Ans the following question in-brief essay form (20 lines each) : 1. Describe the importance of the Royal Proclamation of 1763. 2. What role does terminology play in terms of understanding Indigenous P

Battles for Control

The expansion of New France brought further conflict. The Haudenosaunee again unleashed their anger on the French settlers and in 1689 destroyed the village of Lachine, near Montreal. The Haudenosaunee also made an alliance with the British, who had taken New York and the Hudson Valley from the Dutch.

Across North America, British and French interests were locked in a grim rivalry for the future of the continent. In 1668, French fur traders Médard Chouart des Groseilliers and Pierre-Esprit Radisson had led the British to the interior fur trade using the sea route to Hudson Bay, which Henry Hudson had sailed almost 60 years earlier. By 1670 the British Hudson's Bay Company was established, and French fur traders began to feel the competition from this rival in the north. English and French fishermen clashed in the Newfoundland and Acadian fishing grounds which the British claimed. To the south, British colonists were trading in the vast territories west of the Appalachian Mountains, which the French considered their territory.

Between 1689 and 1697, the rivalry between the British and French broke into open warfare both in Europe where it was called the War of the Grand Alliance and in North America where it was called King William's War. In North America the French and their First Nations allies and the British and their allies the Haudenosaunee made raids into each other's territory. The war extended from where these battles took place in the lands between New France and the British colonies of New England and New York right up to Hudson Bay, where the French and English fur traders fought for control.

In 1701 the War of the Spanish Succession erupted in Europe. Called Queen Anne's War in the colonies, it dragged on for a dozen years until France reached a compromise with Great Britain in 1713 and Austria in 1714. The French were allowed to place Philip d'Anjou, the grandson of King Louis XIV, on the Spanish throne in exchange for colonial territory. France gave up to Great Britain Acadia which was renamed Nova Scotia, or "New Scotland", most of Newfoundland, and the Hudson Bay territory. The 1713 Treaty of Utrecht did not consider the land rights of the First Nations.

The next 30 years were relatively peaceful until North America was dragged into the War of the Austrian Succession in 1744. This war was called King George's War in North America. When it ended in 1748, Îsle Royale (Cape Breton) which had been captured by the British was returned to the French.

In spite of all the bloodshed, France and Great Britain still had not settled their rivalry for supremacy in North America. With the threat of another war looming in 1755, the British deported the Acadians from Nova Scotia. The final struggle between the two countries took place during the Seven Years' War from 1756 to 1763. In 1758 several French forts fell to the British. In 1759 the British led by General James Wolfe attacked the town of Quebec, the main French stronghold. In September the British won the battle on the Plains of Abraham and took Quebec; the next year the remaining French forces surrendered at Montreal. In 1763, New France was handed over to the British according to the terms of the Treaty of Paris.

The Iroquois War was difficult for both sides and hard to stop because of the belief that warriors could not enter the afterlife until their death had been avenged. A key point raised in the chapter relates to the fighting techniques of the Mohawk, who used what have been termed guerrilla tactics. It was a strategy based on speed and surprise. The strategy was successful against the field warfare strategy of the French and English in which columns of men lined up and fought. The 1690s saw New France in state of siege as the Iroquois put continued pressure on the colony. After nearly a century of war in the region, the Iroquois replaced the Huron as the regional power and emerged with an expanded territory. But the result of the Iroquois's actions had even deeper ramifications; although they had expanded their territory, the Iroquois suffered from severe population losses. By being a formidable enemy, they had unwittingly helped to unite the colonists of New France, facilitating the establishment of the English on Hudson Bay and forcing the French to expand west.

The Fox War resulted in more French success than they had experienced against the Iroquois. This was a result of two factors: the French adapted to forest-fighting techniques, and the nations of the pays d'en haut were not as stable in their alliances as the Iroquois.

The Mi'kmaq War had several distinguishing characteristics. First, much of the war was fought at sea. Second, it is one of only a few examples of an indigenous group fighting on their own land for their own lands. As pointed out in the Dickason textbook, this war came to resemble the frontier wars in the United States.

With the threat of another war looming in 1755, the British deported the Acadians from Nova Scotia. The final struggle between the two countries took place during the Seven Years' War from 1756 to 1763. In 1758 several French forts fell to the British. In 1759 the British led by General James Wolfe attacked the town of Quebec, the main French stronghold. In September the British won the battle on the Plains of Abraham and took Quebec; the next year the remaining French forces surrendered at Montreal. In 1763, New France was handed over to the British according to the terms of the Treaty of Paris.