Russia daily work #2
W orld H is to ry M r. M attk e N am e: Revolution! T he L ast C za r A nytim e a p hra se i s t y ped i n A LL C A PS, p le ase c lic k t h at l in k o n t h e l e ft- h an d s id e o f t h e p ag e. H IS T O RIC A L C O NTEX T ● W hat “ o m in ous” e v en ts o ccu rre d e arly i n t h e r e ig n o f N ic h ola s I I t h at i n dic ate d t h at h is r u le w ould b e “ cu rs e d ?” ● W ho w as R asp utin ? W hy d id t h e C zarin a v alu e h is f rie n dsh ip ? ● W hat w as d one b y t h e r e la tiv es o f t h e C zar t o e n su re t h at R asp utin w as g one f o r g ood, a n d w hat w ere t h e r e su lts ? ● W hat e v en ts f o llo w ed t h e a b dic atio n o f N ic h ola s I I? W hen w ere t h e R om an ov f a m ily f in ally m oved ? T H E D RA M A ● P le ase d esc rib e t h e f a te o f t h e R om an ov f a m ily . W hat d id t h e B ols h ev ik s d o t o c o ver t h eir t r a ck s? ● H ow m an y p eo ple a re c o nfir m ed t o h av e b een e x ecu te d i n t h e c ella r r o om o f t h e I p atie v H ouse ? T H E F IN AL C H APT ER ● H ow w ere t h e b odie s o f t h e R om an ov f a m ily d is c o vere d ? ● W hy d id i t t a k e s o l o ng f o r t h e e x cav atio n t o o ff ic ia lly b eg in , a n d w hat d id t h e e x cav atio n r e v eal a b out t h e n um ber o f R om an ovs w ho w ere “ b urie d ?” ● W hat b ro ught t h e i d ea o f t h e “ m is sin g R om an ovs” t o a c lo se ? R ussia n R ev olu tio n D ocu m en ts D ocu m en t 1 “ T he t h eo ry o f s o cia lis m , h ow ev er, g re w o ut o f t h e p hilo so phic , h is to ric al a n d e co nom ic t h eo rie s e la b ora te d b y e d ucate d r e p re se n ta tiv es o f t h e p ro pertie d c la sse s, t h e i n te lle ctu als . B y t h eir s o cia l s ta tu s, t h e f o unders o f m odern s c ie n tif ic s o cia lis m , M arx a n d E ngels , t h em se lv es b elo nged t o t h e b ourg eo is i n te llig en ts ia . I n t h e v ery s a m e w ay, i n R ussia , t h e t h eo re tic al d octr in e o f S ocia l- D em ocra cy a ro se q uite i n dep en den tly o f t h e s p onta n eo us g ro w th o f t h e w ork in g-c la ss m ovem en t, i t a ro se a s a n atu ra l a n d i n ev ita b le o utc o m e o f t h e d ev elo pm en t o f t h ought a m ong t h e r e v olu tio nary s o cia lis t i n te llig en ts ia … H en ce, w e h ad b oth t h e s p onta n eo us a w ak en in g o f t h e m asse s o f t h e w ork ers , t h e a w ak en in g t o c o nsc io us l if e a n d c o nsc io us s tr u ggle , a n d a r e v olu tio nary y outh , a rm ed w ith t h e S ocia l- D em ocra tic t h eo ry , e ag er t o c o m e i n to c o nta ct w ith t h e w ork ers … I a sse rt: 1 ) t h at n o r e v olu tio nary m ovem en t c an e n dure w ith out a s ta b le o rg an iz atio n o f l e ad ers m ain ta in in g c o ntin uity ; 2 ) t h at t h e b ro ad er t h e p opula r m ass d ra w n s p onta n eo usly d ra w n i n to t h e s tr u ggle , f o rm in g t h e b asis o f t h e m ovem en t a n d p artic ip atin g i n i t, t h e m ore u rg en t t h e n eed f o r s u ch a n o rg an iz atio n, a n d t h e m ore s o lid t h is o rg an iz atio n m ust b e ( fo r i t i s m uch e asie r f o r d em ag ogues t o s id e t r a ck t h e m ore b ack w ard s e ctio ns o f t h e m asse s); 3 ) t h at s u ch a n o rg an iz atio n m ust c o nsis t c h ie fly o f p eo ple p ro fe ssio nally e n gag ed i n r e v olu tio nary a ctiv ity ; 4 ) t h at i n a n a u to cra tic s ta te , t h e m ore w e c o nfin e t h e m em bers h ip o f s u ch a n o rg an iz atio n t o p eo ple w ho a re p ro fe ssio nally e n gag ed i n r e v olu tio nary a ctiv ity a n d t o h av e b een p ro fe ssio nally t r a in ed i n t h e a rt o f c o m battin g t h e p olitic al p olic e, t h e m ore d if f ic u lt w ill i t b e t o w ip e o ut s u ch a n o rg an iz atio n, a n d 5 ) t h e g re ate r w ill b e t h e n um ber o f p eo ple o f t h e w ork in g c la ss a n d o f t h e o th er c la sse s o f s o cie ty w ho w ill b e a b le t o j o in t h e m ovem en t a n d p erfo rm a ctiv e w ork i n i t… ” S ourc e: V . I . L en in , “ W hat I s T o B e D one?,” 1 902. 1 . W hat i s t h e h is to ric a l s itu atio n o f t h is p assa g e ( i.e .: w hen w as i t w ritte n , a n d w hy d oes t h is m atte r? ) 2 . W hat m ust a r e v olu tio nary m ovem en t h av e t o s u cceed , a cco rd in g t o L en in ? 3 . W hy d oes L en in a rg ue t h at r e v olu tio nary a ctiv ity m ust b e c en tr a liz e d , a n d h ow d oes t h is r e fle ct h is o w n i n te re sts ? D ocu m en t 2 S ourc e: p olitic al c arto on o f R asp utin w ith t h e T sa r a n d t h e T sa rin a, s u ppose d ly d ra w n i n 1 916. T he w ord s i n R ussia n m ean : T he R ussia n R oyal F am ily .1 . B ase d o n t h is c arto on, w hat o pin io n d id m an y R ussia n s h av e o f R asp utin ? H ow d o y ou k now t h is ? D ocu m en t C “ N ic h ola s I I, t h e l a st t s a r, h ad p ut h im se lf i n d ouble j e o pard y. H e h ad s e rio usly o bstr u cte d a n d a n noyed t h e e m erg en t e le m en ts o f a c iv il s o cie ty : t h e p olitic al p artie s, p ro fe ssio nal a sso cia tio ns a n d t r a d e u nio ns. B ut h e a ls o s to pped t r y in g t o s u ppre ss t h em e n tir e ly . T he r e su lt w as a c o nsta n t c h alle n ge t o t h e t s a ris t r e g im e. T he s o cia l a n d e co nom ic t r a n sfo rm atio n b efo re t h e F ir s t W orld W ar m ere ly a d ded t o t h e p ro ble m s. T hose g ro ups i n s o cie ty w hic h h ad u nderg one i m poveris h m en t w ere u nders ta n dab ly h ostile t o t h e a u th oritie s. O th er g ro ups h ad e n jo yed i m pro vem en t i n t h eir m ate ria l c o nditio ns; b ut s e v era l o f t h ese , t o o, p ose d a d an ger s in ce t h ey f e lt f ru str a te d b y t h e n atu re o f t h e p olitic al o rd er. I t w as i n t h is s itu atio n t h at" t h e G re at W ar b ro ke o ut a n d p ulle d d ow n t h e r e m ain in g s ta y s o f t h e r e g im e. T he r e su lt w as t h e F eb ru ary R ev olu tio n o f 1 917 i n c ir c u m sta n ces o f e co nom ic c o lla p se , a d m in is tr a tiv e d is lo catio n a n d m ilita ry d efe at. V en t w as g iv en t o a s u rg e o f l o cal e ff o rts a t p opula r s e lf -ru le ; a n d w ork ers , p easa n ts a n d m ilita ry c o nsc rip ts a cro ss t h e e m pir e a sse rte d t h eir d em an ds w ith out i m ped im en t. T hese s a m e c ir c u m sta n ces m ad e l ib era lis m , c o nse rv atis m a n d f a sc is m i m pra ctic al f o r a n um ber o f y ears a h ead : s o m e k in d o f s o cia lis t g overn m en t w as b y f a r t h e l ik elie st o utc o m e i n t h ose y ears . Y et i t w as n ot i n ev ita b le t h at t h e m ost e x tr e m e v aria n t o f s o cia lis m -B ols h ev is m s h ould t a k e p ow er. W hat w as s c arc ely a v oid ab le w as t h at o nce t h e B ols h ev ik s m ad e t h eir r e v olu tio n, t h ey w ould n ot b e a b le t o s u rv iv e w ith out m ak in g t h eir p olic ie s e v en m ore v io le n t a n d r e g im en ta tiv e t h an t h ey a lr e ad y w ere . L en in 's p arty h ad m uch t o o l ittle d ura b le s u pport t o r e m ain i n g overn m en t w ith out r e so rt t o t e rro r. T his i n t u rn p la ced l im its o n t h eir a b ility t o s o lv e t h ose m an y p ro ble m s i d en tif ie d b y n early a ll t h e t s a ris t r e g im e's e n em ie s a s n eed in g t o b e s o lv ed . T he B ols h ev ik s a sp ir e d t o e co nom ic c o m petitiv en ess, p olitic al i n te g ra tio n, i n te r- e th nic , c o opera tio n, s o cia l t r a n quility , a d m in is tr a tiv e e ff ic ie n cy, c u ltu ra l d ynam is m a n d u niv ers a l e d ucatio n. B ut t h e m ean s t h ey e m plo yed i n ev ita b ly v itia te d t h eir d ecla re d e n ds.” S ourc e: R obert S erv ic e, A H is to ry o f T w en tie th -C en tu ry R ussia , 1 998. 1 . W hat m ig ht t h e a u th or m ean b y t h e s ta te m en t t h at T sa r N ic h ola s I I p la ced h im se lf i n “ d ouble j e o pard y,” a n d h ow d id h e d o t h is ? 2 . W hy d id t h e B ols h ev ik s r e so rt t o t e rro r, a cco rd in g t o t h e p assa g e? D ocu m en t D “ T he B ols h ev ik r e v olu tio nary t a k eo ver i n O cto ber 1 917 w as f o llo w ed b y o ver t w o y ears o f c iv il w ar i n R ussia b etw een t h e n ew C om munis t r e g im e ( w ith i ts R ed A rm y) a n d i ts e n em ie s--th e c o nse rv ativ e m ilita ry o ff ic ers c o m man din g t h e s o -c alle d W hite a rm ie s. T he s tr u ggle s a w m uch b ru ta lity a n d e x cesse s o n b oth s id es w ith t h e p easa n ts s u ff e rin g m ost f ro m e x to rtio nate d em an ds o f f o od s u pplie s a n d r e cru its b y b oth s id es. T he r e p re ssiv e a n d d ic ta to ria l m eth ods o f t h e B ols h ev ik g overn m en t h ad s o a lie n ate d t h e m ass o f p easa n ts a n d i n dustr ia l w ork in g c la ss e le m en ts t h at t h e e rs tw hile m ost l o yal s u pporte rs o f t h e r e g im e, t h e s a ilo rs a t t h e K ro nsta d t n av al b ase , r e b elle d i n M arc h 1 921 ( s e e o b19.d oc) t o t h e g re at e m barra ssm en t o f s e n io r B ols h ev ik s. T hough t h e r e b ellio n w as m erc ile ssly c ru sh ed , t h e r e g im e w as f o rc ed t o m odera te i ts r u th le ss i m puls e s. T he N ew E co nom ic P olic y ( N EP) w as t h e r e su lt, a s m all c o ncessio n t o t h e c ap ita lis t a n d f re e m ark et i n stin cts o f p easa n t a n d p etty b ourg eo is a lik e. M ore o ver, v ic to ry i n t h e c iv il w ar w as a ssu re d b y t h is s ta g e, t h us a llo w in g a r e la x atio n o f t h e c o erc iv e m eth ods s y m boliz ed b y t h e W ar C om munis m o f t h e p re v io us t w o t o t h re e y ears . .
.
.
. T he m ost u rg en t t h in g a t t h e p re se n t t im e i s t o t a k e m easu re s t h at w ill i m med ia te ly i n cre ase t h e p ro ductiv e f o rc es o f p easa n t f a rm in g. O nly i n t h is w ay w ill i t b e p ossib le t o i m pro ve t h e c o nditio ns o f t h e w ork ers a n d s tr e n gth en t h e a llia n ce b etw een t h e w ork ers a n d p easa n ts , t o s tr e n gth en t h e d ic ta to rs h ip o f t h e p ro le ta ria t. .
.
.
. ” S ourc e: L en in ’s N ew E co nom ic P olic y ( N EP), 1 921. 1 . H ow d oes L en in d esc rib e t h e c iv il w ar t h at o ccu rre d t h at f o llo w ed t h e R ussia n R ev olu tio n?
2 . W hat a p pears t o b e L en in ’s m ain e co nom ic g oal? 3 . I f y ou k new n oth in g e ls e a b out V la d im ir L en in , w hat w ould y our p erc ep tio n b e b ase d o n t h is d ocu m en t a lo ne?
