Select a non-work-related location in your area and using the links and the attached readings as your guide, comprehensively describe what protective physical barriers exist and if they are effective.

C H A P T E R 97 6 Physical Barriers*\o Richard Gigliotti,\ Ronald Jason When we speak o\f physical barriers, mos\b peo- ple \bend \bo \bhink in \berms o\f rein\forced concre\be walls, chain-link \fences \bopped wi\bh barbwire, modern bank vaul\bs, and o\bher such apparen\b applica\bions o\f maxim\oum securi\by. We can\o \bhink back, however, \bo \bhe Roman Empire, whose power and influence ex\bended over wha\b was \bhen almos\b all o\f \bhe known world. The con - \binuance o\f \bhis power was guaran\beed by \bhe es\bablishmen\b o\f ou\bpos\bs \bhroughou\b \bhe con - quered \berri\bories con\brolled by power\ful Roman legions. These ou\bpos\bs were ac\bually \for\bified garrisons—an example o\f using physical barriers \for pro\bec\bion o\f a ba\ose o\f opera\bions. This same principle has been used \bhroughou\b recorded his\bory: \bhe Bri\bish and Colonial \for - \bresses during \bhe Revolu\bionary War, \bhe U.S.

Army \for\bs in \bhe Indian \berri\bories during \bhe las\b hal\f o\f \bhe nine\been\bh cen\bury, \bhe French Magino\b Line in World War II, and even \bhe pro - \bec\bed base camps es\bablished by American \forces in Vie\bnam. I\b is in\beres\bing \bo no\be \bha\b \bhe las\b were ac\bually a varia\bion o\f \bhe sys\bem o\f \for\bs used during \bhe Revolu\bionary War \bo which \forces could re\bire wi\bh a rela\bive degree o\f sa\fe\by \for res\b and re-equi\opping. The concep\b o\f physical barriers is no\b unique \bo Homo sapiens. When a monkey climbs a \bree, i\b \bakes advan\bage o\f a na\bural barrier in i\bs environmen\b, which provides a \form o\f physi - cal securi\by. While in \bhe \bree, i\b is ou\b o\f danger \from \bhe carnivores \bha\b prowl \bhe jungle floor, al\bhough no\b comple\bely sa\fe \from a\b\back by o\bher na\bural enemie\os. People have used barriers \bo enhance physi - cal securi\by \bhroughou\b his\bory. Our earlies\b \forebears had \bhe ins\binc\bive need \for physi - cal securi\by in i\bs mos\b primi\bive \form: \bhe cave and \bhe \bree. Cer\bainly, \bhe need \for some edge in \bhe game o\f survival was crucial \bo our con\binued exis\bence. We could no\b ou\brun \bhe saber-\boo\bhed \biger and gian\b wol\f, we had no pro\bec\bive shell like \bha\b o\f \bhe gian\b \bor\boise, we could no\b in\bimida\be our enemies by sheer size like \bhe mas\bodon, and our reproduc\bive capaci\by was limi\bed. Only by using \bhe securi\by provided by climbing \bhe neares\b \bree or \baking shel\ber in a handy cave were we allowed \bhe necessary \bime \bo con\binue progress along \bhe evolu\bionary pa\bh. As in\belligence increased over \bhe cen\buries, we unders\bood \bha\b cer\bain changes and improve- men\bs could be made \bo \bhe na\bural shel\ber avail- able. There was no\b much \bo do \bo a \bree, bu\b by dragging rocks, boulders, and \fallen \brees across \bhe mou\bh o\f his cave, a person could erec\b rudi- men\bary walls and \fences—physical barriers \bha\b enhanced \bhe na\bural pro\bec\bion. The even\bual addi\bion o\f animal skins \bo cover \bhe openings in cave dwellings was ano\bher sign o\f \bhe march \boward civiliza\bion and ano\bher componen\b in developing physical\o securi\by.

* Originally \from Giglio\b\bi R, Jason R. Securi\by design \for maximum pro\bec\bion. S\boneham, MA: Bu\b\berwor\bh- Heinemann, 1984. Up\oda\bed by \bhe edi\bor, \o2011.

Effective Physical Security, edited by Lawrence J. Fennelly, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=1043409.

Created from apus on 2022-08-16 03:23:09.

CHAPTER 6 Physical Barriers 98 DOORS The modern equivale\on\b \bo \bhe cave dwell\oer’s ani- mal skin is \bhe door. The \func\bion o\f a door in physical securi\by is \bo provide a barrier a\b a poin\b o\f en\bry or exi\b. The \func\bion o\f a door in maxi - mum securi\by is s\bill \bo provide such a barrier; however, \bhe barrier mus\b also be impene\brable by ordinary means and o\f\fer \bhe maximum delay \bime be\fore pene\bra\bion by ex\braordinary means (i.e., by \bhe use o\f cu\b\bing \bools, hand-carried \bools, and some explos\oives). During cons\bruc\bion o\f a maximum-securi\by \facili\by, i\b is necessary \bo define \bhe \func\bion o\f all doors and \bheir rela\bionship \bo \bhe \bo\bal pro\bec - \bion sys\bem. When an exis\bing door is evalua\bed, \bhe \func\bion mus\b again be defined and include \bhe area or ma\berial\o pro\bec\bed. I\b is no\b necessary \bo make all doors maxi - mum securi\by—only \bhose \bha\b are essen\bial \bo \bhe e\f\fec\bive \func\bioning o\f \bhe \bo\bal securi\by sys- \bem. Once a par\bicular door is designa\bed \bo be incorpora\bed in\bo \bhe overall sys\bem, i\b mus\b be upgraded \bo provide maximum securi\by. There are \bwo op\bions in \bhis respec\b: replace \bhe door wi\bh a commercially available, pene\bra\bion-resis- \ban\b model or upgrade i\b \bo provide \bhe neces - sary resis\bance. Obvious areas o\f concern when dealing wi\bh maximum-securi\by doors are door hinges and hardwar\oe.

Personnel Doors The average indus\brial personnel door is a hollow s\beel composi\be door wi\bh 18-gauge me\bal \facing.

I\b is usually hung on bu\b\b hinges wi\bh nonre - movable pins and may open in ei\bher direc\bion.

I\b may have ven\bila\bion louvers or glass panels.

According \bo \bhe Barrier Penetration Database, \bhe hollow s\beel door can be pene\bra\bed in one minu\be or less by va\orious me\bhods, includ\oing:

1. De\fea\b o\f \bhe locking mechanism, i\f a knob is accessible, by using a hal\f-pound pipe wrench \bo break i\b (\o0.4 ± 0.08 minu\bes)\o 2. Prying \bhe door open using a 15-pound pry bar (0.2 ± 0.04 min\ou\bes) 3. Pene\bra\bion using a 10-pound fir\oe axe (3.8 ± 0.08 minu\bes) Hollow s\beel doors can be made more pene\bra - \bion resis\ban\b by a \ovarie\by o\f me\bhods: 1. Bol\bing or welding a s\beel pla\be \bo \bhe inside or ou\bside o\f \bhe door (especially i\f louvers or glass is presen\b\o). 2. Ins\balla\bion o\f several dead bol\bs \bha\b go in\bo all \four sides o\f \bhe\o door \frame. 3. A\f\ber removing \bhe me\bal back, welding ¼-inch s\beel louvers on \bhe inside o\f \bhe \fron\b panel o\f \bhe door, 3–4 inches apar\b \from \bop \bo bo\b\bom, and replacing \bhe back door panel (Figure 6-1). 4. Replacing hardware wi\bh more pene\bra\bion- resis\ban\b \bypes or upgrading exis\bing hardware. By upgrading \bhe hollow s\beel door, addi\bional weigh\b is added and \bhis is a considera\bion when evalua\bing hinges and hardware. In mos\b cases, hinges have \bo be rein\forced \bo compensa\be \for \bhe added weigh\b. FIGURE 6-1 Hardened door. (Courtesy of U.S. Ar\fy Material Syste\fs Analysis A\btivity.) Effective Physical Security, edited by Lawrence J. Fennelly, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=1043409.

Created from apus on 2022-08-16 03:23:09.

99 CHAPTER 6 Physical Barriers Subs\ban\bial s\beel doors or securi\by-class doors are commercially ava\oilable, made o\f ¾-in\och s\beel on one side and ⅛-inch s\beel on \bhe o\bher and filled wi\bh 3 inches o\f fiberglass or similar ma\be - rial. Ten pounds o\f bulk explosives \bake 1.5 ± 0.3 minu\bes \bo pene\bra\be \o\bhis \bype o\f door. In addi\bion \bo \bhe door-hardening \bechniques previously men\bioned, ready-made securi\by panels have been marke\bed under \bhe name DELIGNIT ® by Blomberger Holzindus\brie o\f Blomberg, Wes\b Germany. This produc\b is cons\bruc\bed \from highly \bempered pla\be ma\berial consis\bing mainly o\f hard - wood veneers (primarily beech), cross-lamina\bed, and bonded under pressure wi\bh phenolic resins.

The ma\berial is available in \bhicknesses o\f 20, 30, 40, and 50 mm in a varie\by o\f s\bandard sizes, as well as in specially ordered sizes and \bhicknesses, and is sui\bable \for cons\bruc\bion o\f bulle\b-resis\ban\b and burglar- impeding doors, par\bi\bion walls, and so on. Tes\bs conduc\bed by o\fficial agencies in Wes\b Germany and Grea\b Bri\bain indica\be success\ful resis\bance o\f a sample 30 mm panel \bo a limi\bed varie\by o\f small arms fire up \bo and including .357-caliber magnum and 12-gauge sho\bgun.

In addi\bion, a \bes\b was conduc\bed in which \bwo 30 mm sec\bions o\f DELIGNIT ® panel spaced 150 mm apar\b were subjec\bed \bo fire \from a mili- \bary rifle firing \bhe 7.62 NATO s\bandard round.

The resul\b o\f a series o\f five sho\bs was \bha\b no bulle\b pene\bra\bed \bh\oe inner o\f \bhe \bwo pa\onels. While \bhe manu\fac\burer does no\b provide a finished door, i\b can provide \bhe names o\f door \fabrica\bors \bha\b have experience wi\bh i\bs ma\berial.

The manu\fac\burer claims \bha\b i\b can be worked by any carpen\bry shop equipped \bo handle hard - wood veneers, al\bhough use o\f carbide-\bipped cu\b\bing \bools is reco\ommended. Frames \for maximum-securi\by doors should be anchored \bo \bhe wall in such a manner \bha\b pen - e\bra\bion resis\bance is a\b leas\b equal \bo \bha\b o\f \bhe door. I\f a\b all possible, hinges should be inaccessible \from \bhe side o\f \bhe door \bha\b would \face \bhe likely \bhrea\b. As an al\berna\bive, individual hinges should be case hardened or replaced wi\bh a heavy-du\by, case-hardened piano hinge and \bhe hinge pins made unremovable by welding or pinning ( Figure 6-2). FIGURE 6-2 Hardening door ja\fb sea\f, hinges, and lo\bking devi\bes. (Courtesy of U.S. Ar\fy Material Syste\fs Analysis A\btivity.) Effective Physical Security, edited by Lawrence J. Fennelly, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=1043409.

Created from apus on 2022-08-16 03:23:09.

CHAPTER 6 Physical Barriers \f00 Addi\bionally, some considera\bion should be given \bo ins\balling ¼-inch s\beel pla\bes over exposed hinges, which o\f\fer an addi\bional barrier \bo cu\b- \bing and require somewha\b more explosives \bo de\fea\b. Ano\bher way \bo increase \bhe resis\bance o\f hinges is \bo mor\bise \bhem in\bo \bhe door jamb and door, \bhus exposing li\b\ble i\f any o\f \bhe hinge pin.

The ins\balla\bion o\f a piano hinge on \bhe ou\bside o\f \bhe door and jamb would provide a barrier \bo \bhe suppor\b hinges. A simple ye\b e\f\fec\bive applica\bion o\f \bhe dead bol\b principle previously men\bioned is \bo ins\ball ½-inch s\beel rods, equidis\ban\b be\bween suppor\b hinges, on \bhe inside o\f \bhe door. On \bhe inside door jamb, ins\ball a ¼-inch s\beel pla\be \bha\b has been drilled \bo accep\b \bhe rod. I\f \bhe hinges are de\fea\bed, \bhe arms con\binue \bo hold \bhe door secure. An exis\bing securi\by-class door can be hardened \bo increase pene\bra\bion \bime \from 1–2 minu\bes \bo 20–30 minu\bes by welding heavy angle iron or small s\bruc\bural I-beam \bo \form a 14-inch or smaller grid on \bhe inside o\f \bhe \fron\b door panel (wi\bhou\b in\ber\fering wi\bh \bhe locking mechanism; Figure 6-3 ).

No high-securi\by door should have i\bs hard - ware and hinges accessible \from \bhe side \from which a \bhrea\b is likely. Doors should open \boward \bhe likely \bh\orea\b direc\bion. In addi\bion \bo \bhe solid maximum-securi\by doors discussed \bhus \far, several companies make \burns\bile-\bype doors. These are use\ful \for con\brolling access; however, \bhey have no use as high-securi\by barriers.

Retrofit \bpgrading of Exi\Dsting Doors To harden an exis\bing door agains\b \bool a\b\back, \bhe cus\bomary prac\bice is \bo clad \bhe a\b\back side wi\bh heavy-gauge shee\b me\bal or s\beel pla\be. This solu\bion has as i\bs principal meri\b \bhe \fac\b \bha\b i\b can be implemen\bed quickly wi\bh ma\berials pur - chased locally. Cladding should be applied only \bo solid or lamina\bed wood or subs\ban\bial hollow me\bal doors. The \bhinnes\b recommended clad - ding ma\berial is 12-gauge s\beel shee\b. I\b mus\b be securely \fas\bened \bo \bhe door using carriage bol\bs wi\bh \bhe nu\bs applied \from \bhe pro\bec\bed side.

The nu\bs should be \back-welded \bo \bhe bol\bs \bo preven\b removal or, a\ol\berna\bively, \bhe en\ods o\f \bhe bol\bs can be peened \bo serve \bhe same \func\bion.

Bol\bs should be no less \bhan 5/16 inches in diam - e\ber and should be spaced \from 6 \bo 10 inches apar\b and as close \bo \bhe edge as \bhe door \frame allows, pre\ferably n\oo more \bhan 1 or 2 in\oches. I\f \bhe cladding is applied \bo an ou\bward- opening door, i\b will probably be necessary \bo pro - vide pro\bec\bion \bo \bhe \free edge o\f \bhe cladding \bo preven\b i\b \from being pried up and peeled o\f\f \bhe subs\bra\be. This can be accomplished by \forming \bhe shee\b me\bal cover so \bha\b i\b wraps around \bhe door edges, or i\b may be prac\bical \bo build up \bhe ou\bside \face o\f \bhe door \frame wi\bh a s\beel guard \bha\b denies access \bo \bhe edge o\f \bhe cladding. Experimen\bs were conduc\bed a\b \bhe Navy Cons\bruc\bion Ba\b\balion Civil Engineering Labo - ra\bory in \bhe use o\f 9-gauge, low-alloy high- s\breng\bh s\beel shee\b and ¾-inch plywood \bo build up a lamina\bed veneer \for re\brofi\b hardening. A 2-inch lamina\bed panel consis\bing o\f ex\berior FIGURE 6-3 Hardening fir e-\blass or i\f proving se \burity- \blass doors. (C ourtesy of U. S. Ar \fy Ma terial Sy ste\fs An alysis A\btivity.) Effective Physical Security, edited by Lawrence J. Fennelly, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=1043409.

Created from apus on 2022-08-16 03:23:09.

\f0\f CHAPTER 6 Physical Barriers s\beel layers, one cen\bral s\beel layer, and \bwo ply- wood layers (S-P-S-P-S), was \found \bo have \bhe added meri\b o\f s\bopping all calibers o\f pis\bol fire and high-powered rifle fire up \bo and including .30–.06 mili\bary ball rounds. A door cons\bruc\bed on \bhis sys\bem has \bhe meri\bs o\f bo\bh a\b\back and bulle\b resis\bance. Wi\bh re\brofi\b cladding, i\b is necessary \bo \bake in\bo accoun\b \bhe e\f\fec\bs o\f \bhe door fi\b due \bo \bhe addi\bional \bhickness and \bhe problem o\f addi - \bional weigh\b. To ins\ball \bhis heavy door i\b is nec - essary \bo provide \for moun\bing wi\bh heavy-du\by hinges and pro\bec\b agains\b hinge-pin removal and hinge des\bruc\bion i\f resis\bance agains\b a\b\back is \bo be accomplished. The door recommended \for \bhis applica\bion is a hollow door wi\bh a skin o\f 12-gauge cold-rolled s\beel rein\forced by in\bernal channel s\bi\f\feners o\f 22-gauge or \bhicker s\beel. The hollow spaces be\bween \bhe s\bi\f\feners may be filled wi\bh sui\bable ma\berial as needed \o\for \bhermal insula\bio\on.

Door Frames The high-securi\by door sys\bem does no\b presen\b \full resis\bance \bo a\b\back and pene\bra\bion unless \bhe \frame is hardened \bo a level similar \bo \bha\b o\f \bhe door. Similarly, \bhe a\b\back resis\bance o\f \bhe \frame means li\b\ble wi\bhou\b commensura\be s\breng\bh o\f i\bs a\b\bachmen\b \bo \bhe surrounding wall and \bhe door. In \fac\b, \bo be e\f\fec\bive, \bhe doors, \frames, and wall a\b\bachmen\bs mus\b be designed as a\b\back- resis\ban\b assemblies\o. The \frame should be \fabrica\bed o\f 16-gauge or \bhicker s\beel. To s\breng\bhen and suppor\b i\b agains\b being spread apar\b or crushed by hydraulic jacks or o\bher \bools, \bhe \frame (jambs and head) mus\b be filled wi\bh a sui\bable cemen\b grou\bing and bonded \bo and backed by \bhe wall s\bruc\bure surrounding \bhe door sys\bem.

Hinge Vulnerability and Co\Dmmon Countermeasures Door ins\balla\bions in which \bhe hinges are loca\bed on \bhe ex\berior side o\f \bhe \frames are vul - nerable \bo unau\bhorized en\bry \bhrough a\b\back on \bhe hinges. I\b is \frequen\bly possible \bo use a dri\f\b punch and hammer \bo drive ou\b \bhe hinge pin and open \bhe door \from \bhe\o hinge side. Al\bern\oa\bively, \bhe hinge knuckle can be cu\b o\f\f wi\bh a hacksaw, cold chisel, or \borch\o and en\bry made.

The mos\b common coun\bermeasures \bo \bha\b \bhrea\b are \bo inhibi\b or preven\b \bhe removal o\f \bhe hinge pins. This is mos\b \frequen\bly done by peen - ing over or \back-welding \bhe ends o\f \bhe pins.

Ano\bher approach is \bo ins\ball a se\b screw in \bhe knuckle so \bha\b i\b locks \bhe pin in place. Peened and welded hinge pins can be \freed by filing o\f\f \bheir ends and driving \bhem ou\b. Se\b screws are seldom e\f\fec\bive in resis\bing an a\b\back wi\bh a dri\f\b pin and hammer. S\bill ano\bher \bechnique is \bo use a con\binuously in\berlocking hinge sys\bem running \bhe \full leng\bh o\f \bh\oe door (piano hinge)\o. Some manu\fac\burers make hinges in which \bhe knuckles comple\bely cover \bhe ends o\f \bhe hinge pins and \bhus preven\b \bheir being driven ou\b wi\bh a dri\f\b pin. Regardless o\f how \bhe pin is pro\bec\bed, i\f \bhe knuckle is exposed on \bhe ou\bside, i\b is gen - erally possible \bo saw o\f\f or o\bherwise remove or des\broy \bhe assembly and \bhus gain en\bry by prying open \bhe door\o \from \bhe hinge side\o. Door and Frame Inter\Dlocking Various coun\bermeasures have been used \bo pre - ven\b en\bry \bhrough des\bruc\bion or removal o\f \bhe hinge pin or knuckle assembly. The mos\b common o\f \bhese is \bo ins\ball a subs\ban\bial pro\bruding s\beel dowel pin in \bhe hinge edge o\f \bhe door or \frame and a ma\bing socke\b or hole in \bhe \frame or door so \bha\b \bhe pin engages in \bhe socke\b when \bhe door is closed. In \bhis manner \bhe door and \frame are in\berlocked au\boma\bically whenever closed, and removal o\f \bhe hinge does no\b allow opening \bhe hinge side. Using \bhis basic approach, one can devise a varie\by o\f pin-in-socke\b, \bongue-in-groove, or o\bher similar devices \bo provide in\berlocking on \bhe hinge side o\f \bhe door. In \bhe case o\f large \fabrica\bed s\beel doors, i\b is simple \bo orien\b \bhe channel-iron \framing member (on \bhe hinge side) so \bha\b i\b crea\bes a cavi\by (groove) in\bo which a corresponding angle iron (\bongue), which is welded \bo \bhe door \frame, can engage. In view Effective Physical Security, edited by Lawrence J. Fennelly, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=1043409.

Created from apus on 2022-08-16 03:23:09.

CHAPTER 6 Physical Barriers \f02 o\f \bhe rela\bively simple na\bure o\f \bhe design and ins\balla\bion o\f posi\bive in\berlocking hardware (i.e., in\bernal s\beel dowel, pin in socke\b, or \bongue in groove) \for coupling \bhe hinge sides o\f \bhe door \bo \bhe \frame, i\b is recommended \bha\b \bhis prac\bice be used wherever highly valuable, cri\bi- cal, or sensi\bive asse\bs are secured. The \following is quo\bed \from \bhe Sandia Labora\bories’ Barrier Techno\fogy Handboo\b.

Doors, due to their functiona\f requirements and associated hardware, impose design restrictions and are in many cases, one of the wea\best \fin\bs in a structure. For barrier purposes, the princip\fe of ba\fanced design requires that doors with associated frames, hinges bo\fts, and \foc\bing mechanisms be strengthened to afford the same penetration de\fay as is provided by the floors, wa\f\fs, and cei\fings of the parent structure. Converse\fy, if the door structure cannot be enhanced, it may not be cost-effective to upgrade the existing structure. No current\fy avai\fab\fe standard or commercia\f doors or hardware provide significant resistance against deter - mined adversaries.

Hinges Appropriate for Door Weight In designing \bhe hinge sys\bem, \bhe weigh\b o\f \bhe door mus\b be considered. For example, a door designed \for resis\bance agains\b \bool a\b\back only migh\b weigh 10–15 pounds per square \foo\b and could be hung on bu\b\b hinges, par\bicularly i\f \bhe door is used in\frequ\oen\bly. Vehicle Doors. The s\bandard securi\by vehicle overhead door \found in many \facili\bies is usu - ally o\f \bhe corruga\bed s\beel, roll-up varie\by. These doors are ordinarily cons\bruc\bed o\f 16-gauge s\beel wi\bh a s\bi\f\fness required \bo wi\bhs\band 20 pounds per square \foo\b o\f wind pressure and can be easily pene\bra\bed. Using a 6-\foo\b pry bar and a 2 × 4 plank weighing 20–25 pounds, pene\bra\bion \bime is 0.8 ± 0.2 minu\bes. Harden- ing \bhis \bype o\f door is di\fficul\b; \bhere\fore i\bs use in a maximum-securi\by environmen\b should be kep\b \bo a minimum. Specifically designed vehicle doors are usually cons\bruc\bed o\f a\b leas\b ¼-inch s\beel pla\be and are more pene\bra\bion resis\ban\b.

Table 6-1 shows es\bima\bed pene\bra\bion \bimes \for s\bandard vehicle doors. Corruga\bed roll-up and hollow s\beel panel doors o\f\fer li\b\ble resis\bance \bo explosive a\b\back; delay \bime is governed by \bhe se\bup, re\brea\b, re\burn, and crawl-\bhrough \bimes.

Thermal cu\b\bing by \borch or oxy-lance (burn bar) a\f\fords \bhe same delays as \for a personnel door.

The ma\berial \bhickness o\f \bhe panel door requires more \bime \bhan \bhe corruga\bed door ma\berial. Hand-carried \bools, such as jimmy bars and axes, can be used \bo pene\bra\be a vehicle door. A vehicle may be used\o \bo e\f\fec\b pene\bra\bion\o quickly when \bhe noise associa\bed wi\bh such an a\b\back is no\b a major considera\bion. Where \bhere is any large door opening, \bhe \bhrea\b o\f vehicular a\b\back is always presen\b. Cer\bain \bechniques exis\b \for hardening and \bhus upgrading vehicle doors. Rubber \biers could be ins\balled direc\bly behind \bhe ou\ber vehicular door (wi\bh a por\bion below ground level) \for grea\ber pene\bra\bion resis\bance, or a door clad TA B L E 6 - \f Estimated Penetration Times for Standard \fehicle Doors Barrier Countermeasure Countermeasure Weight (pounds)Penetration Time (minutes) Corrugated steel Jet \fxe, J\f-\b 20 0.8 ± 0.2 Hollow steel Pry bar and 2 × 4 plank 23 0.9 ± 0.2 Pry bar 15 0.2 ± 0.4 Fire axe 10 3.8 ± 0.8 Bulk explosives 10 \fbout 1 Source: From the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

Effective Physical Security, edited by Lawrence J. Fennelly, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=1043409.

Created from apus on 2022-08-16 03:23:09.

\f03 CHAPTER 6 Physical Barriers wi\bh shee\b me\bal could be used \bo resis\b vehic- ular pene\bra\bion. Redwood could be inser\bed in\bo a panel door \bo increase resis\bance \bo pen - e\bra\bion by \bhermal \bools. In \bhis case, however, \bhe increased weigh\b necessi\ba\bes \bhe use o\f cor - respondingly upgraded hardware, which, as an added benefi\b, enhances pro\bec\bion o\f \bhe door agains\b \bool and vehicular a\b\back. Al\berna\bely laid s\beel channels welded \boge\bher and covered by shee\b me\bal could be used as a door and could provide significan\b \opene\bra\bion resis\ban\oce. Where la\beral wall space is no\b a consider - a\bion, \bhe use o\f a manual or mechanically ac\bu - a\bed sliding door should be considered. The door should be cons\bruc\bed (or hardened) \bo \bhe same s\bandards and by \bhe same me\bhods as specified \for personnel doors. In addi\bion, \bhe \bop run - ner \brack mus\b be rein\forced and a subs\ban\bial, well-anchored channel mus\b be provided \for \bhe bo\b\bom o\f \bhe door \bo \bravel in. The sliding door presen\bs defini\be securi\by advan\bages over \bhose o\f\fered by \bhe corruga\bed s\beel roll-up door. For example, \bhe s\bruc\bural s\beel members needed \bo suppor\b a roll-up door adequa\bely are o\f grea\ber bulk and complex - i\by \bhan \bhose required by \bhe sliding door. The join\bs necessary in \bhe corruga\bed s\beel roll-up door presen\b a weakness in overall s\bruc\bure and are vulnerable \bo a\b\back. By i\bs very na\bure, \bhe sliding door is a single, solid en\bi\by. Because o\f i\bs me\bhod o\f moun\bing, i\b is almos\b impervious \bo \forced en\bry by use o\f a pry bar, especially when \bhe \bop \brack rail i\os hardened. Aside \from being rammed wi\bh a vehicle, \bhe main vulnerabili\by o\f \bhe sliding door would be \bo pry agains\b i\bs opening edge. This me\bhod o\f a\b\back can be \fores\balled by ins\balla\bion o\f sev - eral manually ac\biva\bed drop-pins similar \bo \bhe \familiar barrel bol\b, al\bhough o\f much larger and s\burdier cons\bruc\bion. These drop in\bo receiver holes drilled in\bo \bhe inner rail o\f \bhe bo\b\bom \brack or in\bo \bhe floor. An in\bruder a\b\bemp\bing \bo cu\b \bhrough \bhese drop-pins would have \bo make a la\beral cu\b \bhe en\bire wid\bh o\f \bhe door (unless able \bo de\bermine \bhe approxima\be loca\bion o\f \bhe pins by ei\bher spo\b\bing \bhe heads o\f \bheir moun\b - ing bol\bs \bha\b pro\brude \bhrough \bo \bhe ou\ber door sur\face, or by simply es\bima\bing \bha\b \bhe pins have been si\bua\bed on and equidis\ban\b \from \bhe door’s cen\ber line). To preven\b \bhis, drop-pins mus\b remain unde\bec\bable \from \bhe ou\bside o\f \bhe door and spaced a\b random in\bervals along \bhe lower door. While \bhe upper \brack anchoring poin\bs ordinarily are subjec\b \bo \bool a\b\back, \bheir pro\bec\bion by a s\beel pla\be or apron on \bhe ou\b- side, or a\b\back side, o\f \bhe door would discourage anyone concerned wi\bh a\f\fec\bing a s\beal\bhy en\bry.

The \bhird \bype o\f vehicle door \bha\b may be encoun\bered in a high-securi\by ins\balla\bion is very similar \bo \bha\b used in \bhe average homeowner’s garage. This consis\bs o\f a series o\f rigid panels joined \boge\bher along \bheir horizon\bal edges by hinges so \bha\b when \bhe door is raised, i\b rolls up along a \brack and usually s\bores i\bsel\f under spring \bension, parallel \bo, bu\b approxima\bely 8 \fee\b o\f\f, \bhe floor. There is similari\by be\bween \bhese doors only in a generic sense. The home garage door usually has panels cons\bruc\bed o\f \bempered Masoni\be ® or a similar produc\b se\b in\bo wooden \framing, wi\bh each panel joined \bo \bhose adjacen\b by \bhree hinges and usually wi\bh a series o\f glass panes replacing one o\f \bhe la\beral pan - els. This door can be de\fea\bed wi\bh no\bhing more sophis\bica\bed \bhan a rock or a shoe. Even wi\bhou\b \bhe glass, \bhe panels can be quickly broken ou\b o\f \bheir suppor\b \framing\o. The high-securi\by ar\bicula\bed vehicle door, however, is usually cons\bruc\bed o\f panels com - posed o\f a corruga\bed me\bal s\bi\f\fener sandwiched be\bween aluminum pla\bes or special s\beel alloy panels. The hinges are o\f\ben o\f \bhe con\binuous or piano \bype and \bhe \brack is rein\forced \bo resis\b ex\bernal \force and carry \bhe door’s ex\bra weigh\b when in \bhe re\brac\bed or s\bored posi\bion. As previously s\ba\bed, however, \bhis \bype o\f door is suscep\bible \bo vehicle a\b\back or \forced en\bry by li\f\bing wi\bh a pry b\oar.

Vault Doors. By \bheir purely \func\bional design and o\f\ben massive cons\bruc\bion, vaul\b doors ins\ban\bly discourage a\b\bemp\bs a\b \forced en\bry by all bu\b \bhe mos\b de\bermined adversaries. This is probably \bhe ul\bima\be applica\bion o\f \bhe psychol - ogy o\f maximum securi\o\by as a de\berren\b. P\orior \bo op\bing \for \bhe cons\bruc\bion o\f a vaul\b, however, Effective Physical Security, edited by Lawrence J. Fennelly, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=1043409.

Created from apus on 2022-08-16 03:23:09.

CHAPTER 6 Physical Barriers \f04 care\ful considera\bion mus\b be given \bo \bhe \fol - lowing ques\bions: 1. Wha\b is \bhe expec\bed maximum period vaul\b pro\bec\bion will be r\oequired? 2. Do \federal, s\ba\be, or local governmen\b regula - \bions require vaul\b pro\bec\bion o\f \bhese asse\bs? 3. Are \bhe asse\bs being pro\bec\bed o\f a size and configura\bion \bha\b mak\oes \bheir unau\bhorize\od removal ex\bremely di\fficul\b wi\bhou\b \bhe use o\f heavy or special equipmen\b no\b generally available in \bhe ar\oea? 4. Can \bhe asse\b being pro\bec\bed be rendered unusable by removal o\f key componen\bs?

(Separa\be s\borage o\f \bhese componen\bs would be required; however, \bhe size o\f \bhe resul - \ban\b securi\by sys\bem could be reduced wi\bh appropria\be correspo\onding dollar saving\os.) 5. Will movemen\b o\f \bhe asse\bs being pro\bec\bed be kep\b a\b a minimum?\o 6. Do large numbers o\f persons require daily access \bo \bhese asse\bs during \bhe course o\f \bheir du\bies? 7. Would \bhe\f\b o\f \bhese asse\bs have an adverse e\f\fec\b on a. The company’s con\binued abili\by \bo remain in business (a \brade secre\b o\f non - pa\ben\bed process, ma\berial, machine, e\bc.)? b. The heal\bh and wel\fare o\f \bhe general public? c. The environmen\b? d. Na\bional securi\by? 8. Will cons\bruc\bion o\f a vaul\b lower insurance premiums? 9. Can a vaul\b be cons\bruc\bed wi\bhin \bhe exis\b - ing \facili\by wi\bhou\b ex\bensive renova\bion or rein\forcemen\b? 10. In \bhe even\b o\f company grow\bh, would \bhe presen\b \facili\bies be su\fficien\b \bo accep\b \bhis grow\bh and provide \bhe room \for expansion or would a move else\owhere be necessary\o? Strong Room Doors. I\f, a\f\ber considering \bhe pros and cons o\f vaul\b acquisi\bion, i\b is decided \bha\b \bhe cos\b o\f pro\bec\bion would be prohibi\bive in comparison \bo \bhe benefi\bs, serious consider - a\bion should be given \bo cons\bruc\bion o\f a vaul\b- \bype room or s\brong ro\oom. A s\brong room is an in\berior space enclosed by or separa\bed \from o\bher similar spaces by walls, ceiling, and floor cons\bruc\bed o\f solid building ma\berials, wi\bh no windows and only one en\brance. S\brong room doors should be o\f heavy-gauge me\bal cons\bruc\bion or o\f solid hard - wood rein\forced wi\bh a me\bal pla\be on \bhe inside.

Door louvers and ba\ffle pla\bes (i\f used) should be rein\forced wi\bh 9-gauge, 2-inch square wire mesh \fas\bened on \bhe in\berior side o\f \bhe door.

Heavy-du\by hardware should be used in con - s\bruc\bing a s\brong room door; all screws, nu\bs, bol\bs, hasps, hinges, pins, and \bhe like should be securely \fas\bened. The door should be se\b in\bo a sui\bable \frame in \bhe same manner as previously described \for ins\balla\bion o\f personnel doors.

Where air-condi\bioning or hea\bing duc\bs pass over or \bhrough \bhe s\brong room or where sewers or \bunnels may pass under \bhis space (and \bhey are o\f a size and shape large enough \bo accom- moda\be a small person), \bhey should be equipped wi\bh personnel barriers. Duc\b barriers should be cons\bruc\bed o\f heavy-gauge wire mesh securely \fas\bened \bo \bhe duc\b by welding. For sewers and u\bili\bies \bunnels, e\f\fec\bive barriers can be con - s\bruc\bed o\f s\beel bars or rods ¼ inch in diame\ber ex\bending across \bhe wid\bh o\f \bhe pipe or \bunnel wi\bh a maximum spacing o\f 6 inches be\bween \bhe bars. The ends o\f \bhese bars or rods should be firmly anchored \bo preven\b removal, and, where \bhe ver\bical and horizon\bal bars or rods mee\b, \bhey should be welded \boge\bher. In e\f\fec\b, \bhis \forms very subs\ban\bial grill work \bha\b canno\b be easily de\fea\bed.

Emergency Doors. While some may argue \bha\b emergency doors have no place in a maximum- securi\by se\b\bing, \bheir use is manda\bed mos\b o\f \bhe \bime. I\f a \facili\by is o\f a cer\bain size or employs a cer\bain number o\f people, i\b mus\b by s\ba\bu\be provide a specific number o\f emergency exi\bs.

In \bhe maximum-securi\by environmen\b, \bhese should be kep\b \bo \bhe minimum required by law.

Their number and loca\bion depend on many vari - ables, such as \bhe \bype o\f work per\formed in \bhe building and \bhe work space configura\bion (or par\bi\bioning) wi\bhin \bhe building. To ensure \bha\b emergency exi\bs do no\b diminish \bhe e\f\fec\biveness Effective Physical Security, edited by Lawrence J. Fennelly, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=1043409.

Created from apus on 2022-08-16 03:23:09.

\f05 CHAPTER 6 Physical Barriers o\f \bhe maximum-securi\by measures in place, \bhe \following ques\bions m\ous\b be answered:

1. Where are \bhe emergency exi\bs loca\bed wi\bh respec\b \bo \bhe asse\bs\o being pro\bec\bed? 2. Wha\b \bype o\f emergency exi\b door (including hinges, locking mechanism, \frame, anchor- ing, e\bc.) is ins\bal\oled? 3. In\bo wha\b areas do \bhe emergency exi\bs allow personnel \bo pass? 4. Do \bhe doors have al\oarms? I\f par\bicularly valuable or s\bra\begic ma\be- rial is processed or ordinarily handled near an emergency exi\b, \bhe possibili\by o\f diversion o\f \bhis ma\berial \bhrough \bhe door is very real. I\b is rela\bively easy \for a dishones\b employee \bo hide quan\bi\bies o\f \bhe ma\berial during an emergency evacua\bion or drill and cache i\b ou\bside \bhe \facil - i\by \for la\ber re\brieval. The possibili\by mus\b be considered. There are no hard and \fas\b rules rela\bive \bo \bhe cons\bruc\bion o\f emergency doors and hinges and me\bhods o\f moun\bing. The obvious choice would be doors, hinges, and \frames o\f cons\bruc - \bion and quali\by equal \bo \bhe o\bher securi\by doors in use a\b a \facili\by. I\b na\burally \follows \bha\b, i\f a high-securi\by door is procured, \bhe me\bhod o\f moun\bing should no\b nega\be \bhe money spen\b on i\bs purchase. The only elemen\b o\f an emer - gency exi\b over which \bhere is li\b\ble i\f any con- \brol is i\bs locking mechanism. Mos\b ordinances covering \bhe use o\f emergency exi\bs and devices are \fairly specific in requiring \bhe use o\f a panic bar locking mechanism. The \bype o\f panic bar usually encoun\bered on emergency exi\b doors is mos\b suscep\bible \bo de\fea\b by an adversary using a simple wire hook or coa\b hanger. To main\bain securi\by o\f \bhe exi\b, some people have chained or o\bherwise locked (\from bo\bh sides) emergency exi\bs. This can have disas\brous consequences such as \bhose experienced during \bhe fire a\b \bhe Coconu\b Grove nigh\bclub in Bos\bon, where nearly 500 lives were los\b because \bhe exi\b doors were locked. Me\bhods are available, however, \bo ensure \bha\b exi\b doors keep people ou\b bu\b allow \bhe sa\fe exi\b o\f \bhose inside. One sys\bem provides overlapping sec\bions \fas\bened \bo s\biles \bha\b mee\b and overlap when \bhe door closes. The s\biles close \bhe gaps around \bhe door so \bha\b prying \bools canno\b be \forced \bhrough \bo \brip \bhe panic bar. None o\f \bhe equipmen\b is exposed, so would-be in\bruders canno\b push i\b ou\b o\f \bhe way. When \bhe panic bar is depressed, however, \bhe barrier springs \free and \bhe door opens easily. As added secu - ri\by, \bhe hinges are \bamper resis\ban\b, which makes de\fea\b by removing \bh\oem qui\be di\fficul\b. Ano\bher \bype o\f panic bar emergency device elimina\bes \bhe bar \bha\b can be easily \bripped and replaces i\b wi\bh a rim device \bha\b is no\b as likely \bo be snagged by a \ocoa\b hanger. A\b mos\b \facili\bies, emergency exi\bs allow per - sonnel \bo exi\b in\bo parking lo\bs, alleyways, or ci\by s\bree\bs. When evacua\bion is necessary, how - ever, people should be channeled by physical barriers \bo a cen\bral assembly area \bha\b is under \bhe con\brol o\f \bhe securi\by depar\bmen\b. Person - nel should no\b be allowed \bo exi\b in\bo a parking lo\b, alley, or s\bree\b. To allow \bhis could \facili - \ba\be employee \bhe\f\b or diversion o\f \bhe asse\bs being pro\bec\bed or could lead \bo a breach in \bhe securi\by sys\bem by an insider who would allow accomplices \bo en\ber \bhe \facili\by and plunder i\b.

In addi\bion \bo employing physical barriers \bo move evacua\bing employees \bo a con\brolled sa\fe area, \bhe securi\by depar\bmen\b should be orga - nized \bo provide some sor\b o\f moni\boring o\f \bhe evacua\bion process and rou\bes \bo ensure \bha\b s\bolen or diver\bed ma\berial is no\b passed \bhrough or \bhrown over a \fence \bo an accomplice or \for la\ber re\brieval. Alarms on emergency exi\b doors should be manda\bory. No\b only should \bhe door have a locally annuncia\bing alarm, bu\b i\b mus\b be \bied in\bo \bhe \facili\by’s cen\bral alarm s\ba\bion. In \bhis way, each alarm sys\bem backs up \bhe o\bhers.

To ensure posi\bive per\formance, \bhese alarm sys\bems mus\b be periodically checked. I\b is sug - ges\bed \bha\b a check a\b leas\b \bwice a day o\f bo\bh sys\bems be implemen\bed. In addi\bion, each emer - gency exi\b door should be a\ffixed wi\bh a \bamper- indica\bing seal (or seals; Figure 6-4) and \bhese should be checked each \bime \bhe alarm sys\bem is checked.

Effective Physical Security, edited by Lawrence J. Fennelly, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=1043409.

Created from apus on 2022-08-16 03:23:09.

CHAPTER 6 Physical Barriers \f06 ROO\bS In arriving a\b a design \for a maximum-securi\by roo\f (or ceiling), \bhe mos\b obvious and simples\b solu\bion would appear \bo be \bo use \bhe same spec- ifica\bions and \bechnology employed in \bhe con - s\bruc\bion o\f \bhe high-securi\by walls in \bhis space or building. However, some considera\bions mus\b be made \bha\b are no\b ins\brumen\bal in wall design:

1. How much loading will \bhis roo\f or ceiling be subjec\bed \bo? 2. I\f \bhis is a ceiling in a mul\bis\bory \facili\by, will \bhe space direc\bly above \bhe pro\bec\bed area be covered by a \brained and sui\bably equipped member o\f \bhe securi\by \force or by a sophis\bica\bed alarm sys\bem \bha\b annunci - a\bes locally and a\b a remo\be moni\boring s\ba - \bion s\ba\f\fed around \bh\oe clock? 3. Will \bhe in\begri\by o\f \bhe roo\f or ceiling be bro - ken by piping, duc\bwork, or access ha\bches? 4. Will any por\bion o\f \bhe roo\f be accessible \from ou\bside \bhe pro\bec\bed area or, con - versely, gran\b access ou\bside \bhe pro\bec\bed area \from inside i\b?\o 5. Will \bhe roo\f or ceiling have alarms, moni - \bored by securi\by o\fficers or CCTV, equipped wi\bh adequa\be ligh\bing \bo permi\b proper assessmen\b, and no\b provide places o\f con - cealmen\b \for in\bruders, such as air-condi - \bioning uni\bs, exhaus\b \fan hoods, or smoke pipes? These and many more si\be-specific ques\bions mus\b be worked ou\b be\bween \bhe building archi - \bec\b or room designer and \bhe person responsible \for ensuring \bhe degree o\f securi\by necessary.

O\fficials involved in \bhe preliminary planning s\bages o\f \bhe cons\bruc\bion o\f a new \facili\by or upgrading o\f an exis\bing one in\bo \bhe maximum- securi\by class mus\b include \bhe company securi\by direc\bor. This individual should be prepared \bo discuss \bhese ma\b\bers wi\bh \bhe s\ba\f\f and ob\bain inpu\b \from \bhe personnel who are responsible \for making sure \bha\b \bhe sys\bem works. I\f \bhe \facil - i\by is par\b o\f a corpora\bion \bha\b may have ins\bal - la\bions o\f \bhis \bype in o\bher loca\bions, a visi\b \bo one or more o\f \bhese si\bes by \bhe securi\by s\ba\f\f pays handsome dividends in avoiding mis\bakes \bha\b may plague o\bhers. Care\ful and imagina\bive planning elimina\bes cos\bly (and embarrassing) oversigh\bs \bha\b may require considerable \bime, e\f\for\b, and expense \b\oo rec\bi\fy. The prime requisi\be o\f any roo\f in a maximum- securi\by se\b\bing is i\bs abili\by \bo wi\bhs\band or de\fea\b a\b\bemp\bs a\b \forced en\bry. The roo\f mos\b commonly selec\bed is usually cons\bruc\bed o\f poured con - cre\be, approxima\bely 5½ inches \bhick wi\bh s\beel rein\forcing rods on 8 × 12-inch cen\bers embed - ded in \bhe cen\ber o\f \bhe concre\be slab. In \bes\bs o\f resis\bance \bo \forced en\bry, i\b was \found \bha\b 4 pounds o\f bulk explosives and 20-pound bol\b cu\b\bers required only 2.8 ± 0.4 minu\bes \bo e\f\fec\b pene\bra\bion. Ano\bher \bype o\f roo\f cons\bruc\bion (a) (b) (c) FIGURE 6-4 Ta\fper-indi\bating door seals: (a) serially nu\fbered tape type, (b) serially nu\fbered heavy wire and plasti\b type, and (\b) serially nu\fbered plasti\b strip type.

Effective Physical Security, edited by Lawrence J. Fennelly, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=1043409.

Created from apus on 2022-08-16 03:23:09.

\f07 CHAPTER 6 Physical Barriers o\f\ben \found in indus\bry and governmen\b build- ings consis\bs o\f 16-gauge shee\b me\bal placed on ribbed s\beel decking, covered by 2 inches o\f insu - la\bion \followed by a final covering o\f a ½ inch o\f asphal\b and gravel. Using a 10-pound fire axe and a 5-pound shovel, pene\bra\bion was achieved in 2.3 ± 0.7 minu\bes. In a \bes\b o\f \bhis same \bype o\f roo\f cons\bruc\bion, 20 pounds o\f Je\b-Axe JA-I charge and equipmen\b a\f\fec\bed pene\bra\bion in 0.8 ± 0.2 minu\bes. The conclusion reached in \bhe s\budy \from which \bhese resul\bs are drawn is \bha\b, despi\be qui\be a \few varia\bions in \bhe \bypes o\f ma\berials and \bhe manner in which \bhey may be assembled, all can be de\fea\bed in abou\b a minu\be wi\bh a \few pounds o\f appropria\be explosive. The obvious answer, \bhere\fore, is \bo cons\bruc\b \bhe bes\b roo\f possible bu\b preven\b anyone \from reaching i\b by es\bablishing a pro\bec\bed area around \bhe build - ing, \bhen providing adequa\be assessmen\b capabili - \bies, alarms, and \bhe like \bo de\bec\b anyone who may manage \bo pene\bra\be \bhe pro\bec\bed area. I\f \bhe cons\bruc\bion o\f a s\brong room is being considered wi\bhin an exis\bing maximum-securi\by se\b\bing, \bhere are several combina\bions o\f com - monly available ma\berials \from which \bo \fabri - ca\be a homogeneous roo\f or ceiling \bha\b provides significan\b resis\ban\oce \bo \forcible en\bry.\o The crea\bion o\f \bhis roo\f or ceiling is well wi\bhin \bhe capabili\bies o\f any commercial car- pen\ber wi\bh assis\bance \from a shee\b me\bal shop.

In \bes\bs conduc\bed by \bhe Civil Engineering Labora\bory o\f \bhe Navy Cons\bruc\bion Ba\b\bal - ion Cen\ber, \bhe bes\b composi\be ma\berial consis\bs o\f 0.1-inch shee\bs o\f 6061-T6 aluminum over ½-inch plywood on bo\bh sides o\f a 19-gauge 304 s\bainless s\beel shee\b. In labora\bory \bes\bs, a panel cons\bruc\bed in \bhis manner was subjec\bed \bo a\b\back by a 7¼-inch circular saw equipped wi\bh a me\bal cu\b\bing blade and an oxy-ace\bylene \borch; \bhe average ra\be o\f linear progression was 3.06 inches per minu\be. Swi\bching over \bo \bhe circular saw wi\bh me\bal cu\b\bing blade, 22 seconds passed wi\bhou\b comple\be pene\bra\bion. In all cases, large quan\bi\bies o\f smoke were genera\bed, as \bhe saw blades and s\bainless s\beel shee\b became ex\bremely ho\b. Subsequen\b \bes\bs indica\bed \bha\b an abrasive blade on \bhe saw wa\os ine\f\fec\bive. To de\fea\b a\b\bemp\bs simply \bo disassemble \bhe roo\f when \bhe composi\be is assembled in\bo s\ban - dard-sized panels and \bhen used as conven\bional building ma\berials, \bhe subs\bra\be should be laid in a random pa\b\bern \bo avoid \bhe nea\b layering o\f edges \bhrough all \bhe various ma\berials. The componen\bs can be bonded \boge\bher \bhrough \bhe use o\f nu\bs and bol\bs, screws, \bempered screw- nails, or ringed nails; however, \bhe nu\bs and bol\bs should be peened \bo preven\b removal and \bhe heads o\f \bhe screws should be ground \for \bhe same purpose. Al\bhough someone could shear o\f\f \bhe nail heads, \bhe holding ac\bion o\f \bhe nail shanks would s\bill presen\b a \formidable \bask \bo anyone inclined \bo a\b\bemp\b \bo peel \bhe roo\f. I\f \bhis \bype o\f composi\be is used, i\b mus\b be remem - bered \bha\b i\b would be covered by insula\bion and probably several di\f\feren\b layers o\f wea\bherproo\f roofing. This addi\bional ma\berial would add sub - s\ban\bially \bo \bhe pene\bra\bion resis\bance o\f such a roo\f. I\bs use is no\b recommended, however, in \bhe cons\bruc\bion o\f a roo\f \bha\b has no alarm, is no\b easily visible \bo \bhe guard \force or well ligh\bed, or is close \bo or par\b o\f \bhe pro\bec\bed area perime\ber.

As previously indica\bed, \bhis ma\berial would be sui\bable inside an already pro\bec\bed ins\balla\bion or could be used in small, low buildings loca\bed well wi\bhin a pro\bec\o\bed area.

\bpgrading Existing Roofs. When \bhe company securi\by depar\bmen\b is \faced wi\bh \bhe \bask o\f upgrading an in-place \facili\by, \bhe \bask becomes many \bimes harder. The ins\balla\bion o\f alarms, ligh\bs, doors, walls, ga\bes, and many o\bher secu- ri\by responsibili\bie\os mus\b be considered\o. Be\fore upgrading \bhe roo\f o\f an exis\bing \facil - i\by, \bhe securi\by direc\bor mus\b climb up \bhere and have a firs\bhand look. Wha\b can be seen? Do fire escapes allow access \bo \bhe roo\f? Are \bhere roo\f ha\bches, skyligh\bs, duc\bs, piping, air-condi\bioning uni\bs, s\brong and firmly a\b\bached downspou\bs, or coamings (which could anchor a grappling hook)? Once you have made an assessmen\b o\f \bhe roo\f’s liabili\bies, consul\b \bhe individual respon - sible \for main\baining plan\b services (usually \bhe chie\f o\f main\benance o\f \bhe physical plan\b) and ascer\bain which o\f \bhese po\ben\bial access poin\bs Effective Physical Security, edited by Lawrence J. Fennelly, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=1043409.

Created from apus on 2022-08-16 03:23:09.

CHAPTER 6 Physical Barriers \f08 are essen\bial \bo plan\b opera\bions. I\f \bhe plan\b si\be is an old building, many o\f \bhese po\ben\bial problems can be elimina\bed as \bhe elemen\bs are non\func\bional, having been replaced by more modern equipmen\b, bu\b remain in place simply because \bhey plug a hole \bha\b would be le\f\b in \bhe roo\f by \bheir removal. Once a decision is made as \bo which appur\benances can be removed, \bhe subsequen\b hole should be rehabili\ba\bed so \bha\b \bhe physical in\begri\by and s\breng\bh o\f \bhe repair is no less \bhan \bha\b o\f any o\bher par\b o\f \bhe original and undamaged roo\f s\o\bruc\bure.Low fla\b roo\fs \bha\b migh\b be suscep\bible \bo scaling \bhrough use o\f a grappling hook should have shielding ins\balled behind \bhe coaming \bo preven\b \bhe hook \from finding a secure anchor.

This need no\b be any\bhing more exo\bic \bhan panels o\f heavy-gauge shee\b me\bal. These can be anchored \bo \bhe lip o\f \bhe coaming and roo\f and angled back \boward \bhe roo\f \bo \form an inclined plane up which \bhe hook rides righ\b back over \bhe edge (Figure 6-5). Ano\bher possibili\by \bha\b may be wor\bhy o\f considera\bion, especially \for \facili\bies si\bua\bed in remo\be areas, is a\b\back by helicop\ber. I\f \bhe roo\f o\f \bhe main building or \bhe building \bha\b would be \bhe a\b\backer’s objec\bive is fla\b, and \bhus sui\bable \for landing a helicop\ber, or even i\f i\b is no\b fla\b bu\b is sui\bable \for landing an a\b\back \force \from a hovering helicop\ber, considera\bion should be given \bo ins\balling one or more \ball, ligh\bweigh\b me\bal ligh\b poles \bo \bhe roo\f. These preven\b \bhe helicop\ber \from landing or coming close enough \bo \bhe roo\f \bo discharge personnel.

These poles could also suppor\b area floodligh\bs \bha\b would ligh\b \bhe pro\bec\bed area and roo\f\bop.

In addi\bion, flagpoles, radio communica\bions an\bennas, \ball chimneys and exhaus\b s\backs, or guy wires preven\b \bhis \bype o\f a\b\back.

\bLOORS In mos\b buildings, \bhe floor is probably \bhe leas\b \bhough\b ou\b par\b o\f \bhe \bo\bal securi\by package.

I\b exis\bs \bo provide a smoo\bh, dry working sur - \face and as a base on which \bhe building may be erec\bed floor by floor. True? Ordinarily, \bhis would be a good \bhumbnail descrip\bion o\f \bhe purposes o\f flooring; however, in a maximum- securi\by ins\balla\bion, \bhe same amoun\b o\f \bhough\b devo\bed \bo \bhe wall and roo\f design mus\b be allo\b\bed \bo \bhe floor. A \bypical floor is usually cons\bruc\bed o\f poured concre\be, 6–8 inches \bhick, and rein\forced wi\bh rebar s\beel rods or 6-inch square mesh o\f no. 10 wire. Floors cons\bruc\bed in \bhis manner are adequa\be \for mos\b \facili\bies; however, pene\bra\bion \bime by one or \bwo adver - saries using explosives, sledgehammers, and bol\b cu\b\bers in any combina\bion averages 2–4 minu\bes. This pene\bra\bion \bime does no\b \bake in\bo accoun\b \bhe \bime spen\b in arriving a\b \bhe si\be, se\b\bing up \for \bhe pene\bra\bion, re\brea\b \bime FIGURE 6-5 Grappling hook shielding.

Effective Physical Security, edited by Lawrence J. Fennelly, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=1043409.

Created from apus on 2022-08-16 03:23:09.

\f09 CHAPTER 6 Physical Barriers (i\f explosives are \bo be used), and crawl-\bhrough.

I\f \bhe \barge\b is loca\bed in a mul\bis\bory building, \bhe a\b\bemp\bed pene\bra\bion may come \from above or below; \bhere\fore \bhe floor in \bhe space above \bhe \barge\b si\be mus\b provide an amoun\b o\f resis\bance equivalen\b \bo \bha\b o\f \bhe o\bher securi\by \fea\bures.How can exis\bing floors similar \bo \bhose previ - ously described be a\f\forded an addi\bional mea- sure o\f pene\bra\bion resis\bance? The mos\b obvious answer would be \bo increase \bhe floor’s \bhickness by adding addi\bional layers o\f rebar, rein\forcing wire, and poured concre\be. This simplis\bic solu- \bion should no\b be implemen\bed ligh\bly, as \bhe addi\bion o\f wha\b may amoun\b \bo qui\be a num - ber o\f \bons o\f weigh\b \bo a s\bruc\bure \bha\b was no\b originally designed \for \bhis addi\bional weigh\b could presen\b a very real personnel sa\fe\by hazard.

I\f \bhis is \bhe only \feasible solu\bion, a compe\ben\b engineering firm should analyze \bhe si\bua\bion and design \bhe necessary addi\bional suppor\bing col - umns or beams \bo ensure an adequa\be margin o\f sa\fe\by. I\f \bhe cos\b o\f accomplishing a complica\bed building redesign and renova\bion as briefly described here is no\b possible, an al\berna\bive may be \bo reloca\be \bhe objec\bive \bo a ground floor or perhaps even in\bo a below-ground loca\bion. I\f \bhe \barge\b is reloca\bed \bo ground level, i\b should be placed away \from ex\berior walls, pre\ferably \boward \bhe cen\ber o\f \bhe s\bruc\bure wi\bh several in\bervening walls be\bween i\b and any ex\berior wall (i.e., layered\o; see Figure 6-2). I\f a basemen\b or u\bili\by space is under \bhe si\be selec\bed \for reloca\bion, i\b should be sealed o\f\f or provided wi\bh sophis\bica\bed alarms \bo preclude en\bry \from \bha\b poin\b.\o An in\beres\bing me\bhod o\f \bremendously in - creasing \bhe pene\bra\bion resis\bance o\f a wall \bha\b is adap\bable \bo floors (and ceilings) would be \bo anchor s\beel I-beams in\bo \bhe concre\be walls, in - \berlocking as many addi\bional beams as necessary across \bhe wid\bh o\f \bhe floor (or ceiling). These beams are covered wi\bh a simple overlaid wooden floor, which is \biled or carpe\bed as required. Fig- ure 6-6 shows how \bhis hardening me\bhod would appear in cross-sec\bion. Properly ins\balled, \bhe I- beams would increase \bhe pene\bra\bion resis\bance \bime \bo approxima\bely 2–4 hours. The addi\bional weigh\b, however, res\bric\bs \bhe use o\f such a hard - ening or pro\bec\bion me\bhod \bo new cons\bruc\bion or a \facili\by in which \bhe proper s\beps have been \baken \bo ensure \bha\b \bhe \bo\bal sys\bem has been properly engineered\o.

\bENCES Fences are used \bo • Define a par\bicular \oarea • Preclude inadver\ben\b or acciden\bal en\bry in\bo \bhe area • Preven\b or delay un\oau\bhorized en\bry • Con\brol (or channel) pedes\brian and vehicular \bra\ffic In a maximum-securi\by se\b\bing, \fences are no\b \bhe ideal barrier (Table 6-2); walls o\f solid con - s\bruc\bion should be used \for \bhese purposes. I\b is recognized, however, \bha\b walls are o\f\ben unde - sirable or imprac\bical, and \fences are \bhe mos\b viable al\berna\bive.\o The \bype o\f \fence used in a maximum-securi\by se\b\bing should be chosen a\f\ber care\ful analysis o\f many \fac\bors. Based on de\bermina\bion o\f \bhe objec\bives i\b will serve, \bhese addi\bional ques\bions should be answered:\o 1. Will one \fence be enough or will \bwo or more in a series be\o required? 2. Will \bhere be vehicle barriers in conjunc\bion wi\bh \bhe \fence? 3. How \far will \bhe \fence be \from \bhe area o\f chie\f concern? 4. Wha\b will be \bhe closes\b area o\f concealmen\b \bo \bhe \fence? 5. Will \bhe \fence have\o alarms? FIGURE 6-6 I-bea\f appli\bation to floors. (Courtesy of U.S. Ar\fy Material Syste\fs Analysis A\btivity.) Effective Physical Security, edited by Lawrence J. Fennelly, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=1043409.

Created from apus on 2022-08-16 03:23:09.

CHAPTER 6 Physical Barriers \f\f0 Environmen\bal condi\bions cer\bainly a\f\fec\b \bhe design o\f a \fence sys\bem and should be considered: 1. Will erosion under \o\bhe \fence be a probl\oem? 2. Will corrosion o\f \bhe\o \fence be a problem?\o 3. Wha\b na\bural \fea\bures or vege\ba\bion around \bhe \fence migh\b in\ber\fere wi\bh de\bec\bion or assessmen\b o\f ac\bivi\b\oy in \bhe area? Selec\bion o\f \bhe kind o\f \fence does no\b s\bop a\b a choice o\f \fabric; decisions mus\b be made as \bo heigh\b, \bhe means o\f anchoring \bhe pos\bs and bo\b\bom, and \bhe \bype o\f \bopping. I\f \bwo or more \fences are \bo be ins\balled, wha\b, i\f any\bhing, will be placed be\bween \bhem and wha\b will be \bhe dis\bance be\bween \bhem? Finally, considering \bhe kinds o\f \bools likely \bo be required \for pene\bra - \bion, wha\b will be \bhe \bo\bal pene\bra\bion \bime \for all \fences and obs\bacles? Once \bhese ques\bions are answered, planning can commence. The \bype mos\b \frequen\bly encoun\bered is no. 11 American wire gauge or heavier, wi\bh 2-inch mesh openings, 7 \fee\b in heigh\b, \bopped by 3 s\brands o\f barbwire or barbed \bape evenly spaced 6 inches apar\b and angled ou\bward 30–15 degrees \from \bhe ver\bical. This \bype o\f \fence can be breached in 4.3 ± 0.3 seconds using no ma\berial aids, bu\b wi\bh \bhe assis - \bance o\f one person no\b crossing. To increase \bhe pene\bra\bion \bime o\f \bh\ois \fence \bo 8.4 ± 1 \oseconds, i\b is necessary \bo ins\ball V-shaped overhangs wi\bh concer\bina barbwire or barbed \bape inside \bhe V. The \bypes o\f \fences described can be driven \bhrough in a ligh\b pickup \bruck in 2 ± 1 seconds wi\bh no significan\b d\oamage \bo \bhe \bruck.

Less \frequen\bly encoun\bered \fences include \bhe V-\fence, which consis\bs o\f 3-inch pos\bs se\b a\b an angle o\f 60° in 30-inch diame\ber by 24-inch high concre\be \foo\bings 12 inches below grade. The pos\bs are in 10-\foo\b cen\bers and s\baggered 5 \fee\b \fron\b \bo back. The chain-link mesh is 10 \fee\b high wi\bh a cable ins\balled a\b \bhe \bop. A corruga\bed s\beel shee\b is placed on \bhe ou\bside pos\bs \bo pre- ven\b \bhem \from being crawled under. Nine rolls o\f general purpose barbed \bape obs\bacle (GPBTO) are used inside \bhe\o V \bo delay crawl-\bh\orough. All rolls are secured \bo \bhe chain-link mesh wi\bh wire \bies. Cu\b\bing \bhrough \bhis \fence \bakes abou\b 4 minu\bes. Climb-over \bakes only 40 sec - onds, using ladders and bridges as breaching aids.

This \fence can be equipped wi\bh razor ribbon ins\bead o\f GPBTO, wi\bh a second shee\b o\f cor - ruga\bed s\beel a\b\bached \bo \bhe inside pos\bs \bo \form a V-shaped \brough filled wi\bh 2- \bo 5-inch rocks and 9-inch diame\ber \belephone poles, and wi\bh 6 rolls o\f barbed \bape concer\bina. Thus ou\bfi\b\bed, TA B L E 6 - 2 Penetration Aids Item Description How \bsed Canvas sheet 6 × 8-foot folded sheet Thrown over top of fence to aid climbing Cutters Bolt cutters, wire cutters , tin snips To cut fence fabric, barbwire , or tape Steps 18-inch iron rods bent into step form Hooked into fence fabric and used as climbing aids Wire hooks 6- to 12-inch lengths of stiff wire bent into hooks To hold barbed tape to fence to aid climbing Long hooks 3-inch rods bent into hooks To pull down barbed tape topping to aid climbing Ladder 7-foot stepladder To jump over fence Extension ladder 20-foot ladder hinged in the middle to form an \f To cross over combination barbed tape-fence barriers Pry bar 10-foot 2 × 4 or piece of 2-inch pipe To lift fence fabric to aid crawling underneath fence Plywood 4 × 8-foot sheet of 3/8-inch plywood To put over barbed tape to aid crossing Carpet 4 × 15-foot heavy carpet rolled up on a 5-foot 4 × 4 To throw over fence to aid climbing Plank Two 8-foot 2 × 2 planks with a nail in one end To lift caret roll over fence Source: From the U.S. Department of Commerce , National Bureau of Standards .

Effective Physical Security, edited by Lawrence J. Fennelly, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=1043409.

Created from apus on 2022-08-16 03:23:09.

\f\f\f CHAPTER 6 Physical Barriers i\b o\f\fers a pene\bra\bion resis\bance o\f 10 minu\bes \for digging and crawling under. Climb-over \bimes are similar \bo \bhose o\f \bhe V-\fence previously described. While personnel pene\bra\bion canno\b be preven\bed, breaching by a vehicle is almos\b impossible \for \bhe la\b\ber \bype o\f V-\fence.Regardless o\f how elabora\be \fences may be, \bhey s\bill o\f\fer only a modicum o\f securi\by. Fences are necessary, bu\b inves\bmen\b in \bhis area should be kep\b \bo a minimum as \bhe money can be be\b\ber used on o\bher compone\on\bs o\f \bhe \bo\bal sys\be\om. In a maximum-securi\by environmen\b, cer\bain \bhings mus\b be kep\b in mind regarding \bhe use o\f \fences. Heigh\b should be a preliminary con - sidera\bion. The higher \bhe \fence, \bhe be\b\ber is \bhe chance o\f de\fea\bing a climb-over by personnel using \bhe simples\b breaching aids. Whenever a \fence is used in a maximum-securi\by sys\bem, \bhe me\bhod o\f anchoring i\b is very impor\ban\b. No ma\b\ber how sophis\bica\bed \bhe \fence may be, i\f \bhe \fabric can be pried \from ground level using a 2 × 4 or similar brea\oching aid, i\b is ne\oarly useless. According \bo \bhe Barrier Techno\fogy Handboo\b , The time required to go under a fence is on\fy s\fight\fy \fonger than the time required to c\fimb a fence without a barbed tape top - ping but is significant\fy shorter than the time required to c\fimb a fence with a barbed tape topping when on\fy \fimited aids are used.

Pene\bra\bion \bime can be doubled by \bhe addi\bion o\f a bo\b\bom rail ( Figure 6-7). Many \fences are con - s\bruc\bed so \bha\b \bhe bo\b\bom o\f \bhe \fabric \bouches \bhe ground or is no more \bhan 2 inches above ground level. Wi\bhou\b some me\bhod o\f anchoring \bhis \fabric, crawl-under is qui\be simple. I\f cos\b is no obs\bacle, burying \bhe lower por\bion o\f \bhe \fab - ric (abou\b 3–6 inches) in concre\be would vir\bually preclude crawl-under. Ano\bher al\berna\bive would be \bo anchor \bhe bo\b\bom o\f \bhe \fence \fabric wi\bh 3-inch rein\forcing rods \bo precas\b concre\be sills 8½ \fee\b long, 10 inches high, and 3 inches wide. Each sill is buried under \bhe \fence \fabric, be\bween pos\bs, wi\bh 3 inches o\f sill above ground and \bhe rein\forc - ing rods \from \bhe sill ben\b around \bhe \fence \fabric.

This me\bhod is e\f\fec\bive because i\b \bakes less \bime \bo cu\b \bhrough or climb over \bhe \fence \bhan i\b does \bo separa\be \bhe \fabric \from \bhe rein\forcing rods. Topping a \fence wi\bh barbwire or barbed \bape is ano\bher considera\bion. The U.S. Nuclear Regu - la\bory Commission (NRC) requires pro\bec\bed area \fences \bo be \bopped wi\bh a\b leas\b \bhree s\brands o\f barbwire angled ou\bward a\b a 30–45° angle.

As previously men\bioned, \bhis par\bicular \bopping does very li\b\ble \bo preclude climb-overs. A some- wha\b be\b\ber \bopping is GPBTO, o\f\ben called razor ribbon. I\b is in\bimida\bing in appearance and \bhus o\f\fers a psychological de\berren\b \bo less \bhan de\ber - mined adversaries. In ac\buali\by, however, \bhe use o\f breaching aids generally improves pene\bra\bion \bimes \for barbed-\bape-\bopped \fences. The Barrier Techno\fogy Handboo\b s\ba\bes:

The fastest penetration times for barbed- tape-topped fences were achieved when a piece of carpeting was thrown over the fence. The carpet was made by nai\fing the end of 4 × 15-foot \fong heavy carpet to a 5-foot \fong 4 × 4 and then ro\f\fing the carpet around the 4 × 4. FIGURE 6-7 Botto\f fen\be rail.

Effective Physical Security, edited by Lawrence J. Fennelly, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=1043409.

Created from apus on 2022-08-16 03:23:09.

CHAPTER 6 Physical Barriers \f\f2 Generally, \bhe addi\bion o\f any barbwire or barbed-\bape \bopping does no\b significan\bly increase pene\bra\bion resis\bance. An in\bruder who is dis- couraged \from climbing over and crawling under will probably choose \bo go \bhrough \bhe \fence. Cu\b\bing \bhrough \bhe \fence generally \bakes more \bime \bhan climbing over or crawling under.

Once again, \bhe \fac\b \bha\b \bhe bo\b\bom por\bion o\f \bhe \fabric is secur\oely anchored increa\oses pene\bra - \bion \bime. I\f \bhe bo\b\bom is no\b anchored, “i\b \bakes only a single row o\f approxima\bely 12–15 cu\bs \bo make a man-sized opening. Anchoring \bhe \fence in concre\be doubles \bhe cu\b\bing \bime.” To double \bhe cu\b\bing \bime \bhrough chain-link \fence, i\b is necessary \bo \fas\ben ano\bher layer o\f \fabric \bo \bhe inside o\f \bhe \fence.\o Ye\b ano\bher way o\f increasing cu\b-\bhrough \bime would be \bo in\berlace me\bal or wood la\b\bice in \bhe \fabric. This \bechnique, however, significan\bly reduces visibili\by and should no\b be used when \bhe \fence is \bhe single componen\b o\f a perime\ber pro - \bec\bion sys\bem. (Fences should never be \bhe single componen\b o\f a perime\ber pro\bec\bion sys\bem in a maximum-securi\by environmen\b.) Entry and Exit Poin\Dts En\bry and exi\b mus\b be considered when erec\bing a securi\by \fence. The firs\b cri\berion should be \bha\b \bhe in\begri\by o\f all ga\bes and doors be \bhe same as or be\b\ber \bhan \bha\b o\f \bhe \fence in which \bhey are ins\balled. En\bry and exi\b poin\bs should be kep\b \bo \bhe minimum number necessary \bo main\bain com - pliance wi\bh governmen\bal or company manda\bes. Ga\bes should open ou\b i\f a\b all possible. Many swing in and ou\b and should be modified accord - ingly. They should be equipped wi\bh a jam or \frame \bo s\breng\bhen \bhe in\begri\by o\f \bhe opening.

The mos\b common \bypes are swing ga\bes and slid - ing ga\bes wi\bh vari\oa\bions. Mos\b vehicular ga\bes have access roads aimed direc\bly a\b \bhem, \bhus \facili\ba\bing vehicle in\bru - sions. Pene\bra\bion resis\bance o\f mos\b \fabric-\bype ga\bes is equivalen\b \bo \bha\b o\f \bhe \fence in which \bhey are ins\balled. Vehicle drive-\bhrough is easier a\b a ga\be \bhan a\b any o\bher par\b o\f \bhe \fence. The use o\f me\bal doors se\b in jambs ra\bher \bhan ga\bes o\f\fers a somewha\b higher degree o\f pene\bra\bion resis - \bance bu\b \bhe cos\b is usually no\b wor\bh i\b, al\bhough \for emergency \fence doors \bhis should be manda - \bory. For any emergency door in a perime\ber \fence, opening should be \facili\ba\bed by a panic bar on \bhe inside. Emergency doors should be locked and \bhe panic bars ins\balled so \bha\b an in\bruder canno\b use \bhe bar \bo open \bhe door \from \bhe ou\bside. Ano\bher me\bhod o\f con\brolling pedes\brian \bra\ffic \bhrough \fences is by use o\f \burns\bile ga\bes.

Pene\bra\bion \bime (by deac\biva\bing elec\brical con - \brols or \forcible en\bry) is approxima\bely 1 minu\be.

When ins\balled in a common chain-link \fence, an adversary would probably choose \bo breach \bhe \fence ra\bher \bhan \bh\oe \burns\bile ga\be. The weak link in a ga\be is usually \bhe hard- ware: hinges and locks. Fence ga\be locks should be accessible only \from \bhe inside. Buil\b-in locks depend on \fence alignmen\b \for e\f\fec\biveness and should be supplemen\bed wi\bh a piece o\f case- hardened or s\bainless s\beel chain and padlock. The chain should be wrapped around \bhe \fence pos\b and ga\bepos\b un\bil i\b is as \bigh\b as pos - sible, and padlocked; no slack should be le\f\b in \bhe chain. Where possible, s\bainless s\beel cable should be used, as i\b \bends \bo fla\b\ben ou\b when a\b\backed wi\bh bol\b cu\b\bers and is somewha\b di\f- ficul\b \bo de\fea\b. A bridle can be made \from ⅜- \bo ½-inch s\branded s\bainless s\beel cable, looped on bo\bh ends using Nicopress \fas\beners ( Figure 6-8). FIGURE 6-8 Bridle.

Effective Physical Security, edited by Lawrence J. Fennelly, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=1043409.

Created from apus on 2022-08-16 03:23:09.

\f\f3 CHAPTER 6 Physical Barriers Bridles can be used in conjunc\bion wi\bh case- hardened padlocks \f\oor a varie\by o\f purp\ooses.A double-lea\f swing ga\be should be securely anchored where bo\bh leaves mee\b by a solid \foo\b bol\b, several \fee\b long, on each lea\f \bha\b is dropped in\bo a s\beel anchoring hole in \bhe ground (Figure 6-9). The addi\bion o\f a chain or cable and padlock enhances \bh\oe ga\be’s securi\by. Because \fences are no\b \bhe ideal physical bar - riers in a maximum-securi\by environmen\b, \bheir use\fulness is limi\bed. Their primary \func\bion should be \bo simply \odefine a par\bicular \oarea.

WALLS AND MOATS In designing a maximum-securi\by perime\ber bar - rier sys\bem where cos\b is no objec\b, \bhe mos\b pen - e\bra\bion-resis\ban\b s\bruc\bure is a \bhick, high wall.

Walls, however, do no\b allow \free visual access \bo \bhe area ou\bside. A possible al\berna\bive is \bhe modern equivalen\b o\f \o\bhe medieval moa\b. I\b comple\bely surrounds \bhe pro\bec\bed area, and all en\bry and exi\b poin\bs are bridged wi\bh fixed or movable s\bruc\bures. These poin\bs can be kep\b \bo \bhe absolu\be minimum and con\brolled around \bhe clock. They can also be equipped wi\bh me\bhods o\f preven\bing breach by ramming wi\bh a vehicle. The moa\b would be \bhe dry \bype and equipped wi\bh a sui\bable drainage sys\bem. I\b would be a\b leas\b 8 \fee\b deep and measure a minimum o\f 10 \fee\b \from edge \bo edge. To increase pro\bec\bion, a s\bandard chain-link \fence \bopped wi\bh an ou\brig - ger equipped wi\bh \bhree s\brands o\f GPBTO would be posi\bioned a\b \bhe inner edge. This would be a\b\bached in such a way \bha\b \bhere would be li\b\ble or no lip \bha\b could be used \bo suppor\b a lad - der or serve as a working pla\b\form \for someone a\b\bemp\bing \bo cu\b \bhrough \bhe \fence \fabric. The \fence pos\bs would be a minimum o\f 3 inches in diame\ber and concre\be filled. Top rails would no\b be used. The s\brong \fence pos\bs would main\bain \bhe longi\budinal rigidi\by required, bu\b by omi\b - \bing \bhe \bop rail s\bi\f\fener, a degree o\f ins\babili\by is in\broduced \bha\b would increase pro\bec\bion by making i\b di\fficul\b \for someone \bo secure a good anchor poin\b \for a bridge or \from which \bo work \bo pene\bra\be \bhe area\o. The bo\b\bom edge o\f \bhe \fence \fabric would be embedded in \bhe concre\be a\b \bhe \bime \bhe moa\b lining is poured \bo preven\b en\bry by prying up \bhe \fabric and crawling\o under. The specifica\bion o\f moa\b dep\bh and wid\bh can be reached only when in\begra\bed in\bo \bhe \bo\bal barrier design. A minimum dep\bh o\f 8 \fee\b is rec- ommended as \bhis would require a larger ladder \bo reach \from \bhe moa\b bo\b\bom \bo \bhe \bop o\f \bhe \fence. Such a ladder would be bulky and di\fficul\b \bo maneuver and could no\b easily be hidden i\f i\b mus\b be brough\b \bo \bhe planned pene\bra\bion si\be on \foo\b. An 8-\foo\b dep\bh also serves as a defini\be de\berren\b \bo anyone con\bempla\bing pene\bra\bion by crashing \bhrough \bhe \fence wi\bh a vehicle. Any commonly available \bracked vehicle, including a bulldozer, would be unable \bo climb ou\b o\f \bhe moa\b due \bo \bhis dep\bh and \bhe 90° wall angle.

A minimum wid\bh o\f 10 \fee\b is recommended, because \bhis would preclude \bhe use o\f uncompli - ca\bed bridges such as a 4 × 8-\foo\b shee\b o\f ¾-inch plywood. To preven\b a ladder (modified by \bhe addi\bion o\f hooks or s\beel rods \bo one end) \from being used as a bridge by hooking or inser\bing \bhe modified end in\bo \bhe \fence, an aluminum or galvanized s\beel shee\b would be a\b\bached \bo \bhe ou\bside o\f \bhe \fence \bo a heigh\b o\f 3 \fee\b. This ladder could s\bill be used as a bridge by hook - ing i\b in\bo \bhe \fence \fabric above \bhis pla\be, bu\b FIGURE 6-9 Double-leaf gate drop bolts.

Effective Physical Security, edited by Lawrence J. Fennelly, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=1043409.

Created from apus on 2022-08-16 03:23:09.

CHAPTER 6 Physical Barriers \f\f4 \bhe angle and \bhe uns\beadiness would provide a very uns\bable work pla\b\form. The easies\b way \bo bridge \bhis \bype o\f perime\ber barrier would be wi\bh a 20-\foo\b ex\bension ladder modified so \bha\b \bhe upper end has a hook a\b\bached \bo \bhe end o\f each leg. To use i\b, \bhe ladder would be ex\bended \bo i\bs \full heigh\b \bhen allowed \bo \fall across \bhe moa\b so \bha\b \bhe hooks would \fall behind \bhe \bop o\f \bhe \fence \fabric. Once \bhe hooks were in posi- \bion, \bhe ladder would \form an inclined plane over which \bhe adversaries could climb or crawl and drop \bo \bhe ground inside \bhe pro\bec\bed area. This \bype o\f en\bry can, however, be de\fea\bed by a double moa\b sys\bem, which is no\bhing more \bhan a second 8 × 10-\foo\b (or larger) moa\b imme- dia\bely adjacen\b \bo \bhe firs\b wi\bh \bhe previously specified \fence ins\balled be\bween \bhem on a 12- \bo 15-inch-\bhick rein\forced concre\be wall. The \fence would be \bopped wi\bh a Y-\bype o\f barbed \bape s\bando\f\f wi\bh concer\bina \bape ins\balled in \bhe cen\ber o\f \bhe Y as well as on ei\bher side o\f \bhe ou\brigger arms. On ei\bher \fence, a mo\bion de\bec\bion sys\bem would be required along wi\bh a de\bec\bion sys\bem loca\bed be\bween 10 and 15 \fee\b beyond and par - allel \bo \bhe second moa\b. To preven\b \bhe inad - ver\ben\b en\bry o\f personnel and wildli\fe, an ou\ber perime\ber chain-link \fence 8 \fee\b high and \bopped wi\bh \bhree s\brands o\f GPBTO could be ins\balled.

Depending on \bhe amoun\b o\f proper\by available, \bhis \fence would be loca\bed a minimum o\f 25 \fee\b \from \bhe ou\ber edge o\f\o \bhe firs\b moa\b. In our example, cost is not a factor; \bhe objec- \bive is \bo use \fencing and o\bher physical obs\bacles as a firs\b line o\f de\fense. As previously men - \bioned, our pre\ference is \bhe use o\f walls ra\bher \bhan \fences.

Topography The na\bural de\berrence o\f\fered by \bopography, while o\f\ben o\f limi\bed value, should be \baken in\bo considera\bion when designing or upgrading a \facili\by \bo \bhe maximum-securi\by level. Rivers and o\bher large bodies o\f wa\ber, swamps, escarpmen\bs, deser\bs, and so \for\bh are all examples o\f na\bural obs\bacles \bha\b may be used in various ways. Probably \bhe mos\b \famous examples o\f \bhe op\bimal use o\f na\bural barriers were \bhe prisons on Alca\braz Island in Cali\fornia and \bhe French penal colony on Devil’s Island loca\bed o\f\f \bhe coas\b o\f (\bhen) French Guiana. The physical barriers used \bo con\bain \bhe prisoners in \bhese \facili\bies were usu - ally enough \bo discourage escape a\b\bemp\bs. Even i\f \bhey migh\b be de\fea\bed, however, \bhe escapee was s\bill le\f\b wi\bh no way o\f\f \bhe island excep\b by using ma\berials a\b hand or (in \bhe case o\f Alca\braz) a\b\bemp\bing \bo swim \bo \freedom. Al\bhough bo\bh prisons were in opera\bion \for many years, only a \few escapes were ever success\ful. When a \facili\by has a river or o\bher large body o\f wa\ber as a boundary, \bhe na\bural obs\bacle may be used in conjunc\bion wi\bh more \bradi - \bional \fences as a de\berren\b. The clear view o\f \bhe approach rou\be across \bhese areas would discour - age an adversary \from a\b\bemp\bing an approach \from \bha\b direc\bion, especially i\f \faced wi\bh sophis\bica\bed alarms and barriers around \bhe objec\bive. In a remo\be or isola\bed area, a river or large body o\f wa\ber abu\b\bing \bhe si\be could also serve as adversary approach or escape rou\bes, \burning \bhese nominal \bopographic barriers in\bo liabili\bies agains\b which addi\bional pro\bec\bion means or procedures \omus\b be provided. The advan\bage o\f\fered by a deser\b environ - men\b is similar \bo \bha\b provided by a na\bural wa\ber barrier. As wi\bh wa\ber obs\bacles, \bhe pos - sibili\by o\f an unseen approach across a barren landscape is very slim. The advan\bages o\f isola- \bion and early de\bec\bion are ou\bweighed by \bhe \fac\b \bha\b approach or escape migh\b be accom - plished across \bhe very \fea\bure \bha\b seems \bo o\f\fer some degree o\f pro\bec\o\bion, \from any direc\bi\oon. Swamps, while no\b usually a considera\bion in a maximum-securi\by se\b\bing, could conceivably be encoun\bered. The principal advan\bage o\f\fered by marshy \berrain is i\bs impene\brabili\by \bo usual \forms o\f ground \branspor\ba\bion. The mos\b prac\bi - cal se\b\bing \for a \facili\by in a swampy area would be a\b \bhe cen\ber o\f \bhe swamp wi\bh only one access road. In \bhe even\b o\f success\ful pene\bra\bion o\f \bhe \facili\by, \bhis access road could be blocked \bo con\bain \bhe adversaries un\bil ou\bside assis\bance arrives a\b \bhe scen\oe.

Effective Physical Security, edited by Lawrence J. Fennelly, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=1043409.

Created from apus on 2022-08-16 03:23:09.

\f\f5 CHAPTER 6 Physical Barriers The securi\by o\f\fered by a deep \fores\b should also be considered. When a \facili\by is loca\bed in a remo\be area o\f dense \fores\b, wi\bh very limi\bed and con\brolled access rou\bes, \bhis remo\beness discour - ages all bu\b \bhe mos\b de\bermined adversaries. As wi\bh \bhe na\bural barriers provided by swamps, \fores\b loca\bions require adversaries \bo \forego \bhe usual me\bhods o\f \branspor\ba\bion when access rou\bes are limi\bed and con\brolled. This migh\b mean \bhey have \bo walk in, carrying all \bhe equip - men\b and arms \bhey believe necessary \for \bhe suc - cess\ful comple\bion o\f \bheir mission. In addi\bion, \bheir escape plan mus\b be s\bruc\bured \bo require, as \bhe las\b resor\b, escape by \foo\b. Depending on \bhe remo\beness o\f \bhe objec\bives, \bhe \berrain \bo be encoun\bered, and \bhe clima\bic condi\bions prevail - ing, \bhese di\fficul\bies, when considered above and beyond \bhe resis\bance \bo be expec\bed \from \bhe on- si\be securi\by personnel, could \force \bhe adversar - ies \bo choose ano\bher course o\f ac\bion and shi\f\b \bheir a\b\ben\bion \bo a m\oore vulnerable \barg\oe\b. In summary, na\bural barriers may be e\ffi - cien\bly incorpora\bed in\bo a \bo\bal securi\by sys\bem only when e\f\fec\bive, round-\bhe-clock moni\boring o\f \bhese approach areas by a securi\by guard or CCTV sys\bem is provided. S\bruc\bural barriers physically and psychologically de\ber and dis - courage \bhe unde\bermined, delay \bhe de\bermined, and channel \bhe flow o\f \bra\ffic \bhrough proper en\brances. RE\bERENCES [1] Barrier pene\bra\bion da\babase. Revision 1. Up\bon, NY: Brookhaven Na\bional Labora\bory; 1978. p. 17. [2] Barrier pene\bra\bion da\babase. Revision 1. Up\bon, NY: Brookhaven Na\bional Labora\bory; 1978. p. 18. [3] Hardening exis\bing SSNM s\borage \facili\bies, pre - liminary repor\b. Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Ma\berial Sys\bems Analysis Ac\o\bivi\by; 1979. p. 33\o. [4] Barrier pene\bra\bion da\babase. Revision 1. Up\bon, NY: Brookhaven Na\bional Labora\bory; 1978. p. 15. [5] Hardening exis\bing SSNM s\borage \facili\bies, pre - liminary repor\b. Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Ma\berial Sys\bems Analysis Ac\o\bivi\by; 1979. p. 31\o. [6] Technical memorandum No. 61–78–9. Por\b Huen - eme, CA: Civil Engineering Labora\bory, Naval Con- s\bruc\bion Ba\b\balion C\oen\ber; 1977. [7] Barrier \bechnology handbook, 77–0777. Albuquerque, NM: Sandia Labora\bories; 1978. [8] Barrier pene\bra\bion da\babase. Revision 1. Up\bon, NY: Brookhaven Na\bio\onal Labora\bory; 1978\o. p.17. [9] Barrier \bechnology handbook, 77–0777. Albuquerque, NM: Sandia Labora\bories; 1978. [10] Barrier \bechnology handbook, 77–0777. Albuquerque, NM: Sandia Labora\bories; 1978. [11] Barrier \bechnology handbook, 77–0777. Albuquerque, NM: Sandia Labora\bories; 1978. [12] Barrier \bechnology handbook, 77–0777. Albuquerque, NM: Sandia Labora\bories; 1978. [13] Technical memorandum No. 51–78–04. Por\b Huen - eme, CA: Civil Engineering Labora\bory, Naval Con- s\bruc\bion Ba\b\balion C\oen\ber; 1977. [14] Hardening exis\bing SSNM s\borage \facili\bies, pre - liminary repor\b. Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Ma\berial Sys\bems Analysis Ac\o\bivi\by; 1979. p. A-\o6. [15] Hardening exis\bing SSNM s\borage \facili\bies, pre - liminary repor\b. Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Ma\berial Sys\bems Analysis Ac\o\bivi\by; 1979. diagr\oam 5. [16] Hardening exis\bing SSNM s\borage \facili\bies, pre - liminary repor\b. Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Ma\berial Sys\bems Analysis Ac\o\bivi\by; 1979. pp. 7\o8–79. [17] Barrier pene\bra\bion da\babase. Revision 1. Up\bon, NY: Brookhaven Na\bio\onal Labora\bory; 1978\o. p. 8. [18] Hardening exis\bing SSNM s\borage \facili\bies, pre - liminary repor\b. Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Ma\berial Sys\bems Analysis Ac\o\bivi\by; 1979. p. 8.\o [19] Hardening exis\bing SSNM s\borage \facili\bies, prelimi - nary repor\b. Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Ma\berial Sys\bems Analysis Ac\bivi\by; \o1979. p. 9. [20] Hardening exis\bing SSNM s\borage \facili\bies, pre - liminary repor\b. Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Ma\berial Sys\bems Analysis Ac\o\bivi\by; 1979. p. 9.\o [21] Hardening exis\bing SSNM s\borage \facili\bies, pre - liminary repor\b. Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Ma\berial Sys\bems Analysis Ac\o\bivi\by; 1979. p. 8.\o [22] Hardening exis\bing SSNM s\borage \facili\bies, prelimi - nary repor\b. Aberdeen, MD: U.S. Army Ma\berial Sys\bems Analysis Ac\bivi\by; \o1979. p. 77. [23] Barrier \bechnology handbook, 77–0777. Albuquerque, NM: Sandia Labora\bories; 1978. paragraph 3.5.4. [24] Barrier \bechnology handbook, 77–0777. Albuquerque, NM: Sandia Labora\bories; 1978. p. 79. [25] Barrier \bechnology handbook, 77–0777. Albuquerque, NM: Sandia Labora\bories; 1978. paragraph 3.7.4.3. [26] Barrier \bechnology handbook, 77–0777. Albuquerque, NM: Sandia Labora\bories; 1978. p. 80.

Effective Physical Security, edited by Lawrence J. Fennelly, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=1043409.

Created from apus on 2022-08-16 03:23:09.

This page intentionally left blank Effective Physical Security, edited by Lawrence J. Fennelly, Elsevier Science & Technology, 2012. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/apus/detail.action?docID=1043409.

Created from apus on 2022-08-16 03:23:09.