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1. Cyber security of a power grid: State-of-the-art

The authors, Hahn Adam L., Liu Chenching, and Chih-Che Sun, are accomplished researchers at the school of electrical engineering and computer science at a reputable academic institution, Washington State University. The paper was published by Elsevier Ltd in the International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems (JEPE). This is a peer-reviewed journal focusing on research on electrical and electronic engineering technologies. Elsevier is a renowned publisher of academic journals and articles.

The authors argue that cyber-attacks pose significant threats to physical infrastructure such as power grids and propose solutions to improve power grids' security.

According to the paper, increased attacks on protected networks worldwide show that cybercriminals have enhanced their capabilities to access sensitive and secured data. The Authors give an example of a cyber-attack on the Ukrainian power grid to highlight the value of the research. This illustrates the reality of cyber threats to power systems. The authors provide credible evidence about the Ukrainian attack by reviewing reports about the event published by two power companies, the SANS institute and Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center (EISAC).

According to the author, the United States government supported the research under the Department of Energy. Thus, the study's findings might be biased to comply with the government policies on issues such as climate change and competition between the United States and China.

According to the publishing journal, the authors are well-versed in electrical and computer science engineering. Thus, the paper is fairly accurate.

(Mueller, 2009) recommended an overhaul of the existing hardware and software control platforms for power grids in the United States to reduce their vulnerability to threats.

This source is suitable for academic research because it is authored by academicians in renowned academic institutions. The authors' academic credentials highlight their expertise in the research topic; thus, their arguments can be used to inform academic research.

1. Cybersecurity in Power Grids: Challenges and Opportunities

The article was written by experts from various fields: Cyber Analysis and Defense, Digital Energy, and High Voltage Equipment. This increased the article's credibility since it incorporated knowledge from different sectors to inform the research. The paper was published by MDPI, which published peer-reviewed scientific articles and journals.

The authors argue that increased use of communication technology in power grids increases the chances of cyber-attacks by malicious actors. The researchers investigate communication infrastructure in power grids and propose solutions to this threat.

The researchers note that the energy sector is now classified as a critical infrastructure due to its importance in modern societies. The authors further point out the cyber threats posed by the application of digital technology in power grid operations and recommend strategies to secure this critical infrastructure. The authors consistently quote credible sources throughout the paper, which provide evidence for their arguments.

According to the article, the research received no external funding and thus is not susceptible to sponsor bias. The paper is authored by professionals from different fields working together, which reduces the chances of inaccurate arguments. The authors bring a diverse wealth of experience, improving the paper's accuracy.

(Henze, 2017) investigates the security threats facing Cyber-Physical Systems (CPU) as they strive to incorporate information technology with the physical world. This paper acknowledges the threats discussed by (Henze, 2017) and proposes solutions. This source is suitable for academic research because it is written by accomplished scholars in their respective fields. In addition, the authors have consistently cited their sources in a well-organized bibliography.

1. Cyber Security for Power Grids

The paper was authored by researchers from the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at North Carolina State University. The lead author, Frank Mueller, has written several research papers. The article was published during an International Workshop on Cyber-Physical Systems Security, a renowned academic gathering organized by IEEE.

The authors argue that power utility companies should prioritize their grids' security and fault resilience. The article focuses on cyber security threats on power grids and proposes establishing an effective paradigm to secure cyber-physical systems.

According to the article, the power industry is rapidly evolving, as illustrated by adopting new technologies such as power electronics-based control and computing and communication technology. This exposes the industry to the risk of cyber-attacks, and the authors propose upgrading software to detect intrusions in the sector's cyber-physical systems. The authors provide citations as evidence for their arguments

The researchers propose the Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management (FREEDM) concept to improve power grids' cyber security. The concept is managed by NC State University, an institution affiliated with the authors. Thus, the authors might be biased towards this concept.

According to (Nazir, 2015), the integration of information technologies in electricity infrastructure has provided great benefits to all stakeholders; however, it exposes the power grid to cyber-attacks. While this paper recommends a software change to improve power grids' cyber security, (Nazir, 2015) proposes a holistic approach to addressing cyber security in power systems that continuously evolves to meet emerging threats. This paper is suitable for academic research because it is authored by scholars associated with a renowned academic institution.

Henze, M., Hiller, J., Hummen, R., Matzutt, R., Wehrle, K., & Ziegeldorf, J. H. (2017). Network Security and Privacy for Cyber-Physical Systems. Security and Privacy in Cyber-Physical Systems: Foundations, Principles, and Applications.

Krause, T., Ernst, R., Klaer, B., Hacker, I., & Henze, M. (2021). Cybersecurity in power grids: Challenges and opportunities. Sensors, 21(18), 6225.

Mueller, F., Bhattacharya, S., & Zimmer, C. (2009, July). Cyber security for power grids. In Workshop on Cyber-physical Systems Security.

Nazir, S., Hamdoun, H., & Alzubi, J. (2015). Cyber attack challenges and resilience for smart grids. European Journal of Scientific Research.

Sun, C. C., Hahn, A., & Liu, C. C. (2018). Cyber security of a power grid: State-of-the- art. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 99, 45-56.