In this assignment, you will expound on one of the topics you selected by conducting a literature review. Use the literature you developed for references to prepare an analysis of the topic, and ident

Topic 1: Systemic Racism in the Criminal Justice System

The structure of law enforcement has come under fire for having an asymmetrical influence on members of minority groups, which has led to the wrongful arrest and provocation of many innocent individuals. It is vital to implement policies that address the underlying causes of systemic racism to solve this issue. Some examples of such policies are the formation of community oversight committees and stringent guidelines for police conduct.

Annotated Bibliography

1. Akinlabi, O. M. (2020). Citizens’ accounts of police use of force and its implications for trust in the police. Journal of crime and justice, 43(2), 145-160.

This study will be beneficial since it attempts to conduct an impartial examination of what is known and what needs to be learned to better understand and prevent police abuse and excessive force, as well as how variables related to the use of force impact confidence in the police. This study will help determine what is known and needs to be learned to better understand and avoid police abuse and excessive force.

1. Bennell, C., Alpert, G., Andersen, J. P., Arpaia, J., Huhta, J. M., Kahn, K. B., ... & White, M. D. (2021). Advancing police use of force research and practice: urgent issues and prospects. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 26(2), 121-144.

This research will be useful in determining what needs to be done to improve and evaluate police use of force and de-escalation training; developing more accurate models of how to react in situations where physical force is used; addressing bias and unequal use of force; and identifying and correcting police use of force misconceptions.

1. Butz, Adam M., and Richard C. Fording. “The Color of Corrections: Racial Politics and Prison Privatization.” Social Policy & Administration, no. 1, Wiley, Aug. 2021, pp. 180–94. Crossref, doi:10.1111/spol.12766.

This study discovered that widespread racial stereotypes and the mix of state government parties influence the relationship between Black prisoner presence and privatization. According to statistical research, race influences state jail privatization decisions, as expected. Privatization is increasing in black-majority countries. Privatization, as projected, increases the number of Black offenders in areas with high racial fear and Republican legislative representation.

1. Farahmand, P., Arshed, A., & Bradley, M. V. (2020). Systemic racism and substance use disorders. Psychiatric Annals, 50(11), 494-498.

This study will aid in my comprehension of systemic racism in the United States and its effects on the health of Black, Latinx, and Indigenous people. To address this public health issue, psychiatrists must be aware of racial variations in substance use disorders. This essay first analyzes racial disparities in substance abuse disorders.

1. Kochel, T. R., & Skogan, W. G. (2021). Accountability and transparency as levers to promote public trust and police legitimacy: findings from a natural experiment. Policing: an international journal, 44(6), 1046-1059.

The authors show why measures promoting transparency and police accountability may alter levels of trust in the police in many ways, with political repercussions. Depending on the circumstances, this might be a favorable or harmful development. Furthermore, it is critical to examine if events and developments have influenced African Americans' perceptions of the legitimacy and trustworthiness of the police compared to other respondents.

1. Koslicki, W. M., Lytle, D. J., Willits, D. W., & Brooks, R. (2021). ‘Rhetoric without reality" or effective policing strategy? An analysis of the relationship between community policing and police fatal force. Journal of criminal justice, 72, 101730.

Using 2013 LEMAS data and the crowdsourced Deadly Encounters database, this project will help me understand community policing and agency deadly force rates. This relationship is investigated using negative binomial models with random effects. The use of fatal force by police officers is significantly linked to permanent beat officers and departments that require at least eight hours of community policing training.

1. Lane, K., Williams, Y., Hunt, A. N., & Paulk, A. (2020). The framing of race: Trayvon Martin and the Black Lives Matter movement. Journal of Black Studies, 51(8), 790-812.

The author investigates how media coverage worked to preserve a pro-white and anti-black master frame that portrayed African Americans as incapable, disorderly, criminal, and dangerous, with different physiological traits. Rather than being portrayed as "protectors" and "virtuous," as whites are.