This essay should be approximately 1 - 2 double-spaced page long. Correct spelling and grammar are important. Despite the well-known history of racism and bigotry in early Texas, ethnic relationships

"Under the slave syst em brutal savages have been elevated under the supervision of a superior race into docile, intelligent, and civilized agricultural laborers. Slaves were content until the Union serpent tempted them with the apple . Jefferson Davis, courtesy the Library of Congress. 5 of freedom." The Confederate constitution made the abolition of slavery practically impossible. A peculiarity of Davis was that he tried to fight a "gentlemanly" war. He declared some days to be reserved for prayer and fasting only. He was quite lenient on Southern deserters eschewing execution . He refused to censor the mail in the South, and the Union often gained valuable information from captured postal dispatches. Davis instructed his generals to PAY for whatever supplies and food they needed rather than just TAKE them from civilians. When given a chance to purchase a n ew invention, a type of machine gun, Davis rejected this inhuman, "barbaric instrument." In contrast, Lincoln ordered a thousand on the spot . There was no political party system in the South. This became a disadvantage, because it left no acceptable outlet for criticism of the government. All criticism became personal - -and aimed at Davis. SOLDIERING IN THE CIVIL WAR Initially, young men o f both the North and South were eager to enlist in the military. To them, w ar seemed a romantic, exciting experience and a way to escape the boredom of farm life . Many were afraid hostilities would end before they had a chance to participate. Some very you ng men, aged 14 -17, were below the age to legally enlist. Because most had no birth certificates to prove their age, they were required to swear on the Bible that they were "over eighteen." Not wanting to tell a lie before God, some clever fellows wrote th e number "18" on a piece of paper and put the paper in their shoe. Now, they could testify that they were "over eighteen" and they would technically not be lying under oath . Drill sergeants found that many recruits were so un schooled they did not know the ir right from their left. This caused so many problems that recruits were instructed to tie a piece of hay to their left boot and a wisp of straw to their right. Now when the sergeant chanted "hay foot, straw foot, hay face, " everyone knew which way to go. New recruits were often nicknamed, "Strawfoot." Discipline among the recruits was poor, especially early in the war when troops were allowed to elect their own officers. When the going got tough, many soldiers would disobe y a distasteful or dangerous order from their old childhood friend (the officer). Ultimately, both armies came to practice the pairing of officers from one state with enlisted men from another state. The unacquainted officers were more likely to punish dis obedience than their earlier counterparts. 6 CIVIL WAR FOOD No men were ever trained as cooks. Officers usually detailed the least valuable soldiers to oversee the mess tent, feeling that these "goof -offs" would do less damage here than anywhere else . As it turned out, t hese n'er do wells sometimes sold off the best cuts of meat, consumed other choice items themselves, and gave little care to general food preparation — much to the detriment of their colleagues in arms . While on the battle field, soldiers generally ate from their knapsack. The staple foods we re salted pork or beef and hardtack (crackers) for Yankees and salted pork and cornbread for the Rebels. Veterans remarked that it was usually best to eat in the dark where one could not see the mold and/or weevils that infested the food. CIVIL WAR MEDICINE Doctors of this era had no knowledge of germs or bacteria. They frequently whet their blades on the leather soles of their filthy shoes and wiped off the gore from a previous patient on their aprons --thus spreading disease from one patient to an other. Gangrene cases were common and required amputation, performed by cleaver or saw. If the doctor was exhausted or did not have a steady hand, the operation could last a long time. There was little or no anesthesia available. CAMP HYGIENE With tens of thousands of soldiers and animals producing gallons and tons of urine and defecation daily, "camp disease" actually killed more troops than enemy fire during this war . Bacteria was spread and ingested b ecause the soldiers march ed through the sludge and then dr ank or ate tainted meals with filthy hands. Rain downpours served to spread the filth even further . 7 WEAPONRY The standard gun was a rifled Springfield .54 caliber that could fire about two shots per minute and had a range of nearly one mile (effective ran ge of 250 yards). Such range gave the advantage to the defense, which could sit back an d annihilate an enemy well before the offensive attack matured. Frontal attacks were tantamount to mass suicide. Unfortunately, most Civil War generals had been classically tr ained and tended to emulate ancient Roman and Greek tactics that featured aggressive charges and frontal assaults. Southern officers, especially, held an attack mentality and many times the Confederate officers were out in front of their troops, boldly l eading the way. Casualties of such men were astronomical. THE ROLE OF SEA POWER The Union, with most of the U.S. Navy intact, was able to blockade the Southern seaports for much of the war, strangling off potential trade with Europe. Southerners use d blockade runners built by the British (like the ship, Alabama ) and smuggled goods through Texas to Mexico for modest advantage. A Confederate iron -clad warship, the The Merrimac, courtesy the National Archives. Merrimac enjoyed initial success at ramming Union ships, but the North quickly developed its own armored ships (like the Monitor ) which could nullify the southern advantage. The North also used joint land and water operations to great ad vantage to attack major southern cities along t he Mississippi River . The South ultimately invented a torpedo boat, which sported a bomb at the end of a long pole that was designed to ram an enemy vessel to deploy the bomb. V arious rebel submarines attempted to quietly drill holes in the sides of Union ship s, stick bombs on enemy ships, or sink a ship with a bomb suspended on a chain which trailed the submarine by a considerable distance. Enlistment in the submarine and torpedo boat crews were typically of short duration. 8 RELIANCE ON TECHNOLOGY In add ition to the innovative naval tactics, r ailroad s were put to good use for moving troops , especially by the North. Private telegraph lines kept the generals informed of front -line conditions from a safe distance. The tin can eventually allowed a greater variety of foods to be kept for a longer time and to be more safely consumed at the front lines. The South even dabbled with hot -air balloons for surveillance runs, but success was limited. FOREIGN DIPLOMACY Although England and France f avored a Confederate victory, they never provided substantial aid to the South. The South had hoped that European desperation for Southern cotton would bring the two European nations into the war. However, many Europeans opposed the concept of slavery. Oth ers feared retaliation from the North. Some were afraid the North would cut off grain shipments to them if substantial aid went to the rebellious states . In general, E urope waited for a sign that the South actually had a chance of winning before committing substantial aid . This sign never occurred. MAJOR BATTLES First Bull Run — At this fight, o verconfident Union troops were badly defeated by the southern r ebels. Fleeing Yankees threw down their weapons and supplies and ran over their spectators to escape southern troops. The heroes of the battle were General Thomas Jackson , who made his men hold like a "stone wall," and Jefferson Davis, who suggested that reinforcements be deployed in an inverted "V" to bring fire on the enemy from three sides (as he had done at the Battle of Buena Vista in the Mexican War) . Jackson, Lee's right -hand man and a very effe ctive commander, was later killed at Chancellorsville --a loss the Confederates never seemed to overcome. Richmond --In addition to blockading the South, Lincoln wanted to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia. He placed General George B. Mc Clellan in charge of the effort. McClellan was excellent at training the soldiers, but he was VERY reluctant to lose any of them. He avoided direct confrontation with the enemy and actually put little pressure on Richmond. Antietam --was a bloodbath. The S outh hit the North with everything they had, but the North did not break. Some say the South knew from this battle forward that they could not militarily defeat the North . Lincoln felt so good about the outcome that he announced after Antietam that the Uni on war aim would henceforth be liberation of slaves as well as preservation of the Union. His "Emancipation Proclamation" probably freed very few slaves, if any in the short run. The emancipation was aimed only at Confederate slaves, where Lincoln had no c ontrol and the law was not obeyed. 9 Slaves in Northern states were not covered by the emancipation, at all. However, it was now clear that Lincoln had now added the end of slavery as war aim, so the great sacrifices endured by northerners appeared more just ified. About 186,000 of the men inspired or freed by this Eman cipation speech would come to serve in the Union forces. Unfortunately, their pay and equipment would be inferior to that of the white soldiers, and the blacks could only march under the orders of white officers. Training and equipment were questionable, and the attritio n rate was extremely high. Oftentimes, black troops would be the preferred targets of Confederate soldiers. Meanwhile, i n the Western theater of war, Ulysses S. Grant was very successful in gaining control of the Mississippi River.

With victories at Shiloh, Vicksburg (after a long siege to starve out the Confederates), and New Orleans , the Union stopped all Confederate traffic on the Mississippi and managed to sever th e South in two. Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana would henceforth be isolated.

This was a turning point in the war. By invading the North in Pennsylvania a t the Battle of Gettysburg (July 1 -3, 1863), the Confederates hoped to pressure Northern civilians suf ficiently to cause them to demand that Lincoln end the war . At the least, they hoped to prove to Europe that they could successfully invade Northern provinces. Confederate Commander Robert E. Lee marched from Virginia, through Maryland, to Pennsylvania. Wh en he encountered Union troops, the Yankees held the higher ground and outnumbered Lee's forces 90,000 to 75,000. Although the prospects were not good for battle, Lee felt he could not retreat because of the deleterious effect it would have upon his men an d on the South. Robert E. Lee, courtesy the Library of Congress Ulysses S. Grant, courtesy the Library of Congress. 10 After one day of exchanging artillery fire, Lee attempted to take the highest flanking positions on the field. The South came close but could not dislodge the Yankees. On the third day, Lee bet everything on General George Pickett's charge ri ght up the center of the Union lines. Pickett's men were cut to ribbons. Fifteen thousand began the charge, but only 5,000 made it to the top. There were not enough of Lee's men left to continue the fight. The attack stalled; the men ran while being shot at from behind. On July 4th, Lee began his retreat, but heavy rains flooded the river , and he was trapped on the Union side. Lincoln ordered Union General George Meade to come down from the hills and crush Lee, but Meade's men had suffered casualties, too, and the general was reluctant to engage the Rebels again. After a few days, the waters subsided, and Lee escaped. The chance to end the war in 1863 was lost, and military hostilities would continue for two more years. At Gettysburg, d ead soldiers remaine d unburied for some time. Eventually, it was decided to make a cemetery right there at the battle site . Lincoln and others were to give speeches to dedicate the cemetery. Lincoln's speech was very short ( only 90 seconds). Th e brevity of his words initially annoyed t he crowd, many who had waited for hours to hear him speak. However, the speech was short enough to be published the next day in the newspapers in its entirety. His Gettysburg Address was so well -written that it has remained one of the most famous of all American speeches. Briefly, Lincoln charged all living Northerners to finish the work of the dead Union troops so that they would not have died in vain. Fr ustrat ed that Meade had not attempted to put the rebels away , Lincoln called for the one general he knew would always be willing to fight — Ulysses S. Grant. Grant understood that the only way to win the war was to kill Confederate soldiers. After an engagement, Grant would not stop to rest, as had the other Union generals, but he would push on for another engagement. Losses on both sides were enormous, but Grant knew the side with the most men would ultimately win from this type of warfare. Grant pursued Lee to Richmond , while sending General William Sherman on a march through Georgia, burning everything in a 60 - mile -wide path (including Atlanta) in an attempt to destroy Southern resistance. Meanwhile, outmanning Lee 3 -1, Grant took the Confederate capital and burned it to the ground . Lee was trapped, too weak to break out, with Union armies coming toward him on all sides. Further bloodshed was futile. He surrendered at the Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865, and the war was essenti ally over. 11 LINCOLN'S ASSASSINATION Overjoyed at the news of victory, Lincoln decided to celebrate by taking in a play on April 14. John Wilkes Booth shot the president, jumped to the stage, made a short speech, and rode away.

Weeks later, he was killed before questioning, and the nation nev er felt like it knew all details of th e conspiracy to kill the president . THE ROLE OF TEXAS IN THE CIVIL WAR As many as 80,000 Texans fought for the South. These troops were primarily cavalry who were self -equipped and displayed a wide variety of firearms and uniforms. In time, the Texas state prisons became a major source of cloth weaving for military uniforms , and sev eral small munitions factories were established around the state. Terry's Texas Rangers were the best -known brigade for bravery and daring, but their attrition rate of 67%, suggest ed that caution and careful planning were traits not highly prioritized. N onetheless, Confederate President Jefferson Davis was highly complimentary of the prowess of the Texas soldier, saying: "The troops from other states have their reputations to gain. The sons of the defenders of the Alamo have theirs to maintain." Confederate Col. San tos Benevides was the highest ranking Mexican American in either army. About 2500 Texans fought for the Union, including 958 Tejanos and a regiment of loyalists recruited by future governor E. J. Davis. Texas was important to the Confederacy for several reasons: It had a great reservoir of men with military experience. With over 400 miles of shoreline, the state could provide 12 important ports. As the most westerly of the Confederate states, Texas held the key to expansion in the west. Texas was also us ed as a place of “safekeeping” for Northern prisoners of war and for the slaves of the other southern states (an influx of about 200,000 by 18 65). Some of these slaves were “impressed” (drafted) into auxiliary military service by the state. Because it was never successfully occupied by Union forces, Texas ’ agricultural economy was never disrupted. Texans produced food and managed livestock in suff icient quantities to feed the state for the duration of the war. With no disruption to the slave labor force, cotton continued to be the primary cash crop and was often shipped overseas under the flag of Mexico after being smuggled across the Rio Grande. There were wartime problems peculiar to Texas. It had to defend three of its borders from hostile forces: the Union soldiers from the east , Mexican bandits along the southern border, and hostile Native Americans and outlaws (often deserting soldiers) along the western frontier. In fact, hostile Indians roll ed back the West Texas frontier over 100 miles by 1865 , inflicting upwards of 400 casualties . The main source of tension between the state of Texas and the Confederate government was the question of allocating manpower between the defense of Texas and the absorption of troops into the Confederate army. To suppress disloyalty, Confederate sympat hizers arrested opponents of the war and tried them in kangaroo (lynch mob) courts. At least 40 were hanged for treason, although probably only a very few had actually been working as spies for the North as often charged. The best -known act of atrocity cen tered around 65 Germans from Fredericksburg who attempted to slip into Mexico until the war was over. Confederates gave chase; twenty -five of the Germans were killed on the spot and nine were captured. The prisoners were later executed. Figure 1: Terry’s Texas Rangers, c1863. Photograph courtesy of the Portal to Texas History, UNT. 13 Once the Union was able to capture the Mississippi River and blockade the G ulf Coast, the Confederacy was split in two. The North then determined to concentrate on destroying the eastern half, leaving Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas relatively isolated.

Battles occurring in Texas were mainly for harassment. All casualties over 4 yea rs of war in Texas would not come close to equaling the one -day losses at any single major campaign in the East. Thus, the slave and agricultural systems in Texas were not disrupted during the war , as in many of the other Confederate states . Texas was led by t wo governors during the Civil War. Francis Lubbock (shown) presided over the state from 1861 to 1863. As a matter of personal pride, instead of seeking reelection, Lubbock resigned the governorship so he could serve in the Confederate military. Pendalton Murrah became governor at that time and served through the end of hostilities in 1865. Figure 2: The Great Hanging of Gainesville, 1862. Illustration depicting the killing of Texas unionists from Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, February 20, 1864. 14 TEXAS MILITARY CAMPAIGNS New Mexico --If the Confederates could capture Santa Fe, New Mexico --the major settlement in the Southwestern territories --the South would be able to control much of the Mexican Cession territory. Thus, Texans under General Henry Sibley marched west. After initial vi ctories at Albuquerque and Santa Fe, Union troops, bolstered by the Colorado militia, slipped behind Texas General Sibley's lines. They burned his wagons and supplies and bayoneted 600 mules and horses . This was known as the Battle of Glorietta Pass . With out supplies and transportation, the defeated Texas troops limped back into their home state i n the summer of 1862 with casualties of 50%. The South had hoped to take California with this expedition and get control of the gold, the lumber, and the western ports which could not have been blockaded by the North. Some have called this New Mexico campaign the “Gettysburg of the West,” though that is likely overstating its importance on the course of the war. A very important battle at this time was not fought by Americans at all, but by Mexican troops near Mexico City. Knowing the United States was totally preoccupied with its Civil War, Maximilian — the leader of France --took the opportunity to try and annex Mexico into their overseas empire. However, o n the 5 th of May,1862, Mexican soldiers won a significant battle against the French, temporarily thwart ing this act of foreign aggression . Had the French succeeded in conquering Mexico at this point in time , it is likely the French would have supported the Confed eracy ’s Civil War efforts in a variety of economic and military ways . T he character of the American Civil War might have changed. Today's Cinco de Mayo celebration commemorates this victory, even though the French ultimately did gain control of Mexico. Galveston --In the fall of 1862, a mere150 Union troops captured a relatively undefended Galveston. Months later, Texas Major General John Bankhead Magruder brought 2000 soldiers from mainland Texas and launched a counterattack on New Year's Day of 1863. A combin ed land/sea operation (using the remains of Sibley's units) sank 2 Union gunboats and drove away 2 others. Lacking naval support, the Unionist s surrendered. Interestingly, t wo Confederate ships were "cotton -clad" --lined with bales of cotton for protection from enemy shells . Magruder then beefed up Galveston security sufficiently to discourage further northern incursions against that city . Sabine Pass --In the fall of 1863, the Union attempted a more serious invasion of Texas at the Sabine Pass, a very strategic location nor th of Houston. Four Union gunboats and 22 troop transport ships, carrying up to 5,000 northern soldiers steamed into the pass. It was defended by the Davis Guards, commanded by Lt. Richard Dowling --2 small gunboats and 46 men, in all. According to popular accounts, Dowling and his men played cards while the Federals searched the coast for a suitable place to land. The northerners sank to their knees in mud (a classic example of the homefield advantage).

After giving up on landing the troops, the Union next attempted to shell the Texan fort from their gunboats. When the first Union ship got into the fort's range, artillery from the fort easily destroyed it. All other Union ships but one then retreated. The final ship 15 approached the fort, guns blazing. Rebel s hips disabled the vessel and it ran aground -- a sitting duck for the guns at the fort. It, too, surrendered. In all, Texans captured 350 men, killed 100, and disabled 2 ships. The Texans did not lose a man. This was most important as a morale booster, comin g shortly after the twin Confederate military disasters at Vicksburg and Gettysburg. Perhaps most importantly, this Confederate victory discouraged the Union from returning to the Gulf Coast. Had this Union attack succeeded, it is likely that the city of Houston would have been captured and possibly burned. Confederate President Jefferson Davis stated that the defense of Sabine Pass was “one of the most brilliant and heroic achievements in the history of the war.” The Red River Campaign saw 25,000 Union soldiers massing in Louisiana, with the idea of soon marching into Texas. With the idea of defeating the Union Army before it could attack Texas, this invading army was routed by Confederate troops (many of them Texan) 40 miles beyond the Texas border in the Battle of Mansfield . The Union army lost several thousand men as casualties and prisoners of war. Because of this discouraging defeat, t here would be no further attempts by the North to invade Texas. 16 Pictured: The Confederates evac uate Brownsville, Texas. Brownsville --This city was captured by the Union in 1863 in an effort to disrupt the southern cotton trade through Mexico. Texans regained the town in the summer of 1865 (Palmito Ranch --May 11, 1865). This military action is cons idered the last battle of the Civil War, as it took place a month after Lee's surrender. The Brownsville area was so remote, the combatants had not yet received the news that the war was over. As Confederate prospects for victory dissolved and shortages o f consumer goods and a currency wracked by inflation began to inflict hardship on the civilian population , morale broke down in Texas. Many soldiers mutinied. Some raided the state treasury but found only $5000 in species. Texas had an opportunity for a wa y out of some of its troubles when a representative from Union General Ulysses S. Grant offered a separate peace with Texas, so Union and Texas forces could unite in a show of force against the French in Mexico. Had Texas not rejected the offer , Texas might have been spared some of the later hardships of Reconstruction. After Lee's surrender, Union officials invited Texas General s Magruder and Kirby Smith to come aboard a federal ship to discuss terms. Texas signed the Figure 3 Texas Governor Pendleton Murrah 17 surrender papers on June 2. On June 19, 1865 , Union General Gordon Granger arrived in Galveston with 1800 men to begin Union occupation. Granger proclaimed the emancipation of the slaves ( Juneteenth ), and A. J. Hamilton , a Texas Unionist and former congressman, was named provision al governor. The wartime e lected governor, Pendleton Murrah (shown) , and many other Confederate officials fled to Mexico out of fear of prosecution for their involvement in the revolution. Virtual Reader Speech: "The Juneteenth Proclamation" President Abr aham Lincoln’s speech, the Emancipation Proclamation , had been issued on September 22, 1862, with an effective date of January 1, 1863 . However, it had little immediate effect on most slaves’ day -to -day lives, particularly in Texas, which was almost entirely under Confederate control. Juneteenth commemorates June 19, 1865, the day Union General Gordon Granger and 2,000 federal troops arrived on Ga lveston Island to take possession of the state and enforce the emancipation of its slaves.

Legend has it while standing on the balcony of Galveston’s Ashton Villa, Granger read the contents of “General Order No. 3” “The people of Texas are informed that, i n accordance with a proclamation from the Executive of the United States, all slaves are free. This involves an absolute equality of personal rights and rights of property between former masters and slaves, and the connection heretofore existing between th em becomes that between employer and hired labor. The freedmen are advised to remain quietly at their present homes and work for wages. They are informed that they will not be allowed to collect at military posts and that they will not be supported in idle ness either there or elsewhere.” That day has since become known as Juneteenth, a name derived from the combination of the words “June ” and “nineteenth. ” Former slaves in Galveston rejoiced in the streets with jubilant celebrations. Juneteenth celebrations began in Texas the following year. Across many parts of Texas, freed people pooled their funds to purchase land specifically for their communities’ increasingly large Juneteenth gatherings — including Houston’s Emancipation Park, Mexia’s Booker T. Washingto n Park, and Emancipation Park in Austin. Juneteenth celebrations include a wide range of festivities, such as parades, street fairs, cookouts, or park parties and include such things as music , dancing , baseball, or even contests of physical strength and in tellect. 18 Virtual Reader Article: LINCOLN -KENNEDY ASSASSINATION COINCIDENCES Not part of mainstream historical thought, but nonetheless interesting are a series of coincidences between President Abraham Lincoln’s assassination and that of President John F. Kennedy. Lincoln was elected in 1860; Kennedy was elected in 1960. There were seven letters in each man's name. Both Presidents were slain on Friday; both were slain in presence of their wives. Both presidents were directly concerned with black Ci vil Rights. Both First Ladies had lost children through death while in the White House. Both of their successors were named Johnson: Andrew Johnson and Lyndon Johnson. Each Vice -President's name contains 13 letters. Both Vice -Presidents had served in the U.S. Senate. Both Vice -Presidents were southern Democrats. Lyndon Johnson was born in 1908; Andrew Johnson was born in 1808. Booth and Oswald were born one hundred years apart. Oswald shot Kennedy from a warehouse and hid in a theater. Booth shot Lincoln in a theater and hid in a (tobacco) warehouse. Both Booth and Oswald were murdered before trial could be arranged. Lee Harvey Oswald, John Wilkes Booth - each name has 15 letters. Kennedy's secretary, whose name was Lincoln, warned him not to go to Dallas. Lincoln's secretary, whose name was Kennedy, warned him not go to the theater. On his way to the theater, Lincoln rode in a Kennedy carriage. On his way through Dallas, Kennedy rode in a Lincoln. 19 Practice Questions : Texas in the Civil Wa r Match the topic at the top with the descriptor on the bottom. _____ Col. Santos Benevides _____ Jefferson Davis _____ camp hygiene _____ Santa Fe Campaign _____ Comanche and Apache _____ Antietam _____ Red River Campaign _____ John B. Mag ruder _____ Gordon Granger _____ slaves _____ Dick Dowling _____ Palmito Ranch _____ Camp Ford _____ E.J. Davis _____ cotton _____ Francis Lubbock _____ Huntsville prisoners _____ German Texans _____ Matamoros _____ Pendleton Murrah All descriptors below will be used once, except one that will not be used at all . a. Immediate destination for Texas cotton slated for overseas sale b. Highest ranking Hispanic in either Civil War Army c. Directed the Texas victory over the Union at S abine Pass d. Declared emancipation for Texas slaves e. After this northern victory, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation f. This objective was to bring western states and territories under Confederate control g. “The troops from other states have their reputations to gain. The sons of the defenders of the Alamo have theirs to maintain.” h. Hero of the Battle of Galveston i. Considered the turning point of the entire Civil War j. Civil War Texas defended 3 borders: vs. the Union in the East, vs. Mexican bandits and patriots in the South, and vs. ______________ in the West. k. Protected Texas gunboats from enemy fire at the Battle for Galveston l. Governor of Texas at the beginning of the Civil War hostilities m. Texas Governor at the end of the Civil War n. Raised a regiment of Union -loyal Texans to fight for the North o. made gray cloth for Texans fighting for the Confederate Army 20 p. Victims of Texas Confederate vigilantism during the Civil War q. This battle prevented a major Union Army from invading Texas from the Louisiana border. r. served in non -combat roles for Texas and the Confederacy s. the last battle of the Civil War t. Texas prisoner of war camp for captured Union soldiers u. re sponsible for incredible numbers of non -combat deaths FOR DISCUSSION: Texas in the Civil War Given the advantage of hindsight, how could the Confederacy have better used Texas to possibly have affected the outcome of the Civil War? FOR DISCUSSION: Confederate Monuments, Street Names, and School Names In the past few years, there has been considerable discussion concerning prominently placed monuments to Confederate leaders. Equally controversial are public schools and streets name d to honor historical Texans who fought for the Confederacy or at one time owned slaves. Consider one or more of the following questions: In your opinion, should we leave all those items alone? Why, or why not? Should we pull down, relocate, or change t he name of all of them? Why, or why not? Is there any compromise solution possible that would be acceptable to those who passionately believe in one or the other courses of action? Is it fair to use 21st century values to judge the lifestyle of people w ho lived in the 19th century?