ta nd th e s co pe o f g un v io le nce in a ll it s
fo rm s, fr o m s u ic id es a nd d om estic v io le nce to c o m munit y g un v io le nce a nd u nin te ntio nal
sh ootin gs to p olic e -in vo lv e d s h ootin gs, s o th at e vid ence -b ase d s o lu tio ns c a n b e d eve lo ped.
M ore g enera lly , fu ndin g is d esp era te ly n eeded to fu rth er r e se arc h th e r o ot c a use s a nd
pote n tia l s o lu tio ns to th e g un v io le nce e pid em ic . W hile in fo rm ativ e r e se arc h a nd s o lu tio ns
alr e a dy e xis t, fe dera l a nd s ta te fu ndin g w ould fill a c rit ic a l n eed fo r t h e a dva nce m ent o f th is
a re a o f p ublic h ealt h r e se arc h . G ove rn m ent- fu nded p ublic h ealt h r e se arc h h as c o ntr ib ute d to
r e ducin g m oto r v e hic le fa ta lit ie s, d ro w nin gs, fir e s, a nd to bacco u se . W e c a n d o th e s a m e
wit h g un v io le nce — b ut o nly if w e h ave th e r e so urc e s.
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EFSGV is now the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun V iolence Solutions. For the latest news and research, check out
the center's new website. This website will not continue to be updated. (https://publichealth.jhu.edu/gun-violence-
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B AC K G RO UN D
O n a ve ra ge, m ore th an 3 7,0 00 A m eric a ns a re k ille d b y g uns e ve ry y e ar. O ve r th e la st 1 0 y e ars ( 2 009-
2018), th e o ve ra ll g un d eath r a te in cre ase d 1 8% ( fr o m 1 0.0 7 to 1 1 .9 0 g un d ea th s p er 1 00,0 00). E ve n
w hile th is p ublic h ealt h c ris is is w ors e n in g, v e ry lit tle g ove rn m ent fu ndin g fo r g un v io le nce p re ve ntio n
re se a rc h is a va ila ble .
O n e w ould e xp ect th at s u ch a s e rio us th re at to p ublic h ealt h w ould b e a ddre ss e d b y r e se arc h in g th e
ca use s a nd d eve lo pin g e vid ence -b ase d s o lu tio ns, b ut u nfo rtu nate ly , u ntil D ece m ber 2 019, C ongre ss
h eld g un v io le nce r e se arc h ers h osta ge fo r m ore th an tw o d eca des b y r e fu sin g to d edic a te fu nds fo r
re se a rc h .
W hile C on gre ss d id fin ally a ppro pria te fu ndin g fo r g un v io le nce r e se arc h in D ece m ber 2 019, th e a m ount
se t a sid e is n ot e nough to p ro perly s tu dy th is p ublic h ealt h c ris is . E ve n w it h t h is fu ndin g, w e s till la ck th e
re so u rc e s to a dequate ly a ddre ss th e c o untr y ’s g un v io le nce e pid em ic . P riv a te fo undatio ns a nd
in div id u als h ave ta ke n it u pon th em se lv e s to fu nd th e v a st m ajo rit y o f g un v io le nce r e se arc h in th e U .S .
W hile th is p riv a te r e se arc h h as le d to e sse ntia l p olic y b re akth ro ughs, th ere is s till a h uge d efic it w it h out
adequ ate fe dera l fu ndin g n eeded to tr u ly a ddre ss th is p ublic h ealt h e m erg ency.
S e psis k ills r o ughly a s m any A m eric a ns a s g un v io le nce , y e t g ove rn m ent fu nd in g to s tu dy g un v io le nce
is o nly 0 .7 % o f w hat is a llo ca te d to s tu dy s e psis . P ut y e t a noth er w ay, th e g ove rn m ent s p ends o nly
$ 150 o n p re ve ntiv e r e se arc h fo r e ve ry g un v io le nce d eath , w hile n early $ 15,0 00 is s p ent p er d eath fr o m
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EFSGV is now the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun V iolence Solutions. For the latest news and research, check out
the center's new website. This website will not continue to be updated. (https://publichealth.jhu.edu/gun-violence-
solutions) 6/10/22, 5:04 PM Gun Violence Research - The Educational Fund to Stop Gun V iolence
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se psis .
W h ile th is r a tio m ay c h ange s lig htly w it h th e n ew ly a llo ca te d fe dera l fu ndin g fo r g un v io le nce r e se arc h ,
fu ndin g fo r g un v io le nce s till d w arfs fu ndin g fo r o th er le adin g c a use s o f d eath .
To le a rn m ore , v is it o ur p age o n g un v io le nce in th e U nit e d S ta te s ( h ttp s://e fs g v.o rg /le arn /ty p e-o f- g un-
vio le n ce /g un-v io le nce -in -a m eric a -a n-o ve rv ie w /) .
W H Y D O W E N EED G UN V IO LE N CE R ESEA RC H ?
G un v io le nce is a p ublic h ealt h c ris is , a n d w e c a nnot e xp ect to s o lv e th is c ris is w it h out fu nds d edic a te d
to s tu dy it . O n a ve ra ge, m ore th an 3 7,0 00 A m eric a ns a re k ille d b y g uns e ve ry y e ar, in clu din g n early
2 3,0 0 0 w ho d ie b y fir e arm s u ic id e, m ore th an 1 3,0 00 w ho d ie b y fir e arm h om ic id e, m ore th an 5 00 w ho
die b y le gal in te rv e ntio n, n early 5 00 w ho d ie b y u nin te ntio nal fir e arm in ju rie s, a nd m ore th an 3 00 w ho
d ie b y u ndete rm in ed in te nt. T his e quate s to m ore th an 1 00 g un d e ath s e ve ry s in gle d ay. A ddit io nally ,
e ach y e ar th ere a re m ore th an 7 1,0 00 e m erg ency d epartm ent v is it s fo r n onfa ta l g un in ju rie s
(h ttp s://e fs g v.o rg /le arn /ty p e-o f- g un-v io le nce /n onfa ta l- fir e arm -v io le nce /) — n e arly 2 00 e ve ry d ay. W hil e
t h ese n onfa ta l g un in ju rie s m ay n ot m ake th e n atio nal n ew s, th ey le ave la stin g p hysic a l, p sych olo gic a l,
a nd e m otio nal s ca rs .
W it h p u blic h ealt h r e se arc h , w e c a n h elp r e duce a nd p re ve nt fir e arm in ju rie s a n d d eath s a nd tr a nsla te
r e se a rc h in to e ff e ctiv e p ro gra m s a nd p olic ie s. T his is n ot a n ew c o nce pt. In de ed, th e p ublic h ealt h
a ppro ach a nd p ublic h ealt h r e se arc h h ave b een u se d to r e duce m oto r v e hic le d eath s, d ro w nin gs, a nd
fir e s. W e c a n a nd m ust d o th e s a m e w it h g un v io le nce , b ut in o rd er to d o s o , w e n eed to h ave th e
re so u rc e s.
W h ile fo u ndatio ns a nd u niv e rs it ie s h ave fu nded s o m e g un v io le nce r e se arc h , t h ere is s till a c rit ic a l n eed
fo r m ore fu ndin g. G ove rn m ent tr a in in g g ra nts to fu nd d octo ra l s tu dents a nd p ostd ocs in g un p olic y
re se a rc h a re la ckin g. A s a r e su lt , ju st a fe w y e ars a go, th ere w ere o nly a bout 3 0 d edic a te d g un v io le nce
p olic y r e se arc h ers in th e U .S . B y w it h hold in g r e so urc e s to s tu dy th is p ublic h ealt h c ris is , w e a re
d is co ura gin g n ew r e se arc h ers fr o m s tu dyin g o ne o f th e m ost p re ssin g p ublic h ealt h p ro ble m s w e fa ce .
To le a rn m ore , v is it o ur p age o n th e p ublic h ealt h a ppro ach to p re ve ntin g g un v io le nce
(h ttp s://e fs g v.o rg /le arn /le arn -m ore -a bo ut- g un-v io le nce /p ublic -h ealt h -a ppro ach -to -g un-v io le nce -
pre ve ntio n/) .
W H AT D O W E N EED T O R ESEA RC H ?
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EFSGV is now the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun V iolence Solutions. For the latest news and research, check out
the center's new website. This website will not continue to be updated. (https://publichealth.jhu.edu/gun-violence-
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G un v io le nce is a c o m ple x, m ult if a ce te d is su e. In o rd er to u nders ta nd th e tr u e b urd en o f g un v io le nce
a nd it s s o lu tio ns, w e n eed m ore r e se a rc h a nd d ata o n:
R is k a n d p ro te ctiv e fa cto rs fo r a ll fo rm s o f g un v io le nce — in clu din g su ic id es
(h ttp s://e fs g v.o rg /fir e arm -s u ic id e/) , d om estic v io le nce ( h ttp s://e fs g v.o rg /le arn /ty p e-o f- g un-
vio le n ce /d om estic -v io le nce -a nd-fir e arm s/) , c o m munit y g un v io le nce ( h ttp s://e fs g v.o rg /le arn /ty p e-o f-
g un-v io le nce /c o m munit y -g un-v io le nce /) , y o uth g un v io le nce , m ass s h ootin gs
(h ttp s://e fs g v.o rg /le arn /ty p e-o f- g un-v io le nce /m ass-s h ootin gs/) , p oli c e -in vo lv e d s h ootin gs, a nd
u nin te ntio nal g un in ju rie s a nd d eath s ( h ttp s://e fs g v.o rg /le arn /ty p e-o f- g un-v io le nce /u nin te ntio nal-
s h ootin gs/) .
Fa ta l a nd nonfa ta l fir e arm in ju rie s ( h ttp s://e fs g v.o rg /le arn /ty p e-o f- g un-v io le nce /n onfa ta l- fir e arm -
vio le n ce /) , in clu din g d em ogra phic in fo rm atio n o f v ic tim s a nd p erp etr a to rs , ty p e o f fir e arm (s ) u se d,
and s u rro undin g c ir c u m sta nce s.
Th e flo w o f ille gal fir e arm s a nd th e u nderg ro und g un m ark e t.
P o lic ie s a n d p ro gra m s th at a re e ff e ctiv e in r e ducin g g un v io le nce ( a nd a ls o k n ow in g w hic h p olic ie s
and p ro gra m s p erp etu ate g un v io le nce ) a s w ell a s b est p ra ctic e s fo r e quit a b le im ple m enta tio n.
B y b ett e r u nders ta ndin g w hat c o ntr ib ute s to g un v io le nce in a ll it s fo rm s, w e c a n b e e m pow ere d to c ra ft
s o lu tio ns to p re ve nt th ese in ju rie s a nd d eath s.
F U NDIN G P U BLIC H EA LT H R ESEA RC H
R elia b le r e se arc h is c rit ic a l to u nders ta n din g a nd im ple m entin g e vid ence -b ase d p olic ie s a nd p ro gra m s to
r e duce g un v io le nce . F or fa r to o lo ng, fu ndin g fo r a nd r e se arc h p ublic a tio ns o n g un v io le nce h as b een
la ckin g. H ow eve r, th anks to in cre asin g in te re st in fu ndin g a nd r e se arc h , th is a ppears to b e c h angin g.
F U NDIN G A N D R ESEA RC H P U BLIC AT IO N F O R G UN V IO LE N CE
VER SU S O TH ER L E A DIN G C AU SES O F D EAT H
The g ra ph b elo w , ta ke n fr o m a 2 017 J o urn al o f th e A m eric a n M edic a l A sso cia tio n a rtic le , s h ow s th at
w hen lo okin g a t th e 3 0 le adin g c a use s o f d eath in th e U .S . b y m orta lit y r a te a nd p ublic a tio n v o lu m e, it is
e vid e nt th at th e U .S . s p ends le ss m on ey o n r e se arc h a nd p ublis h es fe w er a rtic le s o n g un v io le nce th an
nearly a ll o f th e o th er le adin g c a use s o f d eath .
EFSGV is now the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun V iolence Solutions. For the latest news and research, check out
the center's new website. This website will not continue to be updated. (https://publichealth.jhu.edu/gun-violence-
solutions) 6/10/22, 5:04 PM Gun Violence Research - The Educational Fund to Stop Gun V iolence
https://efsgv.org/learn/learn-more-about-gun-violence/gun-violence-research/ 5/18
EFSGV is now the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun V iolence Solutions. For the latest news and research, check out
the center's new website. This website will not continue to be updated. (https://publichealth.jhu.edu/gun-violence-
solutions) 6/10/22, 5:04 PM Gun Violence Research - The Educational Fund to Stop Gun V iolence
https://efsgv.org/learn/learn-more-about-gun-violence/gun-violence-research/ 6/18
S ourc e : S ta rk D E & S hah N H. ( 2 017). F undin g a nd p ublic a tio n o f r e se arc h o n g un v io le nce a nd o th er
le adin g c a use s o f d eath ( h ttp s://ja m anetw ork .c o m /jo urn als /ja m a/fu lla rtic le /2 595514) . J o urn al o f th e
A m eric a n M edic a l A sso cia tio n .
Ta ke , fo r e xa m ple , th e a m ount o f m one y s p ent o n p re ve ntin g m oto r v e hic le d e ath s a nd th e n um ber o f
publi c a tio ns o n th is to pic . E ve ry y e ar, o ve r 3 7,0 00 A m eric a ns d ie fr o m m oto r v e hic le c ra sh es — a lm ost
th e s a m e n um ber th at d ie fr o m g un v io le nce .
Th e c o untr y ’s a ppro ach to p re ve ntin g m oto r v e hic le c ra sh es h as b een s ta rk ly d if f e re nt th an th e a ppro ach
to p re ve n tin g g un v io le nce d eath s. F or e xa m ple , th e D epartm ent o f T ra nsp o rta tio n b egan tr a ckin g m oto r
ve hic le d eath s in th e F ata lit y A naly sis R eportin g S yste m in 1 975. T heir s yste m r e co rd s m ore th an 1 00
va ria ble s r e la te d to m oto r v e hic le c ra sh es, in clu din g in fo rm atio n o n th e c ra sh ty p e, v e hic le ty p e, r o ad
ty p e, d riv e r c h ara cte ris tic s, a nd p asse nger c h ara cte ris tic s. S in ce tr a ckin g o n th is p ublic h ealt h c ris is
b egan , th e r a te o f m oto r v e hic le fa ta lit ie s h as n early b een c u t in h alf . T he r e d uctio n in m oto r v e hic le
c ra sh e s in th e U .S . is c o nsid ere d o ne o f th e g re ate st p ublic h ealt h s u cce sse s.
U n fo rtu na te ly , th ere is n o s im ila r n atio na l d ata base fo r g un d eath s o r in ju rie s t h at c o nta in s th at le ve l o f
deta il. T o ta ckle th e p ro ble m , w e m ust h ave a c le ar u nders ta ndin g o f th e p ro ble m it s e lf .
T H E D IC K EY A M EN DM EN T
O ve r tw en ty y e ars a go, C ongre ssm an J a y D ic ke y ( R -A R ) a uth ore d a n a m end m ent in a 1 996 s p endin g
bill w hic h m andate d th at “ n one o f th e fu nds m ade a va ila ble fo r in ju ry p re ve ntio n a nd c o ntr o l a t th e
C ente rs fo r D is e ase C ontr o l a nd P re ve ntio n m ay b e u se d to a dvo ca te o r p ro m ote g un c o ntr o l. ” T his h as
beco m e c o llo quia lly k n ow n a s th e “ D ic ke y A m endm ent.” T he a m endm ent a ls o r e allo ca te d $ 2.6 m illio n
in C D C fu nds th at h ad b een d edic a te d fo r fir e arm in ju ry r e se arc h th e p re vio u s y e ar. W hile th e D ic ke y
A m end m ent p ro hib it s u sin g C DC fu nd s to a dvo ca te fo r “ g un c o ntr o l, ” it d oes n ot p ro hib it s tu dyin g g un
vio le n ce . H ow eve r, u ntil r e ce ntly , C ongre ss h adn’t d edic a te d m oney s p ecif ic a lly to r e se arc h g un v io le nce
a t th e C ente rs fo r D is e ase C ontr o l a nd P re ve ntio n ( C DC) o r th e N atio nal In stit u te s o f H ealt h ( N IH ) s in ce
b efo re th e D ic ke y A m endm ent w as a d ded to th e 1 996 s p endin g b ill.
Th e r e su lt h as b een a la ck o f fe dera l fu ndin g a nd a c h illin g e ff e ct o n g un v io le n ce r e se arc h fo r th e p ast
tw o d eca des. G un v io le nce , a s c o m pare d to o th er le adin g c a use s o f d eath , w as th e s e co nd le ast fu nded
and t h e le ast r e se arc h ed c a use o f d ea th in th e U .S . in r e la tio n to m orta lit y r a te s fr o m 2 004-2 015.
Indeed , th e D ic ke y A m endm ent m ade it s o th at th e C DC w as h esit a nt to s tu d y g un v io le nce . D anie l
W ebste r, o ne o f th e c o untr y ’s le adin g g un v io le nce r e se arc h ers , s u m med it u p p erfe ctly , w rit in g, “ C le arly ,
a t C D C 2 0 y e ars a go… th ey g ot th e m essa ge th at if y o u fu nd r e se arc h th at r e ally a ngers th e g un lo bby,
y o u r is k s u bsta ntia l c u ts to y o ur b udge t.”
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EFSGV is now the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun V iolence Solutions. For the latest news and research, check out
the center's new website. This website will not continue to be updated. (https://publichealth.jhu.edu/gun-violence-
solutions) 6/10/22, 5:04 PM Gun Violence Research - The Educational Fund to Stop Gun V iolence
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W hile th e D ic ke y A m endm ent is p ro ble m atic , fe dera l fu nds c a n a nd s h ould s til l b e u se d to r e se arc h g un
vio le n ce in th e U nit e d S ta te s. T he b ig g er is su e a t h and is th at, u ntil 2 019, C ongre ss h ad n ot m ade
sp ecif ic a ppro pria tio ns fo r g un v io le nce r e se arc h .
“W h en p eople a sk m e q uestio ns a bout g un v io le nce a nd it s p re ve ntio n, th ere a re in evit a bly
q uestio ns th at I c a nnot a nsw er b eca use th e r e se arc h n eeded to a nsw er th ose q uestio ns h as n ot
ye t b een d one. U nfo rtu nate ly , m any p ro m is in g a ve nues o f r e se arc h in to h ow to r e duce n onfa ta l
and f a ta l s h ootin gs h ave n ot y e t b een e xp lo re d d ue to la ck o f fu ndin g. I im plo re C ongre ss to fu nd
gun v io le nce r e se arc h s o w e c a n a nsw er m ore q uestio ns a nd s a ve m ore liv e s.”
- A PR IL M . Z EO LI, P H D, M PH , A SSO CIA T E P R O FE SSO R, S C H OOL O F
CRIM IN AL J U STIC E, M IC H IG AN S TA T E U NIV ER SIT Y
(/p re ss/e xp erts -it - is -tim e-to -fu nd-g un-v io le nce -p re ve ntio n-re se arc h /)
G O VER N M EN T F U NDIN G F O R G UN V IO LE N CE B EC O M ES A
R EA LIT Y
For m ore th an tw o d eca des, b oth th e C DC a nd th e N IH h ave b een le ft w it h a v o id in th eir r e se arc h
fu ndin g fo r g un v io le nce p re ve ntio n. In 2 019, th e H ouse o f R epre se nta tiv e s t o ok a n im porta nt s te p
to w ard s e ndin g th is r e se arc h fr e eze a n d p asse d th e fir s t a ppro pria tio ns m in ib us th at in clu ded $ 50 m illio n
to s u pport “ fir e arm in ju ry a nd m orta lit y p re ve ntio n r e se arc h ” d iv id ed e ve nly b etw een C DC a nd N IH .
U lt im ate ly , C ongre ss s u cce ssfu lly in clu d ed $ 25 m illio n, s p lit e ve nly b etw een th e C DC a nd N IH , to s tu dy
gun v io le nce in th e F is ca l Y ear 2 020 B udget.
F E D ER AL F IR EA RM S D ATA S O URC ES
W hile th e re a re a n um ber o f fe dera lly g o ve rn m ent- fu nded d ata s o urc e s r e la te d to fir e arm s, th e d ata is
c o nsid ere d “ d is o rd ere d a nd h ig hly s e g m ente d.” In dee d, th ere is n o o ne s in gle d ata s o urc e fo r
in fo rm atio n r e la te d to fir e arm d eath s a nd in ju rie s. A cco rd in g to a 2 020 N atio n al O pin io n R ese arc h
C ente r ( N O RC) r e port, th ere a re 2 9 fe dera l d ata s o urc e s th at in clu de a t le ast s o m e m easu re s r e la te d to
fir e arm s. H ow eve r, e ach d ata s o urc e a nd d ata base h as it s lim it a tio ns, in clu d in g th e fa ct th at th ere a re
s e rio us la g tim es in r e portin g.
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EFSGV is now the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun V iolence Solutions. For the latest news and research, check out
the center's new website. This website will not continue to be updated. (https://publichealth.jhu.edu/gun-violence-
solutions) 6/10/22, 5:04 PM Gun Violence Research - The Educational Fund to Stop Gun V iolence
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For e xa m ple , th e F edera l B ure au o f In ve stig atio n ( F B I) h osts a n um ber o f n atio nal c rim e d ata base s,
in clu din g th e F B I S upple m enta ry H om ic id e R eport. W hile th e F B I S upple m enta ry H om ic id e R eport h as
num ero us d ata v a ria ble s, in clu din g d ata o n th e ty p e o f w eapon u se d in th e h om ic id e, v ic tim a nd o ff e nder
age, s e x, a nd r a ce , a nd th e o ff e nder’s r e la tio nsh ip to th e v ic tim , la w e nfo rc e m ent r e portin g is n ot
m anda to ry .
A d dit io na lly , C DC’s N atio nal C ente r fo r H ealt h S ta tis tic s N atio nal V it a l S ta tis tic s S yste m is a n im porta nt
to ol fo r id entif y in g d ata o n g un d eath s. H ow eve r, th is d ata s o urc e is n ot c o nsid ere d a r e lia ble s o urc e fo r
unin te ntio nal o r le gal in te rv e ntio n fir e a rm d eath s, a s th e d ata is c o nsid ere d in accu ra te in m any s ta te s.
F urth er, th ere is u su ally a tw o y e ar la g fo r r e portin g th is d ata , m akin g it h ard to u nders ta nd th e tr u e
burd e n o f g un v io le nce in th e U nit e d S ta te s in r e al tim e. In s h ort, th ere is a c rit ic a l n eed fo r m ore
a ccu ra te d ata a nd tim ely r e portin g o n g un v io le nce in th e U nit e d S ta te s.
Fo r m ore in fo rm atio n o n g ove rn m ent a n d p riv a te d ata s o urc e s r e la te d to fir e arm s, s e e N O RC’s “F ir s t
R eport o f th e E xp ert P anel o n F ir e arm s D ata In fr a str u ctu re : T he S ta te o f F ir e arm s D ata in 2 019.”
( h ttp s://w w w.n orc .o rg /P D Fs/F ir e arm % 20D ata % 20In fr a str u ctu re % 20E xp ert% 20P anel/ S ta te % 20of% 20F ir
e arm s% 20R ese arc h % 202019.p df)
R E SE A RC H P ER SIS TS, D ESPIT E I N ADEQ UAT E
FU N DIN G
E ve n d urin g th e tim e o f la pse d fe dera l f u ndin g fo r g un v io le nce r e se arc h , a nd d esp it e r o bust, a ccu ra te ,
and t im ely d ata r e portin g, r e se arc h p e rs is te d a cro ss th e c o untr y to b ette r u nd ers ta nd th e b urd en o f g un
vio le n ce in th e U nit e d S ta te s. Im porta n tly , m uch o f w hat w e k n ow to day a bo ut th e s o lu tio ns fo r s to ppin g
gun v io le nce is d ue to th e J o yce F oun datio n. F or o ve r 2 5 y e ars , th e J o yce F oundatio n h as fu nded
in fo rm ativ e g un v io le nce p re ve ntio n r e se arc h . W hen th ere w as lit tle p riv a te o r p ublic fu ndin g fo r g un
vio le n ce p re ve ntio n r e se arc h , J o yce fille d th is v o id a nd s u sta in ed th e fie ld a nd fu nded h undre ds o f
scie ntif ic p ublic a tio ns. T o le arn m ore a bout th e J o yce F oundatio n’s c o ntr ib utio ns to g un v io le nce
p re ve ntio n r e se arc h , s e e th eir r e port: 2 5 Y ears o f Im pactfu l G ra nt M akin g: G un V io le nce P re ve ntio n
R ese a rc h S upporte d b y th e J o yce F oundatio n
(h ttp :/ /w w w.jo yce fd n.o rg /a sse ts /im ages/J o yce _R eport_ v5 .p df) .
In a dd it io n to th e J o yce F oundatio n’s c o ntr ib utio ns, c o lle ges a nd u niv e rs it ie s a re h om e to s o m e o f th e
m ost r e puta ble g un p olic y c e nte rs . T hese c e nte rs , w hic h a re e it h er s ta te -fu nd ed o r fu nded b y p riv a te
u niv e rs it ie s a nd fo undatio ns, c o ntin ue c rit ic a l r e se arc h o n g un p olic y d esp it e b arrie rs in fe dera l fu ndin g.
In a d dit io n, th ere a re p riv a te ly -fu nded c o lla bora tiv e s a ls o w ork in g to u nders ta nd a nd p re ve nt g un
vio le n ce .
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To le a rn m ore a bout th e w ork th at th ese C ente rs a nd C olla bora tiv e s d o, c lic k o n th e r e so urc e s b elo w :
A FFIR M R ese arc h ( h ttp s://a ff ir m re se arc h .o rg /)
C e nte r fo r G un V io le nce R eportin g ( h ttp ://ib gvr.o rg /c e nte r-fo r-g un-v io le nce -re portin g-la unch es-to -
p re ve nt- s h ootin gs-s a ve -liv e s/)
C o nso rtiu m fo r R is k-B ase d F ir e arm P oli c y ( h ttp s://e fs g v.o rg /c o nso rtiu m -ris k-b ase d-fir e arm -p olic y/)
C u re V io le nce ( h ttp s://c vg .o rg /)
D u ke C ente r fo r F ir e arm s L aw ( h ttp s://fir e arm sla w .d uke .e du/)
Fir e arm S afe ty A m ong C hild re n a nd T e ens ( F A C TS ) a t th e U niv e rs it y o f M ic h ig an
(h ttp s://w w w.ic p sr.u m ic h .e du/ic p srw eb /c o nte nt/fa cts /in dex.h tm l)
G u n V io le nce P re ve ntio n F oru m ( N orth w ell H ealt h ) ( h ttp s://p re ve ntg unvio le nce .c o m /)
H a rv a rd In ju ry C ontr o l R ese arc h C ente r ( h ttp s://w ww.h sp h.h arv a rd .e du/h ic rc /)
H e alin g J u stic e A llia nce ( h ttp ://w ww.h ealin gju stic e allia nce .o rg /)
Th e H ealt h A llia nce fo r V io le nce In te rv e ntio n ( H AV I) ( h ttp s://w ww.th ehavi. o rg /)
Jo hns H opkin s C ente r fo r G un P olic y a nd R ese arc h ( J H CG PR )
(h ttp s://w w w.jh sp h.e du/r e se arc h /c e nte rs -a nd-in stit u te s/jo hns-h opkin s-c e nte r-fo r-g un-p olic y-a nd-
re se a rc h /)
K a is e r P erm anente ( h ttp s://a bout.k a is e rp erm anente .o rg /c o m munit y -h ealt h /n ew s/k a is e r-
p erm anente -c o m mit s -2 -m illio n-to -g un-in ju ry -p re ve ntio n-re s)
N a tio n al In stit u te fo r C rim in al J u stic e R efo rm ( h ttp s://n ic jr .o rg /)
N a tio n al N etw ork fo r S afe C om munit ie s ( h ttp s://n nsco m munit ie s.o rg /)
R A N D C orp ora tio n
N atio n al C olla bora tiv e o n G un V io le nce R ese arc h ( N CG VR ) ( h ttp s://w ww.n cg vr.o rg /)
G u n P olic y in A m eric a in it ia tiv e ( h ttp s://w ww.r a nd.o rg /r e se arc h /g un-p olic y.h tm l)
R e gio n al G un V io le nce R ese arc h C onso rtiu m a t th e R ocke fe lle r In stit u te o f G ove rn m ent
(h ttp s://r o ckin st.o rg /g un-v io le nce /)
U n iv e rs it y o f C hic a go C rim e L ab ( h ttp s://u rb anla bs.u ch ic a go.e du/la bs/c rim e)
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U niv e rs it y o f W ash in gto n S ch ool o f P ub lic H ealt h ( h ttp s://s p h.w ash in gto n.e du/g un-v io le nce -
re se a rc h )
U niv e rs it y o f V ir g in ia ’s Y outh V io le nce P ro je ct ( h ttp s://c u rry .v ir g in ia .e du/fa cu lt y -re se arc h /c e nte rs -
la bs-p ro je cts /r e se arc h -la bs/y o uth -v io le nce -p ro je ct)
U r b an In stit u te : J u stic e P olic y C ente r ( h ttp s://w ww.u rb an.o rg /p olic y-c e nte rs /ju stic e -p olic y-c e nte r)
S ta te -fu n ded R ese arc h C ente rs a nd O ff ic e s:
N e w J e rs e y’s C ente r o n G un V io le nce R ese arc h ( C ente r) a t R utg ers
( h ttp s://g u nvio le nce re se arc h ce nte r.r u tg ers .e du/)
O ff ic e o f F ir e arm S afe ty a nd V io le nce P re ve ntio n ( W ash in gto n)
U n iv e rs it y o f C alif o rn ia F ir e arm V io le nce R ese arc h C ente r ( U CFC )
(h ttp s://h e alt h .u cd avis .e du/v p rp /U CFC /in dex.h tm l)
In a dd it io n, th ere a re m any r e se arc h ers w ork in g th ro ughout th e c o untr y th at c o nduct r e se arc h o n g un
vio le n ce a nd c o ntr ib ute to th e fie ld w it h out th e s u pport o r b ackd ro p o f a g un v io le nce r e se arc h c e nte r.
S ig nif ic a nt p ro gre ss h as b een m ade b eca use o f th ese r e se arc h ers .
S P O TLIG HT O N T H E U NIV ER SIT Y O F C ALIF O RN IA F IR EA RM
VIO LE N CE R ES EA RC H C EN TER ( U CFC )
C alif o rn ia is o ne o f ju st a fe w s ta te s th at fu nd g un v io le nce r e se arc h . T he F ir e a rm V io le nce R ese arc h
C ente r ( h ttp s://h ealt h .u cd avis .e du/v p rp /U CFC /in dex.h tm l) , le d b y D r. G are n W in te m ute a t U C D avis , w as
e sta b lis h ed in 2 017 a nd is th e fir s t s ta te -fu nded g un v io le nce p re ve ntio n r e se arc h c e nte r in th e
co untr y .
A c co rd in g to th e C alif o rn ia F ir e arm V io le nce R ese arc h A ct, “ U CFC w ill c o nduct in te rd is cip lin ary w ork
to a d dre ss:
1. Th e n a tu re o f fir e arm v io le nce , in clu din g in div id ual a nd s o cie ta l d ete rm in ants o f r is k fo r
in vo lv e m ent in fir e arm v io le nce , w heth er a s a v ic tim o r a p erp etr a to r.
2. Th e in div id ual, c o m munit y , a nd s o cie ta l c o nse quence s o f fir e arm v io le nce .
3. P r e ve n tio n a nd tr e atm ent o f fir e arm v io le nce a t th e in div id ual, c o m munit y , a nd s o cie ta l le ve ls .”
C O NSO RTIU M F O R R IS K -B A SED F IR EA RM P O LIC Y
15
16
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Th e C onso rtiu m fo r R is k-B ase d F ir e arm P olic y ( C onso rtiu m ) ( h ttp s://e fs g v.o rg /c o nso rtiu m -ris k-b ase d-
fir e arm -p olic y/) , w hic h w as c o -fo unded a nd is s ta ff e d b y th e E duca tio nal F und to S to p G un V io le nce ,
in clu des th e n atio n’s le adin g r e se arc h ers , p ra ctit io ners , a nd a dvo ca te s in g un v io le nce p re ve ntio n, p ublic
h ealt h , la w , a nd m enta l h ealt h . In th e s p rin g fo llo w in g th e h orrif ic s h ootin g in N ew to w n, C onnectic u t in
D ece m ber 2 012, m em bers o f th e C onso rtiu m c o nve ned fo r th e fir s t tim e to d is cu ss r e se arc h e vid ence
a nd id entif y a re as o f c o nse nsu s r e gard in g r is k fa cto rs fo r fu tu re v io le nce . T his in it ia l m eetin g r e su lt e d in
a c o m mit m ent to a dva nce e vid ence -b ase d g un v io le nce p re ve ntio n p olic y r e co m mendatio ns th ro ugh th e
new ly fo rm ed C onso rtiu m .
P olic ym ake rs o n th e fe dera l a nd s ta te le ve l h ave r e lie d o n th e C onso rtiu m ’s r e co m mendatio ns to c ra ft
le gis la tio n a nd e xe cu tiv e a ctio n w hic h c o ntin ue to s h ape th e p olic y la ndsca p e o f th e g un v io le nce
p re ve ntio n m ove m ent.
To le a rn m ore , v is it o ur p age o n th e C onso rtiu m fo r R is k-B ase d F ir e arm P olic y
(h ttp s://e fs g v.o rg /tw eets /la stly -if - y o ur-lo ve d-o ne-is -d em onstr a tin g-s u ic id al- b eh avio r-a nd-y o u-k n ow -o r-
s u sp e ct- th ey-h ave -a cce ss-to -a -fir e -h ttp s-t- c o -e m zjt d m u6k-4 /) .
“ F o r fa r to o lo ng, le gis la to rs h ave h eld g un v io le nce r e se arc h ers h osta ge b y r e fu sin g to
a ppro pria te d edic a te d fu nds fo r g un v io le nce r e se arc h . A s g un d eath s h ave c lim bed, r e se arc h ers
a nd s cie ntis ts h ave b een lim it e d in th e ir e ffo rts to r e se arc h s o lu tio ns to r e duce A m eric a n g un
fa ta lit ie s a nd in ju rie s. It is tim e fo r L eader M cC onnell to ta ke a ctio n a nd fu nd g un v io le nce
p re ve ntio n r e se arc h to h elp s o lv e th is u niq uely A m eric a n e pid em ic .”
- D A K O TA J A BLO N, D IR EC TO R O F F E D ER AL A FFA IR S
(/p re ss/e xp erts -it - is -tim e-to -fu nd-g un-v io le nce -p re ve ntio n-re se arc h /)
R E SE A RC H T R AN SLA T IO N
R ese arc h tr a nsla tio n b rid ges th e g ap b e tw een r e se arc h , r e se arc h ers , a nd p olic ym ake rs . T he
E duca tio nal F und to S to p G un V io le nce a cts a s a r e se arc h in te rm edia ry b y t r a nsla tin g th e r e se arc h in to
e ff e ctiv e a dvo ca cy fo r e vid ence -b ase d p olic ie s a nd p ro gra m s.
In o rd er to d o th is , o ur te am s yn th esiz e s a nd a pplie s e xis tin g r e se arc h a nd th e b est a va ila ble s cie ntif ic
e vid e nce to d eve lo p g un v io le nce p re ve ntio n p olic y r e co m mendatio ns to a ddre ss g un v io le nce . W e
in fo rm r e le va nt s ta ke hold ers o f th ese p olic y r e co m mendatio ns b y d eve lo pin g e duca tio nal m ate ria ls ,
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in clu din g r e ports a nd is su e b rie fs , c o n ductin g p ublic fo ru m s, a nd s u bm it tin g e xp ert te stim ony.
E ff e ctiv e tr a nsla tio n o f r e se arc h is k e y to d is se m in atin g p olic y r e co m mendatio n s to le gis la to rs a nd o th er
im porta nt s ta ke hold ers . In a ddit io n, e le va tin g th e v o ic e s o f r e se arc h ers a nd h ealt h p ro fe ssio nals is
c rit ic a l to e nsu rin g p ublic h ealt h p olic ie s a re d esig ned, d is cu sse d, a nd c o nsid ere d b ase d o n r e se arc h
a nd e vid ence . O ur o rg aniz a tio n p ro vid es s ta ff s u pport to th e C onso rtiu m fo r R is k-B ase d F ir e arm P olic y,
e ff e ctiv e ly a ctin g a s a r e se arc h in te rm edia ry b etw een r e se arc h ers a nd p olic y m ake rs .
To le a rn m ore a bout th e E d F und’s r o le a s a r e se arc h in te rm edia ry , r e ad M cG in ty E E, S id diq i S , L in den
S , H orw it z J , & F ra tta ro li S . ( 2 019). I m pro vin g th e u se o f e vid ence in p ubli c h ealt h p olic y d eve lo pm ent,
e nactm ent a nd im ple m enta tio n: a m ult ip le -c a se s tu dy ( h ttp s://w ww.n cb i. n lm .n ih .g ov/p ubm ed /3 0601978) .
H ealt h E duca tio n R ese arc h .
R E C O M MEN DAT IO NS
Fund a n d c o nduct g un v io le n ce r e searc h , w hic h is f u ndam en ta l f o r e ffe c tiv e g un v io le n ce
p re ve n tio n.
P ublic h e alt h is th e s cie nce o f r e ducin g a nd p re ve ntin g in ju ry , d is e ase , a nd d e ath a nd p ro m otin g th e
healt h a nd w ell- b ein g o f p opula tio ns th ro ugh th e u se o f d ata , r e se arc h , a nd e ff e ctiv e p olic ie s a nd
pra ctic e s. R ese arc h is th e fir s t s te p in th e p ublic h ealt h a ppro ach fo r g un v io le nce p re ve ntio n a nd
in cre ase s u nders ta ndin g o f th e r o ot c a use s, r is k fa cto rs , a nd s o lu tio ns to g u n v io le nce . T hese r e se arc h
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fin din gs c a n th en b e tr a nsla te d in to e ff e ctiv e in te rv e ntio ns, w heth er th ro ugh p olic y o r p ra ctic e . S olid
d ata , s cie ntif ic r e se arc h , a nd fu ndin g to s u pport s u ch r e se arc h a re c rit ic a l fo r e ff e ctiv e g un v io le nce
p re ve ntio n. W e r e co m mend:
B e tte r d ata c o lle ctio n : F ede ra l, s ta te , a nd lo ca l g ove rn m ents s h ould c o lle ct m ore c o m pre hensiv e
g un v io le nce d ata fo r fa ta l a nd n on-fa ta l fir e arm in ju rie s, s h ootin gs th at m ay n ot in vo lv e p hysic a l
in ju rie s, p olic e -in vo lv e d s h ootin gs, a nd fir e arm -in vo lv e d c rim es w here n o s h ots w ere fir e d,
in clu din g d om estic v io le nce -re la te d th re ats . F edera l, s ta te , a nd lo ca l g ove rn m ents s h ould m ake
d ata p ublic ly a va ila ble w here p ossib le a nd p artic u la rly to r e se arc h ers s tu dyin g g un v io le nce a nd it s
p re ve ntio n.
C o nduct s cie n tif ic r e searc h : U niv e rs it ie s a nd o th er r e se arc h in stit u tio ns s h ould c o nduct r o bust
re se a rc h o n th e r o ot c a use s, r is k fa cto rs , a nd s o lu tio ns to g un v io le nce in a ll it s fo rm s a nd s u pport
e duca tio n a nd tr a in in g o f s tu dents in g un v io le nce r e se arc h .
R e searc h t r a n sla tio n: R ese a rc h s h ould b e tr a nsla te d a nd a pplie d to e nsu re th at g un v io le nce
p re ve ntio n p olic ie s a nd p ra ctic e s a re e vid ence -b ase d.
D e velo pm en t, im ple m en ta tio n, a n d e valu atio n : G un v io le nce p re ve ntio n p olic ie s a nd p ra ctic e s
sh ould b e d eve lo ped b ase d o n r e se arc h a nd s h ould b e c o ntin uously m onit o re d a nd e va lu ate d to
e nsu re e quit a ble im ple m enta tio n a nd o ngoin g e ff e ctiv e ness. T hese fin din gs th en c o ntr ib ute to th e
body o f e vid ence u pon w hic h n ew in te rv e ntio ns a re d eve lo ped.
R e searc h f u ndin g : E nha nce d r e se arc h fu ndin g is k e y fo r a dva ncin g k n ow le dge a nd im pro vin g
p ubli c h ealt h in te rv e ntio ns a nd o utc o m es. C ongre ss s h ould p ro vid e d edic a te d fu ndin g fo r th e
C DC, N IH , N IJ , a nd o th er g ove rn m ent a gencie s to s tu dy g un v io le nce p re ve n tio n, w hile s ta te
g ove rn m ents s h ould e sta blis h a nd fu nd in te rd is cip lin ary r e se arc h c e nte rs d e dic a te d to g un
vio le n ce r e se arc h . F oundatio ns h ave lo ng b een th e b ackb one o f g un v io le nce r e se arc h ; th eir
c o ntin ued s u pport is fu ndam enta l to g u n v io le nce p re ve ntio n.
R E SO URC ES
E DUCATIO NAL M ATER IA LS
FACT S H EET S
B re akin g T hro ugh B arrie rs F act S heet ( h ttp ://e fs g v.o rg /w p-c o nte nt/u plo ads/2 018/0 2/B re akin g-
T hro u gh-B arrie rs -S um mary -S epte m ber-2 017-F IN AL.p df)
R E P O RTS
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() C onso rtiu m fo r R is k-B ase d F ir e arm P olic y: B re akin g T hro ugh B arrie rs : T he E m erg in g R ole
o f H ealt h ca re P ro vid er T ra in in g P ro gra m s in F ir e arm S uic id e P re ve ntio n ( h ttp ://e fs g v.o rg /w p-
co nte nt/u plo ads/2 017/0 9/B re akin g-th ro ugh-B arrie rs -S epte m ber-2 017-C onso rtiu m -fo r-R is k-
B ase d -F ir e arm -P olic y-F IN AL.p df)
( ) C onso rtiu m fo r R is k-B ase d F ir e arm P olic y: F ir e a rm s R em ova l/ R etr ie va l in C ase s o f
D om estic V io le nce ( h ttp ://e fs g v.o rg /w p-c o nte nt/u plo ads/2 016/0 2/R em ova l- R eport- U pdate d-2 -
11 -1 6 .p df)
( ) C onso rtiu m fo r R is k-B ase d F ir e arm P olic y: G uns, P ublic H ealt h , a nd M enta l Illn ess: A n
E vid e nce -B ase d A ppro ach fo r S ta te P olic y ( h ttp ://e fs g v.o rg /w p-c o nte nt/u plo ads/2 014/1 0/F in al-
S ta te -R eport.p df)
( ) C onso rtiu m fo r R is k-B ase d F ir e arm P olic y: G uns, P ublic H ealt h , a nd M enta l Illn ess: A n
E vid e nce -B ase d A ppro ach fo r F edera l P olic y ( h ttp ://e fs g v.o rg /w p-
co nte nt/u plo ads/2 014/1 0/F in al- F edera l- R eport.p df)
R E A D M ORE
() J u ne 2 019 o p-e d in T he H ill , C ongre ss m ust v o te to fu nd g un v io le nce r e se arc h
(h ttp s://th e hill. c o m /o pin io n/c rim in al- ju stic e /4 48000-c o ngre ss-m ust- v o te -to -fu n d-g un-v io le nce -
re se a rc h )
R E SE A RC H
() C one J , W illia m s B , H am pto n D , P ra ka sh P , B endix P , W ils o n K , e t a l. ( 2 019). T he e th ic s a nd
polit ic s o f g un v io le nce r e se arc h ( h ttp s://w ww.n cb i. n lm .n ih .g ov/p ubm ed /3 1834854) . J o urn al o f
Laparo endosco pic & A dva nce d S urg ic a l T e ch niq ues.
() C unn in gham R M , R anney M L, G old stic k J E , K am at S V, R och e J S , & C arte r P M . ( 2 019).
F edera l fu ndin g fo r r e se arc h o n th e le a din g c a use s o f d eath a m ong c h ild re n a nd a dole sce nts
( h ttp s://w w w.h ealt h aff a ir s .o rg /d oi/ a bs/1 0.1 377/h lt h aff .2 019.0 0476) . H ealt h A ffa ir s .
( ) D enn e, S C , B aum berg er J , & M aria ni M . ( 2 020). F undin g fo r g un v io le nce r e se arc h : th e
im porta nce o f s u sta in ed a dvo ca cy b y a ca dem ic p edia tr ic ia ns
(h ttp s://w w w.n atu re .c o m /a rtic le s/s 4 1390-0 20-0 798-5 ) . P edia tr ic R ese arc h .
() G ale a S , B ra nas C C, F le sch er A , F orm ic a M K, H ennig N , L ille r K D , e t a l. ( 2 018). P rio rit ie s in
r e co ve rin g fr o m a lo st g enera tio n o f fir e arm s r e se arc h
(h ttp s://w w w.n cb i. n lm .n ih .g ov/p m c/a rtic le s/P M C5993412/) . A m eric a n J o urn al o f P ublic H ealt h .
() J a ff e S . ( 2 020). D ecis io ns to b e m ade o n U S g un v io le nce r e se arc h fu nds
(h ttp s://w w w.th ela nce t.c o m /jo urn als /la nce t/a rtic le /P IIS 0140-6 736(2 0)3 0303-2 /fu llt e xt) . T he
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Lance t.
( ) J a ff e S . ( 2 018). G un v io le nce r e se arc h in th e U SA: th e C DC's im passe
(h ttp s://w w w.n cb i. n lm .n ih .g ov/p ubm ed/2 9976460) . T he L ance t.
( ) M cG in ty E E, S id diq i S , L in den S , H orw it z J , & F ra tta ro li S . ( 2 019). I m pro vin g th e u se o f
evid e nce in p ublic h ealt h p olic y d eve lo pm ent, e nactm ent a nd im ple m enta tio n : A m ult ip le -c a se
stu dy ( h ttp s://w ww.n cb i. n lm .n ih .g ov/p ubm ed /3 0601978) . H ealt h E duca tio n R ese arc h .
() S ta rk D E & S hah N H. ( 2 017). F undin g a nd p ublic a tio n o f r e se arc h o n g un v io le nce a nd o th er
le adin g c a use s o f d eath ( h ttp s://ja m anetw ork .c o m /jo urn als /ja m a/fu lla rtic le /2 595514) . J o urn al o f
th e A m eric a n M edic a l A sso cia tio n.
A D DIT IO NAL R ESO URC ES
() G re e nfie ld boyce N . ( 2 019). H ow T he C DC's R elu cta nce T o U se T he 'F -W ord ' — F ir e arm s —
H in de rs S uic id e P re ve ntio n ( h ttp s://w ww.n pr.o rg /s e ctio ns/h ealt h -
sh ots /2 019/0 8/0 8/7 38533533/h ow -th e-c d cs-re lu cta nce -to -u se -th e-f- w ord -fir e arm s-h in ders -
su ic id e-p re ve ntio n) . N PR .
() H auck G , E llis N T, & F ilb y M . ( 2 020). C ongre ss A ppro ve d $ 25M in F undin g fo r G un S afe ty
R ese a rc h . N ow W hat? ( h ttp s://w ww.u sa to day.c o m /s to ry /n ew s/n atio n/2 020/0 2/0 9/g un-v io le nce -
h ow -r e se arc h ers -s p end-2 5-m -g un-s a fe ty -fu ndin g/4 464121002/) U SA T o day.
() K oerth M . C ongre ss Is T hro w in g A L it tle M oney A t G un V io le nce R ese arc h . It M ig ht G o A L ong
W ay ( h ttp s://fiv e th ir ty e ig ht.c o m /fe atu re s/c o ngre ss-is -th ro w in g-a -lit tle -m oney-a t- g un-v io le nce -
re se a rc h -it - m ig ht- g o-a -lo ng-w ay/) . F iv e T hir ty E ig ht .
() L aslo M . ( 2 019). T he C DC C ould T o ta lly S tu dy G un V io le nce — It J u st N eeds M oney
(h ttp s://w w w.w ir e d.c o m /s to ry /c d c-g un-v io le nce -re se arc h -m oney/) . W IR ED .
() S ang er-K atz M . ( 2 019). G un R ese arc h is S uddenly H ot
(h ttp s://w w w.n ytim es.c o m /2 019/0 4/1 7/u psh ot/g un-re se arc h -is -s u ddenly -h ot.h tm l) . N ew Y ork
T im es .
() S ch u m ake r E . ( 2 019). G un V io le nce R ese arc h ers F in d T heir F ie ld a t a C ro ssro ads
(h ttp s://w w w.th etr a ce .o rg /2 019/0 9/g un -v io le nce -re se arc h ers -fin d-th eir -fie ld -a t- a -c ro ssro ads/) .
T he T ra ce .
() T urn bell L . ( 2 019). G un V io le nce R ese arc h M atte rs . H ere ’s W hy
(h ttp s://w w w.y e sm agazin e.o rg /p eople -p ow er/g un-v io le nce -a m eric a -re se arc h -2 0190930) . Y es
M agazin e .
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the center's new website. This website will not continue to be updated. (https://publichealth.jhu.edu/gun-violence-
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() V an B ro cklin E . ( 2 019). S ta te s A re F undin g th e G un V io le nce R ese arc h th e F eds W on’t
( h ttp s://w w w.th etr a ce .o rg /2 019/0 1/s ta te -g un-v io le nce -re se arc h -c a lif o rn ia -n ew -je rs e y/) . T he
Tra ce .
( ) W an W . ( 2 019). C ongre ssio nal D eal C ould F und G un V io le nce R ese arc h fo r F ir s t T im e s in ce
1 990s ( h ttp s://w ww.w ash in gto npost.c o m /h ea lt h /2 019/1 2/1 6/c o ngre ssio nal- d eal- c o uld -fu nd-g un-
vio le n ce -re se arc h -fir s t- tim e-s in ce -s /) . W ash in gto n P ost .
() W exle r L . ( 2 017). G un S hy ( h ttp s://m agazin e.jh sp h.e du/2 017/fa ll/ fe atu re s/c a ssa ndra -c rif a si-
h opkin s-m odera te -g un-o w ner-g un-p olic y-re se arc h er/h ow -th e-d ic ke y-a m end m ent- a ff e cts -g un-
vio le n ce -re se arc h .h tm l) . J o hns H opkin s B lo om berg S ch ool o f P ublic H ealt h M agazin e .
La st u pdate d J u ly 2 020
1. C e nte rs fo r D is e ase C ontr o l a nd P re ve n tio n, N atio nal C ente r fo r H ealt h S ta tis tic s. A bout
U nderly in g C ause o f D eath , 1 999-2 018 ( h ttp ://w onder.c d c.g ov/u cd -ic d 10.h tm l) .
2. S ta rk D E & S hah N H. ( 2 017). F undin g a nd p ublic a tio n o f r e se arc h o n g un v io le nce a nd o th er
le adin g c a use s o f d eath ( h ttp s://ja m anetw ork .c o m /jo urn als /ja m a/fu lla rtic le /2 595514) . J o urn al o f th e
A m eric a n M edic a l A sso cia tio n .
3. Tu rn be ll L . ( 2 019). G un V io le nce R ese arc h M atte rs . H ere ’s W hy
(h ttp s://w w w.y e sm agazin e.o rg /p eople -p ow er/g un-v io le nce -a m eric a -re se arc h -2 0190930) . Y es
M agazin e .
4. Le gal in te rv e ntio n is th e d escrip tio n u se d b y th e C DC fo r in ju rie s in flic te d b y t h e p olic e o r o th er la w
enfo rc e m ent a gents , in clu din g m ilit a ry o n d uty , in th e c o urs e o f a rre stin g o r a tte m ptin g to a rre st
la w bre ake rs , s u ppre ssin g d is tu rb ance s, m ain ta in in g o rd er, a nd o th er le gal a ctio ns. T he
gove rn m ent’s d ata ( in clu din g th e C DC d ata ) p ro vid es a s u bsta ntia l u nder-c o u nt o f p olic e -in vo lv e d
in ju rie s a nd d eath s. T o a ddre ss th is g ap, a n um ber o f m edia s o urc e s h ave tr a cke d p olic e -in vo lv e d
sh ootin gs in r e ce nt y e ars , m ost n ota bly th e W ash in gto n P ost’s F ata l F orc e d a ta base , fin din g m ore
th an d ouble th e n um ber o f p olic e -in vo lv e d fa ta l s h ootin gs th an a re r e porte d in F B I a nd C DC
data b ase s.
5. C e nte rs fo r D is e ase C ontr o l a nd P re ve n tio n, N atio nal C ente r fo r H ealt h S ta tis tic s. A bout
U nderly in g C ause o f D eath , 1 999-2 018 ( h ttp ://w onder.c d c.g ov/u cd -ic d 10.h tm l) .
EFSGV is now the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun V iolence Solutions. For the latest news and research, check out
the center's new website. This website will not continue to be updated. (https://publichealth.jhu.edu/gun-violence-
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6. B a se d o n a th re e y e ar a ve ra ge ( 2 012-2 014) o f N ED S d ata o bta in ed fr o m : G an i F , S akra n J V , &
C anne r J K . ( 2 017). E m erg ency d epartm ent v is it s fo r fir e arm -re la te d in ju rie s in th e U nit e d S ta te s,
2 006– 14 ( h ttp s://w ww.h ealt h aff a ir s .o rg /d oi/ a bs/1 0.1 377/h lt h aff .2 017.0 625) . H ealt h A ffa ir s .
7. W e xle r L . ( 2 017). G un S hy ( h ttp s://m agazin e.jh sp h.e du/2 017/fa ll/ fe atu re s/c a ssa ndra -c rif a si-
h opkin s-m odera te -g un-o w ner-g un-p olic y-re se arc h er/h ow -th e-d ic ke y-a m end m ent- a ff e cts -g un-
vio le n ce -re se arc h .h tm l) . J o hns H opkin s B lo om berg S ch ool o f P ublic H ealt h M agazin e .
8. C e nte rs fo r D is e ase C ontr o l a nd P re ve n tio n, N atio nal C ente r fo r H ealt h S ta tis tic s. A bout
U nderly in g C ause o f D eath , 1 999-2 018 ( h ttp ://w onder.c d c.g ov/u cd -ic d 10.h tm l) .
9. N a tio n al H ig hw ay T ra ff ic S afe ty A dm in is tr a tio n. F ata lit y A naly sis R eportin g S yste m ( F A R S)
(h ttp s://w w w.n hts a .g ov/r e se arc h -d ata /fa ta lit y -a naly sis -re portin g-s yste m -fa rs ) . U .S . D epartm ent o f
Tra nsp orta tio n.
10 . 10 4th C ongre ss. ( 1 996). P ubli c L aw 1 04–208
(h ttp s://w w w.c o ngre ss.g ov/1 04/p la w s/p ubl2 08/P LA W -1 04publ2 08.p df) . P g. 2 44.
11 . K e lle rm an n A L & R iv a ra F P. ( 2 013). S ile n cin g th e s cie nce o n g un r e se arc h . J o urn al o f th e
A m eric a n M edic a l A sso cia tio n ( h ttp s://ja m anetw ork .c o m /jo urn als /ja m a/fu lla rtic le /1 487470) . J o urn al
of th e A m eric a n M edic a l A sso cia tio n .
1 2 . S ta rk D E & S hah N H. ( 2 017). F undin g a nd p ublic a tio n o f r e se arc h o n g un v io le nce a nd o th er
le adin g c a use s o f d eath ( h ttp s://ja m anetw ork .c o m /jo urn als /ja m a/fu lla rtic le /2 595514) . J o urn al o f th e
A m eric a n M edic a l A sso cia tio n.
1 3 . W e xle r L . ( 2 017). G un S hy ( h ttp s://m agazin e.jh sp h.e du/2 017/fa ll/ fe atu re s/c a ssa ndra -c rif a si-
h opkin s-m odera te -g un-o w ner-g un-p olic y-re se arc h er/h ow -th e-d ic ke y-a m end m ent- a ff e cts -g un-
vio le n ce -re se arc h .h tm l) . J o hns H opkin s B lo om berg S ch ool o f P ublic H ealt h M agazin e .
1 4 . W a rd ell C , A baya R , B arb er C , C ook P … & W in te m ute , G . ( 2 020). T he S ta te o f F ir e arm s D ata in
2 019
(h ttp s://w w w.n orc .o rg /P D Fs/F ir e arm % 20D ata % 20In fr a str u ctu re % 20E xp ert% 20P anel/ S ta te % 20of%
2 0F ir e arm s% 20R ese arc h % 202019.p d f) . N O RC .
15 . A b out th e U niv e rs it y o f C alif o rn ia F ir e arm V io le nce R ese arc h C ente r ( U CFC )
(h ttp s://h e alt h .u cd avis .e du/v p rp /U CFC /in dex.h tm l) . U C D avis H ealt h .
16 . S e e: S ectio n 1 4231 o f th e C alif o rn ia P enal C ode
(h ttp s://le g in fo .le gis la tu re .c a .g ov/fa ce s/c o des_ dis p la yTe xt.x h tm l?
l a w Code= P EN &div is io n= & tit le = 12.2 .& part= 4.& ch apte r= & artic le = ) ( th e C alif o rn ia F ir e arm V io le nce
R ese a rc h A ct)
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the center's new website. This website will not continue to be updated. (https://publichealth.jhu.edu/gun-violence-
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D ONATE
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| e fs g v@ efs g v.o rg
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EFSGV is now the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun V iolence Solutions. For the latest news and research, check out
the center's new website. This website will not continue to be updated. (https://publichealth.jhu.edu/gun-violence-
solutions)
