Ans the following question in-brief essay form (20 lines each) : 1. Describe the importance of the Royal Proclamation of 1763. 2. What role does terminology play in terms of understanding Indigenous P

Outcomes of Conflicts

The Iroquois War

The Iroquois War was difficult for both sides and hard to stop because of the belief that warriors could not enter the afterlife until their death had been avenged. A key point raised in the chapter relates to the fighting techniques of the Mohawk, who used what have been termed guerrilla tactics. It was a strategy based on speed and surprise. The strategy was successful against the field warfare strategy of the French and English in which columns of men lined up and fought. The 1690s saw New France in state of siege as the Iroquois put continued pressure on the colony. After nearly a century of war in the region, the Iroquois replaced the Huron as the regional power and emerged with an expanded territory. But the result of the Iroquois's actions had even deeper ramifications; although they had expanded their territory, the Iroquois suffered from severe population losses. By being a formidable enemy, they had unwittingly helped to unite the colonists of New France, facilitating the establishment of the English on Hudson Bay and forcing the French to expand west.

The Fox War

The Fox War resulted in more French success than they had experienced against the Iroquois. This was a result of two factors: the French adapted to forest-fighting techniques, and the nations of the pays d'en haut were not as stable in their alliances as the Iroquois.

The Mi'kmaq War

The Mi'kmaq War had several distinguishing characteristics. First, much of the war was fought at sea. Second, it is one of only a few examples of an indigenous group fighting on their own land for their own lands. As pointed out in the Dickason textbook, this war came to resemble the frontier wars in the United States.

With the threat of another war looming in 1755, the British deported the Acadians from Nova Scotia. The final struggle between the two countries took place during the Seven Years' War from 1756 to 1763. In 1758 several French forts fell to the British. In 1759 the British led by General James Wolfe attacked the town of Quebec, the main French stronghold. In September the British won the battle on the Plains of Abraham and took Quebec; the next year the remaining French forces surrendered at Montreal. In 1763, New France was handed over to the British according to the terms of the Treaty of Paris.

At the same time that the fur trade was getting underway, Christian missionaries were also seeking good relations with Indigenous peoples. The missionaries' goal was not commercial; instead, they wished to convert Indigenous peoples to Christianity. Early on, the fur trade aided missionaries in developing the good relations needed to teach Indigenous peoples about Christian beliefs. This was because the Ouendat (Huron) accepted Jesuit priests into their communities. This helped to ease trade relations with Europeans. European traders were less likely to mistreat Ouendat fur traders at market if they were accompanied by a Jesuit priest.

These early relationships between missionaries and Aboriginal peoples opened the door to their Christianization. Over time, great numbers of Indigenous peoples converted to Christianity and its belief system, in place of the traditional beliefs their peoples had developed and held for thousands of years.

The cooperative nature of the fur trade took European traders deep into the communities of Indigenous peoples. One result of this was the marriage of European men and Indigenous women. When a European man wanted to court and marry an Indigenous woman, he had to follow the customs of her people's culture. These marriages, in time, led to the development of a new nation—the Métis. However, it would not be until 1982 that the Métis would be formally recognized by the government of Canada as an Indigenous people.

The fur trade caused conflict among some First Nations to protect their own trade interests. For example, the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy) attacked and nearly wiped out the Ouendat (Huron) in the 1640s. The surviving Ouendat people dispersed into other regions and took refuge with other First Nations.

Later, some First Nations fought in European conflicts. European powers vied for control of the lands that would become Canada. French and English sought Aboriginal allies, because they were regarded as strong and capable warriors. Not all First Nations were drawn into these conflicts. Those who chose to fight with a European nation did so to protect their lands. First Nations tended to side with the European power that would sustain the fur trade, but not settle land for agriculture. European agricultural settlements encroached on traditional Indigenous lands.

Another effect of the fur trade industry was the over trapping of animals—some near to extinction. For centuries, Indigenous peoples had trapped and hunted animals sustainably. But the fur trade became such an important part of the Indigenous and European economies that the animals were over trapped in a non-sustainable way. When the animal populations fell in a particular region, there were too few animals to sustain trade, let alone the basic food needs of Indigenous peoples. This often led to Indigenous peoples becoming dependent on Europeans to help them with basic survival.

For the Métis and plains First Nations, over trapping was not so much a problem as over hunting of buffalo. There was a huge European industrial demand for buffalo hides in the 19th century. Métis and Plains First Nations hunted buffalo to serve this market. Buffalo were also hunted for sport and food in the United States. The herds of migrating buffalo north and south of the border were nearly wiped out. This forced the Métis and plains First Nations to abandon their traditional ways of life and find new means of survival.

One of the most devastating effects of contact and the development of the fur trade between Indigenous peoples and Europeans was epidemic infectious disease. Europeans carried with them diseases to which Indigenous peoples had little or no natural immunity. These diseases were transmitted to Aboriginal populations through fur trading posts. Smallpox, influenza, measles, and other diseases sickened and killed tens of thousands of Indigenous peoples. For example, between one-third and one-half of all Ouendat (Huron) people died of disease in the 1600s. Other examples include epidemics throughout the 1700s in the western interior, in which half of the Dene Suliné (Chipewyan) First Nation was killed and the entire Michele First Nation was wiped out. Epidemics occurred farther west towards the Pacific coast through the 1800s. The Inuit were also not immune, with disease being a suspected contributor to the disappearance of the Mackenzie Inuit as well.

By the 18th century, the fur trade was extended into the prairies. Eventually the North West Company (NWC) established a fur trade post at Fort Gibraltar at the forks of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers in what is now Winnipeg. The French voyageurs of the North West Company, who manned the big canoes, began to marry Indigenous women and live year round in the area. The children of these marriages (who would later be referred to as either Bois Brules or Métis) learned from their Indigenous families to hunt the buffalo and how to prepare pemmican, the staple food of the fur trade. Their European fathers taught them the European farming style, and how to build and use the big ox-driven carts they utilized to carry large loads of pemmican from the hunt to their homes. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, there were several thousand Métis, most of them around present-day southern Manitoba. Eventually, these Métis people would develop a sense of nationhood based on their distinct culture and their economic independence based on their primary occupation - the pemmican trade.

The North West Company eventually became a major force in the fur trade between the 1780s to 1821. Managed primarily by Highland Scots who migrated to Montréal after 1760, or came as Loyalists escaping the American Revolution, it also drew heavily on Canadian labour and experience. The name first described Montréal traders who in 1776 pooled resources to reduce competition among themselves and to resist inland advances of the Hudson's Bay Company. The NWC and the Hudson's Bay Company became bitter rivals and a number of confrontations ensued.

For instance, During 1803 to 1806, the Nor'Westers maintained a base in HBC territory on James Bay, and although this enterprise proved unprofitable, rivalry intensified elsewhere. Costly clashes at the Red River Colony, Fort William and at the Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan River. This rivalry impaired the abilities and profit of both companies that by 1820, strong forces were building towards a resolution of the conflict. In 1821, both companies merged into one entity – called the Hudson's Bay Company. The HBC after 1821, as a monopoly, enjoyed a great profits throughout what is now Canada. By 1870 the HBC's vast territory in the West was transferred to Canada, and what had been a trickle of settlers coming from Ontario became a flood. As settlement spread north and west, the HBC and rival free traders intensified the northward push of the trade, and eventually established enduring trading contacts with the Inuit.

The fur trade lasted much longer for Inuit in the Canadian Arctic than it had in any other region of Canada. For Inuit, the trade continued well into the 20th century. The fur trade affected Inuit culture. It brought them European tools with which they conducted their hunts—guns and motorboats, for example. Inuit also adopted many other European goods into their way of life such as store-bought clothing and food. In addition, Christian missionaries had followed close behind the European traders, converting almost all Inuit to Christianity by 1940.

Despite the changes that came with the fur trade and European contact, the traditional Inuit way of life—semi-nomadic living in hunting and trapping camps—remained intact. This way of life continued for a long time after contact because the Canadian government had had little interest in developing the far north for economic or military purposes. Once the government changed its policy on those fronts, it set up centralized living areas scattered throughout the Arctic. The government encouraged Inuit to live in those centres. As a result, the Inuit semi-nomadic way of life was virtually gone by the 1960s and 70s.