answer the questions in biology with your own words, do not copy the sentences from the sources directly. No cheating, no plagiarism

Use your own words to answer the following questions, some answers many need to include drawings, chemical structures and schemes. Do not copy the sentences from the sources directly, you need to summarize them (you do not need to make citations here, but you must use your own words to describe the answers, not allow using sources in original words).

No cheating or no plagiarism!!!

The answers for each question should around 200-300 words

1. Outline the structure and properties of DNA and RNA, including similarities and differences

2. Outline the principles of using 1) 4 Biotin-ddNTPs; 2) 4 dNTPs; 3) detection by Mass spectrometry to sequence DNA. Highlight the benefit of this sequencing approach for mutation detection

3. Explain why fluorescence energy transfer (ET) dyes are better than single dyes for 4-color Sanger DNA sequencing.

4. Outline briefly the principles of (1) DNA sequencing by synthesis (SBS) using fluorescent nucleotide reversible terminators and (2) Pyrosequencing using nucleotide reversible terminators.

5. Use a scheme to outline the principle of the 4-color dye-labeled dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) for Sanger DNA sequencing using the following template and primer:

DNA template: 5'-ACGTGATC-3' Primer: 5'-GATC-3'

(1) List all the DNA extension products generated

(2) State the roles of deoxynucleotides (dNTPs) and dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) in the Sanger DNA sequencing method.

1. Describe schematically the principle of PCR. Why PCR grows DNA exponentially? (use both scheme and text to describe your answer)

2. Explain what is “translation” in biology. Outline all the steps required to synthesize Protein from mRNA

3. Outline the complete steps for the solid phase chemical synthesis of a DNA molecule

with a sequence of 5'-TGA-3' using a solid phase DNA synthesizer

1. Outline briefly the principle of Real-time single-molecule electronic DNA sequencing by synthesis using 4 polymer-tagged nucleotides with nanopore detection. What is the function of the 4 polymer tags?

2. (1) What is the function of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase and (2) why this polymerase is a unique target for COVID-19 drug development?

3. What is the molecular mechanism of Molnupiravir to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication?