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These estimates imply a labor demand elasticity with respect to wages ranging between – 0.2 and –0.4.” Burke, Debra, Joseph Long, and Step hen Miller. 2011. “Minimum Wage and Unemployment Rates: A Study of Contiguous Counties,” Gonzaga Law Review . Also available at: https://asp.mercatus.org/publications/minimum -wage -and -unemployment -rates -study - contiguous -counties “[T]here is a strong correlation between a higher legislated minimum wage rate and a higher unemployment rate.” Clemens, Jeffrey, and Michael Wither. 2019. “The Minimum Wage and the Great Recession: Evidence of Effects on the Employment and Income Trajectories of Low -Skilled Workers,” Journal of Public Economics 170: 53 –67. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272719300052 “…we find that binding minimum wage increases had significant, negative effects on the employment and income growth of targeted workers. […] In aggregate, our esti mates suggest that this period’s minimum wage increases reduced aggregate employment rates by at least half of a percentage point in states that were bound by the federal minimum wage increases.” Last updated 9/13/22 Timothy Terrell [email protected] Clemens, Jeffrey. 2021. “How Do Firms Respond to Minimum Wa ge Increases? Understanding the Relevance of Non -employment Margins,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 35, no. 1: 51 –72. https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.35.1.51 “This paper discusses non -employment margins through which firms may respond to minimum wage increases. Margins of interest include evasion, output prices, noncash compensation, job attributes including effort requirements, the firm’s mix of low - and high - skilled labor, and the firm’s mix of labor and capital.” Fone, Zachary S., Joseph J. Sabia, and Resul Cesur. 2020. “Do Minimum Wage Increases Reduce Crime? NBER Working Paper 25647. https://doi.org/10.3386/w25647 “[O]ur results provide no evidence that minimum wage increases reduce arrests. Instead, we find that raising the minimum wage increases property crime arrests among 16 -to-24 - year -olds, with an estimated elasticity of approximately 0.2. …Our estimates suggest that a $15 Federal minimum wage could generate criminal externality costs of nearly $2.5 billion.” Jardim, Ekaterina, Mark C. Long, Robert Plotnick, Emma van Inwegen, Jacob Vigdor, and Hilary Wething. 2022. “Minimum -Wage Increases and Low -Wage Employment: Evidence from Seattle.” American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 14, no. 2: 263 –314. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20180578 “Seattle raised its minimum wage to as much as $11 in 2015 and as much as $13 in 2016.

…Relative to outlying regions of the state identified by the synthetic control method, agg regate employment at wages less than twice the original minimum — measured by total hours worked — declined….” […] “Analyses suggest aggregate employment elasticities in the range of –0.2 to –2.0, concentrated on the intensive margin in the short run and large st among inexperienced workers.” Neumark, David, J.M. Ian Salas, and William Wascher. 2013. “Revisiting the Minimum Wage - Employment Debate: Throwing Out the Baby with the Bathwater?” NBER Working Paper 18681. https://www.nber.org/papers/w18681 “[N] ew evidence based on methods that let the data identify the appropriate control groups leads to stronger evidence of disemployment effects, with teen employment elasticities near -0.3, We conclude that the evidence still shows that minimum wages pose a tradeoff of higher wages for some against job losses for others….” Last updated 9/13/22 Timothy Terrell [email protected] Neumark, David. 2015. “The Effects of Minimum Wages on Employment,” FRBSF Economic Letter 2015 -37. https://www.frbsf.org/economic -research/publications/economic - letter/2015/december/effects -of-minimum -wage -on -employment/ “[A] reasonable estimate based on the evidence is that current minimum wages have directly reduced the number of jobs nationally by about 100,000 to 200,000, relative to the period just before the Great Recession. This is a small drop in aggregate employment tha t should be weighed against increased earnings for still -employed workers because of higher minimum wages.” Neumark, David, and Cortnie Shupe. 2018. “Declining Teen Employment: Minimum Wages, Other Explanations, and Implications for Human Capital Investm ent,” Mercatus Working Paper https://www.mercatus.org/system/files/neumark -teen -employment -mercatus -working -paper - v1.pdf “We find that higher minimum wages are the predominant factor explaining changes in the schooling and workforce behavior of those age 16 -17 since 2000. …Higher minimum wages have led both to fewer teens in school and employed at the same times, and to more teens in school but not employed…. [T]he evidence points to adverse effects on longer -run earnings for those exposed to these higher minimum wages as teenagers.” Neumark , David, and Peter Shirley. 2021. “Myth or Measurement: What does the New Minimum Wage Research Say about Minimum Wages and Job Loss in the United States?” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 28388. https://www.nber.org/papers/w28388 “Our key conclusions are: (i) there is a clear preponderance of negative [employment] estimates in the literature; (ii) this evidence is stronger for teens and young adults as well as the less -educated; (iii) th e evidence from studies of directly -affected workers points even more strongly to negative employment effects; and (iv) the evidence from studies of low - wage industries is less one -sided.” Sabia, Joseph J. 2006. “The Effect of Minimum Wage Increases on Re tail and Small Business Employment.” Employment Policies Institute. https://www.epionline.org/wp -content/studies/sabia_05 -2006.pdf “A 10 percent increase in the minimum wage is associated with a 4.6 to 9.0 percent decline in teenage employment in small businesses and a 4.8 to 8.8 percent reduction in hours worked by teens in the retail sector.” Skarbek, David, Emily Skarbek, Brian Skarbek, and Erin Skarbek. 2012. “Sweatshops, O pportunity Costs, and Non -Monetary Compensation: Evidence from El Salvador,” American Journal of Last updated 9/13/22 Timothy Terrell [email protected] Economics and Sociology 71, no. 3: 539 –561. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1 111/j.1536 -7150.2012.00827.x?casa_token= - yvHhWkt3jQAAAAA%3A1P5mHPoD035i4_3WDkuRr2fbzk_W2zYE2xhzAusw2McokMCFTOUdPjLE HGudEjcigD4qn4ri021IFY58 “[R]equiring employers to meet certain wage levels, working conditions, or benefits programs can do substantial harm to poor workers by eliminating their most preferred employments. For example, Harrison and Scorse (2010) find large, negative effects on aggregate manufacturing employment from the imposition of a higher minimum wage motivated by the US government’s threa t to withdraw special tariff privileges because of human rights issues.”