I attached the files with the material and the instructions.

Charles Holcombe is professor of history at the University of Northern Iowa.

His publications include The Genesis of East Asia, 221 bc –ad 907(2001) and In the Shadow of the Han: Literati Thought and Society at the Start of the Southern Dynasties (1994). Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University PressA History of East Asia From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century CHARLES HOLCOMBE Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University PressUniversity Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 4843/24, 2nd Floor, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi–110002, India 79 Anson Road, #06 –04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University ’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107118737 First edition © Charles Holcombe 2011 Second edition © Charles Holcombe 2017 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First edition published 2011 Reprinted 2011 (twice) Second edition published 2017 Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc.

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Names: Holcombe, Charles, 1956- author.

Title: A history of East Asia : from the origins of civilization to the twenty- first century / Charles Holcombe.

Description: Second edition. | Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identi fiers: LCCN 2016025900| ISBN 9781107118737 (Hardback) | ISBN 9781107544895 (Paperback) Subjects: LCSH: East Asia –History. | East Asia –Civilization.

Classi fication: LCC DS511 .H65 2016 | DDC 950 –dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016025900 ISBN 978-1-107-11873-7 Hardback ISBN 978-1-107-54489-5 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University PressContentsList of Illustrations pagexi List of Maps xiii Pronunciation Guide xv Timeline xix Glossary xxi Introduction: What Is East Asia? 1 1. The Origins of Civilization in East Asia 12 “ Out of Africa ”: The First East Asians 12 East Asian Languages and Writing Systems 15 Bronze Age China 25 2. The Formative Era 31 The Age of the Classics 31 Zhou Dynasty China (1045 –256 BCE) 31 The Hundred Schools of Thought 36 Confucianism 36 Daoism 40 Legalism 42 The Art of War 43 First Empire 45 “ The Faults of Qin ”(221 –207 BCE) 45 The Han Empire (202 bce–220 ce)4 9 The Romance of the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE) 56 v Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press3. The Age of Cosmopolitanism60 China in Division 60 The Sixteen Kingdoms (North China, 304 –439) 60 The Southern Dynasties (South China, 317 –589) 63 Northern Wei (North China, 386 –534) 66 Cosmopolitan Elite International Culture 71 Buddhism Comes to East Asia 72 Indian Origins 72 Buddhism ’s Spread to China 75 Buddhism and the Birth of East Asia 79 The Emergence of Korean Kingdoms 81 Early Korea (ca. 2000 BCE–313 CE) 81 Three Kingdoms Korea (313 –668) 84 Yamato Japan (ca. 300 –645) 88 4. The Creation of a Community: China, Korea, and Japan (Seventh –Tenth Centuries) 95 Chinese Imperial Restoration: The Sui (581 –618) and Tang (618 –907) Dynasties 95 The Sui Reuni fication (589) and the Founding of the Tang 95 The Consolidation of Tang Rule 98 The Harmonization of Diversity 100 Domesticating Chinese Buddhism 104 Watershed: The Mid-Tang Crisis 107 The “Transmission of the Way, ”and Growing Commercialization 110 The Birth of Korea: Uni fied Silla (668 –935) 114 Uni fication of the Korean Peninsula (668) 114 Silla 117 Imperial Japan: Nara (710 –784) and Early Heian (794 –ca. Tenth Century [ –1185]) 120 The Taika Coup (645) 120 Nara (710 –784) 122 Early Heian (794 –ca. Tenth Century [ –1185]) 126 5. Mature Independent Trajectories (Tenth –Sixteenth Centuries) 132 Late Imperial China: The Song (960 –1279), Yuan (1271 –1368), and Early Ming Dynasties (1368 –ca. Sixteenth Century [ –1644]) 132 The Song Dynasty Situation 132 Economic and Social Change 135 Neo-Confucianism 139 Mongol Tempest: Chinggis Khan (ca. 1162 –1227) 141 The Yuan Dynasty (1271 –1368) 145 The Early Ming (1368 – ca. Sixteenth Century [ –1644]) 147 Confucian Korea: Kory ŏ(918 –1392) and Early Chos ŏn (1392 –ca. Sixteenth Century [ –1910]) 149 vi Contents Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University PressKoryŏ(918 –1392) 149 The Era of Mongol Domination (1270 –1356) 151 Early Chos ŏn (1392 –ca. Sixteenth Century [ –1910]) 152 Warrior Japan: Late Heian ([794 –]TenthCentury –1185), Kamakura (1185 –1333), and Muromachi (1333 –1568) 154 The Rise of the Warriors 154 The Gempei War (1180 –1185) 157 The Kamakura Shogunate (1185 –1333) 159 Muromachi (1333 –1568) 161 6. Early Modern East Asia (Sixteenth –Eighteenth Centuries) 167 Late Ming ([1368 –] Sixteenth Century –1644) and Qing (1644 –Eighteenth Century [ –1912]) Dynasty China 167 Late Ming Consumer Culture 167 The Manchu, Qing, “Gunpowder Empire ” (1644 –Eighteenth Century [ –1912]) 174 The Hermit Kingdom: Late Chos ŏn Korea ([1392 –] Sixteenth –Nineteenth Centuries [ –1910]) 183 The Reuni fication of Japan (1568 –1600) and the Tokugawa Shogunate (1603 –1868) 187 Three Reuni fiers 187 The Tokugawa Shogunate (1603 –1868) 190 The World Turned Upside Down: Ear ly Modern Economic Development195 7. Dai Viet (Vietnam before the Nineteenth Century) 199 The Origins of Civilization in Vietnam 199 Chinese Imperial Frontier 202 Dai Viet 206 Champa 211 Vietnam Reaches the Mekong 213 The Last Dynasty 214 8. The Nineteenth-Century Encounter of Civilizations 217 Industrialization and the Rise of New Great Powers 217 The Nineteenth-Century Impact on China 220 The Opium Wars 221 Domestic Rebellions 225 The Tongzhi Restoration (1862 –1874) 227 The Treaty Ports 230 The Boxer Rebellion (1898 –1900) 232 The Nineteenth-Century Opening of Korea 235 The Meiji Restoration (1868 –1912): Japan “Leaves Asia ” 240 Commodore Perry and the Opening of Japan (1853 –1854) 241 The Meiji Restoration (1868) 244 Contents vii Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University PressMeiji Modernization248 The Meiji Constitution 249 Industrialization 252 The French Colonization of Vietnam 255 9. The Age of Westernization (1900 –1929) 259 Empire ’s End: Republican Revolution in China 259 The 1911 Revolution 262 The May Fourth Movement: Science and Democracy 264 The Warlord Era, 1916 –1928 270 Korea under Japanese Rule, 1905 –1945 273 Japan: Taish ōDemocracy 278 “ Our Ancestors the Gauls ”: French Colonial Indochina 283 10. The Dark Valley (1930 –1945) 288 The Rise of Japanese Ultranationalism 288 Manchukuo 291 Nationalist China 295 The Rise of Mao Zedong 297 World War II in China 299 World War II in the Paci fic 304 11. Japan since 1945 311 The Postwar Allied Occupation 311 Economic Recovery and the “Developmental State ”317 Trade Wars, and the End of the Japanese Miracle 321 Japan and Globalization 323 12. Korea since 1945 330 The Korean War 330 North Korea 335 South Korea: Syngman Rhee and the First Republic (1948–1960) 338 Park Chung Hee and the Industrialization of South Korea 340 Democratization and Globalization 344 13. Vietnam since 1945 350 The French Withdrawal, and America ’s War 350 The Socialist Republic of Vietnam 356 Vietnam, East Asia, and the World 358 14. China since 1945 359 The Chinese Civil War 359 Chairman Mao ’s New China 360 The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution 363 Nixon and Mao 366 viii Contents Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University PressDeng Xiaoping and Market-based Economic Reform 369 Tiananmen373 Greater China 377 Singapore 377 Hong Kong 379 Taiwan 383 China and Globalization 390 Afterword 399 Character List 401 Notes 419 Index 447 Contents ix Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University PressList of Illustrations 1.1. Shang Dynasty bronze bellpage28 2.1. Eastern Han Dynasty bronze model horse and carriage 51 3.1. Northern Wei Dynasty funerary statuette of horseman 68 3.2. Colossal Northern Wei Dynasty stone Buddha at Yun ’gang 74 3.3. Bird-shaped Korean earthenware vessel, second –third centuries 83 3.4. Silla period Korean silver crown 86 3.5. Japanese female Haniwafigurine, fifth –sixth centuries 90 4.1. Painting of a Tang Dynasty horse by Han Gan, eighth-century China 108 4.2. Bronze statue of Maitreya (the Future Buddha), seventh-century Korea 115 4.3. The Great Buddha of Nara, eighth-century Japan 125 5.1. Examination compound, Guangzhou (Canton), China 138 5.2. Ma Yuan, “Viewing Plum Blossoms by Moonlight, ” Song Dynasty China 140 5.3. Heiji Scroll illustration of Japanese warrior tale 157 5.4. The Golden Pavilion, Japan 162 6.1. Humble Administrator ’s Garden, Suzhou, China 173 6.2. Portrait of the Qianlong Emperor as the Bodhisattva Mañju śrī 176 6.3. Portrait of the Jesuit missionary Nicholas Trigault, by Peter Paul Rubens 181 6.4. Wrestling scene, after Kim Hong-do, nineteenth-century Korea 185 6.5. Calligraphy by Chinese-born Zen monk Nangen, seventeenth-century Japan 191 6.6. Hokusai, “The Great Wave at Kanagawa ” 195 6.7. Photograph of a nineteenth-century Japanese samurai 196 7.1. Dong Son bronze drum 200 7.2. Cham Bodhisattva 212 8.1. Hiroshige III, “Picture of a Steam Locomotive along the Yokohama Waterfront ” 218 8.2. The Shanghai Bund, ca. 1932 232 8.3. Empress Dowager Cixi with foreign envoys ’wives 233 8.4. Ninth U.S. Infantry in Beijing, 1901 235 xi Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press8.5. Kojong, emperor of Korea237 8.6. West Gate of Seoul, ca. 1904 241 8.7. Korean women with a sedan chair 242 8.8. It ōHirobumi, the first prime minister of Japan 250 8.9. Silk-reeling factory built at Tomioka, Japan, in 1872 253 9.1. The Ming tombs in north China, 1907 260 9.2. Dr. and Mrs. Sun Yat-sen 262 9.3. Beijing, ca. 1925 266 9.4. Deng Xiaoping in France, 1920 268 9.5. “Naval Battle of the Russo-Japanese War at Chinmulpo, ”1904 274 9.6. Showroom of the Mitsukoshi Dry-Goods Store, Japan, 1911 278 9.7. Advertisement for Kirin beer, 1937 279 9.8. Caricature of Europeanized Vietnamese playing tennis 284 10.1. The Japanese battleship Yamato 289 10.2. Mao Zedong at an air field, 1936 299 10.3. Bombing of Shanghai at the start of World War II 302 10.4. Surrender ceremony aboard the USS Missouriat the end of World War II 309 11.1. The Toyota Toyopet, Japan ’s first export automobile 318 11.2. The Taipei 101, with an advertisement for “Japanese-style Ramen ”noodles 327 12.1. War-weary Korean girl by a stalled M-26 tank during the Korean War 335 12.2. Satellite photograph of East Asia at night 337 12.3. South Korean president Park Chung Hee, 1961 340 13.1. Ho Chi Minh declaring Vietnamese independence, 1945 351 13.2. Buddhist self-immolation, Saigon, 1963 355 14.1. Mao era propaganda poster 363 14.2. President Nixon meets Chairman Mao, 1972 368 14.3. Chiang Ching-kuo, Chiang Kai-shek, and Song Meiling 388 14.4. Constructing the Goddess of Democracyin Tiananmen Square, 1989 392 xii List of Illustrations Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University PressList of Maps Introduction.1. East Asia Physicalpage4 1.1. Language Families, Languages, and Major Dialects of Chinese 16 2.1. The Warring States, 350 bce 35 2.2. The Qin Empire, ca. 210 bce 46 2.3. The Han Dynasty under Emperor Wu (r. 141 –87 bce )5 4 2.4. The Chinese Three Kingdoms and East Asia in 250 ce57 3.1. States and Peoples in 410 ce 61 3.2. Three Kingdoms Korea, ca. 500 ce 87 4.1. East Asia in 650 ce 109 5.1. East Asia in 1050 ce 134 5.2. The Mongol World Empire, ca. 1300 144 6.1. East Asia in 1800 182 7.1. Lingnan, ca. 400 ce 204 7.2. Dai Viet, ca. 1200 ce 208 8.1. Shanghai and Vicinity, ca. 1930 231 8.2. Tokugawa Japan, ca. 1860 246 8.3. French Indochina 256 10.1. Manchuria, ca. 1920 292 10.2. East Asia in 1937 301 10.3. World War II in East Asia and the Paci fic 306 14.1. The People ’s Republic of China 361 14.2. Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Macao 380 xiii Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University PressPronunciation Guide (Where not indicated otherwise, pronunciations are approximately as might be expected by American English speakers.) Chinese East Asians normally simply do not use the Roman alphabet, but for the purpose of transcribing the sounds of East Asian words in our alphabet a number of different spelling systems have been devised. For Mandarin Chinese, a spelling system called pinyin is increasingly standard. In pinyin, the vowels and diphthongs (two vowels that combine to form a single syllable) of Mandarin are pronounced approximately as follows:

aas in ah ai like the ighin sigh or high ao like the owin h ownow brow ncow e like the uin b ut ei like the ayin M ayday i as in pol ice or like the eein f eet– except in the combinations chi(where it sounds more like the chiinchi rp), ci(where it sounds more like the siin pop sicle), ri(where it sounds more like the urinurban), shi(where it sounds more like the shouinshou ld),si(where it sounds more like the siin sibling), zhi (where it sounds more like the GeinGe rman), and zi(where it sounds more like the ziin ziggurat) o like the ouin ou ght ou like oh, or the oin Oklah oma u like the oin wh oor the ooin h oot Some exceptional combinations follow: ui sounds more like oo-eighrather than oo-ee yan sounds like yen(rhymes with Z en) rather than yahn xv Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press-ian (in such words as bian,lian ,nian , etc.) sounds like - ee-en(as in Z en) rather than - ee-ahn yi sounds no different from a solitary i(as in pol ice) –in other words, the isound in isolation, or at the beginning of a word, is by convention spelled yi A few unusual consonants in pinyin follow:

csounds like the tsin the Russian title Tsar (the word cuitherefore sounds like ts-oo-eigh , pronounced together quickly) q sounds like the chinch ance ( Qintherefore sounds like cheen) x sounds like hsor the sin see ( Xia therefore sounds like hs-ee-ah, pronounced together quickly) zh sounds like the jin jay ( zhou therefore sounds just like the familiar English name Joe) Each Chinese syllable also always has a distinct tone, which is not, however, normally indicated in writing and therefore cannot be guessed from the spelling. There are a number of alternate Chinese spelling systems still in circulation (though they are not used in this book) and several old, irregular spellings (and associated pronunciations) that have become conventionally established in English usage such as Peking for Beijing, Canton for Guangzhou, Sun Yat-sen for the man more commonly known in Mandarin as Sun Zhongshan, and Chiang Kai-shek for Jiang Jieshi.

Japanese The vowels and diphthongs in Japanese are pronounced approximately as follows:

aas in ah ai like the ighin sigh or high e as in t en ei like the ayin M ayday i as in pol ice o as in oh, or the oin Oklah oma ō (with a macron) is pronounced just like obut is sustained for twice the duration u is like the oin wh oor the ooin h oot ū (with a macron) is pronounced just like ubut is sustained for twice the duration When other vowels appear next to each other in Japanese, they are each pro- nounced separately rather than combined into a single-syllable diphthong. For example iiis pronounced ee-ee.

After an initial s, the uin Japanese is often also nearly silent. Sukiyaki, for example, sounds more like s ’kiyaki.

Korean The vowels and diphthongs in Korean are pronounced approximately as follows:

aas in ah ae like the ain h at xvi Pronunciation Guide Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Presseas in t en i as in pol ice o like the oin orbit ŏ like the auin c aught u like the oin wh oor the ooin h oot ŭ like the uin p ut ŭ i like we Note also that in Korean pronunciation, the consonant pairs ch/j, k/g , p/b , r/l, s/sh , and t/d are not necessarily clearly distinguished (technically, in one widely used spelling system, they are distinguished with the aid of an apostrophe, e.g., ch’ represents the English chsound and chthe English jsound, with tch,kk ,pp ,ss , and ttindicating further subtle shades of difference). Chos ŏn, for example, there- fore sometimes appears spelled as Joseon (with the ŏsound being represented by eo), Kogury ŏas Goguryeo, Paekche as Baekje, and Silla as Shilla.

Vietnamese Vietnamese is the only East Asian language that is normally written today (in modern times) using the Roman alphabet. The standard Romanization system is called quốcng ữ, which means “national language. ”In addition to special marks indicating five of the six tones (like Chinese, Vietnamese is a tonal language, but, unlike Chinese, the tones are conventionally indicated in writing), several other diacritical (accent) marks are also used to distinguish different pronunciations. For example, the letter d written with a line through it (Ð, đ) is pronounced like the English letter d, but without a line through it a d sounds more like the English letter z. Unfortunately, because the Vietnamese diacritical markings are complicated, they are frequently dispensed with in English-language publications, as is the case in the present volume. Without the diacritic markings it is not always possible to know how to correctly pronounce a Vietnamese word. Distinctive vowels and diphthongs in Vietnamese include: ais pronounced as ah, or as in f ather â and ăare shorter in pronunciation than a e is pronounced like the ain average ê is pronounced like the ayin s ay i is pronounced as like the ein cr eek o is pronounced aw ơ is pronounced as in uhorf ur ô is pronounced as oh,orasing o u is pronounced as ooh,orasinr oot ư is pronounced as in sh ould ia is pronounced as eeah ua is pronounced as üah ư a is pronounced ooah Pronunciation Guide xvii Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University PressDistinctive consonants and consonantal combinations include:c, k, and qare pronounced as in cat, or like the kin than k d is pronounced as z đ is pronounced as d g is pronounced as in good kh is pronounced something like the hin hut ng is pronounced something like nuhguh nh is pronounced something like ny r is pronounced like the zhin Doctor Zhivago s is pronounced sh t is unaspirated, and pronounced like the t in s tandard: almost a dull sound th is pronounced as the English letter t tr is pronounced tch x is pronounced as s xviii Pronunciation Guide Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University PressTimeline: Dynasties and Major Historical Periods -Timeline China Japan Korea Vietnam BCE 1100 - Shang, ca 1570 BCE- ca 1045 BCE -- - 1000 - - - - 900 - W Zhou, ca 1045–771 -- - 800 - - - - 700 - - - - Jōmon, ca 10,000 BCE ca 250 BCE 600 - Spring and Autumn, 722–481 -- - 500 - E. Zhou, 770–256 - - - 400 - - - - Dong Son ca 600 BCE– 100 CE Warring States,403–221 BCE 300 - - - Old Chosŏn ? –?- 200 - Qin, 221–207 BCE- - - Au Lac 257 BCE– ca 179 BCE S. Yue179– 111 BCE 100 - Former Han, 202 BCE–9 CE -- - Yayoi, ca 250 BCE ca 250 CE BCE -- -- CE Xin (usurpation) 9–23 CE 100 - - - - Trung Sisters,40–42 CE Later Han, 25–220 CE 200 - - - Three Kingdoms, 220–280 Chinese Rule, 111 BCE– 939 CE 300 - W. Jin, 266–316 - - - 16 Kingdoms (north), 304–439 Kofun (Old Tomb),ca 250–552 CE Koguryŏ,?– 668 CE 400 - - xix Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University PressSouthern Dynasties, 317–589- - - Paekche,? –663 500 - N. Wei–N. Zhou, 386–581 - - Ly Bi andeffective 600 - Sui, 581–618 - - - independence, 541–602 Late Yamato, 552–710 Silla?–935(unified 668) 700 - - - - Nara, 710–784 Tang, 618–907 800 - - - - 900 - - Heian, 794–1185-- Five Dynasties, 907–960(10 Kingdoms in south) Independence, 939– 1000 - - - - Former Le, 980–1009 N. Song, 960–1127 1100 - - - Koryŏ, 918–1392- Ly, 1009–1225 1200 - S. Song, 1127–1279 (Jurchen rule in N, 1127–1234) --- Kamakura, 1185–1333 Tran, 1226–1400 1300 - - - - Yuan, 1271–1368 (Mongol rule) 1400 - - Muromachi, 1338–1573-- Ho Usurpation1400–1407 Ming Invasio n 1406–1428 Later Le, 1428–1527 1500 - Ming, 1368–1644 - - Chosŏn, 1392–1910- 1600 - - - - Mac Usurpation,1527–1592 1700 - - Tokugawa, 1603–1868- - Trinh/Nguyen 1593–1771 Tay Son, Qing, 1644–1912 1800 - - - - 1771–1802 Nguyen1802–1945 Meiji, 1868–1912 1900 - - - - Republic, 1912–(on Taiwan,1949–) Taishō, 1912–1926 Japanese rule,1910–1945French,1858–1954 2000 - - - - N/S wars1954–1975 Unified, 1975– People’s Republic,1949 - Heisei, 1989– N/S Division, 1945– Shōwa, 1926–1989 xx Timeline: Dynasties and Major Historical Periods Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University PressGlossary Altaic A major, somewhat hypothetical north Eurasian language family,possibly including the Turkic, Mongolic, Manchu, Japanese, Korean, and other languages Amaterasu The Japanese sun goddess Annam A premodern name for Vietnam (in French colonial times, specifically central Vietnam) Bakufu The military “tent government ”of the Japanese sh ōguns Bodhisattva An altruistic enlightened Buddhist being (Sanskrit) Bushi A Japanese “military gentleman, ”or samurai Chaeb ŏl A post –World War II South Korean conglomerate (written with the same two Chinese characters as the pre –World War II Japanese word zaibatsu ) Cham Austronesian-speaking people living in what is today central Vietnam Chanoyu The Japanese tea ceremonyChos ŏn Korea Cochinchina European name for southern Vietnam Comintern The Communist International, an organization based in Moscow from 1919 to 1943 (English abbreviation) Daimy ō “Great name ”: the lord of a regional domain in late premodern Japan Dao Tong The Neo-Confucian “Transmission of the Way ”(in Chinese) Dh āra _ n ī A Buddhist magical formula (Sanskrit) Enka A popular sentimental modern Japanese musical style Falun Gong A new “traditional ”Chinese religion, founded in 1992 and currently banned in the People ’s Republic of China Guandong Chinese for “East of the Passes, ”with reference to early twentieth- century Japanese military activity, usually referring to Manchuria (and frequently spelled “Kwantung ”in older publications) Guanzhong The region “Within the Passes ”: a Chinese geographical area roughly corresponding to modern Shaanxi Province xxi Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University PressGuomindang The Chinese Nationalist Party, alternatively spelled“Kuo-Min- Tang ”in the older Wade-Giles spelling system (and abbreviated either GMD or KMT) Guoyu The Chinese National Language, or Mandarin Hakka “Guest Families ”(Mandarin: Kejia): a Chinese sub-ethnic group Han ’guk “The Country of the Han ”: Korea Han ’g ŭl The Korean alphabet Hanzi Chinese characters or written symbols Hiragana A Japanese syllabary, or set of phonetic written symbols representing complete syllables Hu A generic Chinese name for northern non-Chinese peoples, used especially during the Age of Division Huangdi The Chinese term for emperor Huaxia China Hwarang “Flower Youths ”: aristocratic young warriors in Silla (Korea) Jinshi “Presented Scholar ”: the highest degree in the late imperial Chinese examination system Juche The modern North Korean ideology of self-reliance Junzi Literally the “son of a Lord ”but used by Confucius to refer to anyone who behaved as a proper gentleman should (in Chinese) Kami Japanese gods or spiritsKant ō Japanese for “East of the Passes, ”referring to the largest Japanese agricultural plain in the vicinity of modern T ōky ō Katakana A Japanese syllabary, or set of phonetic written symbols representing complete syllables –now chie fly used to write Western loanwords Keigo The Japanese “respect language ” Keiretsu Post –World War II Japanese enterprise groups Kokutai Pre –World War II Japan ’s “national polity ” Kolp ’um Aristocratic “bone rank ”in Silla (Korea) Kuo-Min-Tang The Chinese Nationalist Party, alternatively spelled“ Guomindang ”in pinyin (and abbreviated either GMD or KMT) Kwantung Chinese for “East of the Passes, ”with reference to early twentieth- century Japanese military activity, usually referring to Manchuria (and now spelled “Guandong ”in pinyin) Li “Courtesy, ”“propriety, ”“rites, ”or “ceremony ”(in Chinese) Li The organizing “principle ”or “principles ”for qi,or “matter, ”in Neo-Confucian philosophy (in Chinese) (note: this word liis written with an entirely different character from the preceding li, meaning “courtesy ”) Lingnan “South of the mountain ranges, ”a region of early imperial south China that included the modern provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi and what is now northern Vietnam Logograph A nonphonetic written symbol, such as a Chinese character, used to represent a word in a particular language (a newly coined English term) Maripkan Early native Korean royal title Minzu The modern Chinese word for “nation, ”in the sense of “a people ” xxii Glossary Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University PressMITI The Ministry of International Trade and Industry in post–World War II Japan (English abbreviation) Nihon Japan Nirv ā _ na “Extinction, ”or Buddhist enlightenment (Sanskrit) Nom A system for writing the Vietnamese language, derived from Chinese characters.

Pinyin Literally, “to spell the sound ”: the modern phonetic system for spelling Chinese using the Roman alphabet that was developed in the People ’s Republic of China Qaghan A supreme Mongol and Turkic title, meaning roughly Khan of Khans, or Great Khan Qi The basic matter or substance of the universe according to Neo- Confucian philosophy (in Chinese) Qipao “Banner gown, ”a Chinese female fashion that derived from Manchu clothing styles (in Chinese) Qiren “Banner People, ”an alternate name for the Manchus (in the Chinese language) Quoc ngu System of writing Vietnamese using the Roman alphabet Ren The Confucian virtue of humanity (in Chinese)R ōnin Japanese masterless samurai Rujiao The “Teachings of the Ru, ”or Confucian scholars (in Chinese) Sa _ ms āra The cycle of existence: birth and death (Sanskrit) Sankin k ōtai The alternate attendance system for daimy ōin Tokugawa Japan SCAP Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers during the postwar occupation of Japan (English abbreviation) Shangdi “The Lord on High ”: the supreme ancient Chinese deity (and a term sometimes also used as a Chinese translation for the Christian God) Shint ō “The Way of the Spirits ”: the indigenous Japanese religion Sh ōgun “General ”: the premodern Japanese military overlord Ś rama _ na A Buddhist monk (Sanskrit) S ūtra A sermon attributed to the Buddha (Sanskrit) Taigi-meibun The moral obligation of ful filling the role proper to one ’s title or status (in Japanese) Taiji The “supreme ultimate ”in Neo-Confucian philosophy (in Chinese) Taotie A common design on ancient Chinese bronze vessels Tatami The floor matting in late premodern Japanese buildings Tenn ō “Heavenly Sovereign ”: the standard Japanese imperial title Tianming The Chinese Mandate of Heaven Tianxia Chinese for “Under Heaven, ”referring to the royal or imperial realm Tianzi Chinese for “Son of Heaven, ”referring to the supreme ruler Tonkin European name for northern Vietnam Topolect A proposed alternate term for the Chinese dialects (in English)Tripi _ taka The “Three Baskets, ”or the complete set of Buddhist Scriptures (Sanskrit) Uji A Japanese lineage or descent group Glossary xxiii Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-11873-7 — A History of East Asia 2nd Edition Frontmatter More Information www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University PressViet Cong Southern term for Vietnamese Communists Vietminh League for the Independence of Vietnam Wuwei The Daoist principle of nonaction (in Chinese) Xiao The Confucian virtue offilial piety (in Chinese) Yangban The “two orders ”of premodern Korean civil and military aristocracy Yuan The modern Chinese currency (also known in the People ’s Republic of China as renminbi) Zaibatsu The great business conglomerates of pre –World War II Japan Zhong The Confucian virtue of loyalty (in Chinese) Zhongguo The “Central Country ”or “Middle Kingdom, ”that is, China xxiv Glossary