Create a literature review outline. Topic: Comparing the Effects of Strength Training with and Without Creatine Supplementation in Elderly Individuals 2-4 pages long Use citations and add references.
LITERA TURE REVIEW OUTLINE 1 Literatur e Review Outline Assignment LaT asha R. Reece (Keiser University Example) Author Note LaT asha R. Harper I have no known conflict of interest to disclose. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to LaT asha R. Harper Email: lrharper1@liberty .edu LITERA TURE REVIEW OUTLINE 2 Literatur e Review Outline Assignment T opic Race or gender as a moderator of the relationship between religious commitment and depression incidence in adults. I. Introduction A. Globally , the mental health status among adults is deteriorating, increasing the incidence of depression, anxiety and other mental health disorders (T orales et al., 2020) 1. Contributing factors (Ridley et al., 2020): a) COVID-19 b) Political Unrest c) Poverty d) Systemic Racism/Discrimination (Gravlee, 2020) 2. Protective Factors (W alker , 2020) a) Active, faith-based practice b) Community/social support c) Access to trained therapists/counselors B. Religious af filiation is generally associated with improved mental health outcomes (May , 2018) 1. Obligatory , “forced” religious af filiations are associated with poorer mental health in those who consistently consider leaving their faith-based practice but never do (May , 2018) C. The purpose of this report is to examine race or gender as a moderator in the established relationship between religious af filiation/commitment and the incidence of depression in adults 1. Practice of religion has been shown to have an inverse relationship with depression and suicidality (Forouhari et al., 2019) 2. This report will evaluate the role that race and gender may play in this relationship 3. Information will be used to provide evidence-based action steps for counselors/pastors/therapists to provide support for individuals of dif ferent races and genders II. The Global Mental Health Crisis A. About 280 million people globally have been diagnosed with depression, af fecting about 5% of adults (WHO, 2023) 1. Most commonly diagnosed mental health disorder B. Common treatment options for depression (National Institutes of Health, 2020) 1. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) 2. Antidepressants LITERA TURE REVIEW OUTLINE 3 3. Herbal therapies (i.e. St. John’ s W ort) 4. Relaxation, yoga, exercise 5. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 6. Light therapy (specifically for SAD) C. Depression and suicidality are increasing globally , despite varied treatment options (WHO, 2023) 1. Contributing factors (Ridley et al., 2020) a) COVID-19 b) Political unrest c) Poverty d) Systemic racism/discrimination (W alker , 2020) e) Lack of access to treatment/resources D. Depression does not discriminate 1. Children and adolescents are becoming more vulnerable to depression and suicidal ideation (Kalin, 2021) 2. Men and women suf fer from depression, despite misconceptions perpetuated by cultural stigma and the media that men do not deal with mental health issues (Chatmon, 2020) 3. Depression impacts individuals of all races/ethnicities, with minority groups being found to have higher incidences of depression than their Caucasian counterparts (Bailey et al., 2019) III. T rends of Gender and Race in Depression Incidence A. Gender trends in depression incidence 1. W omen are more impacted by depression than men (WHO, 2023) a) This could be contributed to unreported cases of mental health issues in men (Chatmon, 2020) 2. The gender dif ferences seen in women versus men (average 1.95; approximately 2 times as many depressed women as men) are so “robust” that is has been labeled a “serious health disparity” (Hyde & Mezulis, 2020) 3. Currently , there are very few gender -specific treatment modalities for depression a) W omen’ s only support groups are an example B. Race trends in depression incidence 1. For decades, Caucasian Americans were reported as having higher rates of depression than other racial/ethnic groups (Bailey et al., 2020) a) Research primarily focused on Caucasian Americans b) Ethnic/cultural stigma regarding mental health disorders/diseases c) Instruments used to measure depression focused on how Caucasian Americans experience depression (i.e. African Americans have LITERA TURE REVIEW OUTLINE 4 been shown to experience depression more somatically , resulting some instruments being not being ef fective for minority populations) d) Underdiagnosed minority populations who do not seek treatment for symptoms 2. Prevalence of Depression in populations by race (Blue Cross Blue Shield, 2022) a) 8.9% in majority Caucasian communities b) 6.1% in majority African American communities c) 5.4% in majority Hispanic/Latin communities d) 4.9-8% in majority Asian American communities IV . The Great Exodus A way from God A. “Non-religious” is the fastest growing religious group globally as younger generations raised in religious households move away from the practice (May , 2018) 1. Obligatory practices that focus on customs over relationships 2. Media portrayals of religious commitment/practice as judgemental, confining and limiting personal freedoms B. Religion and politics: The great divide (Fowler , 2018) 1. Christianity associated with far right, conservative (primarily Caucasian men) political beliefs 2. Leftist, liberal groups associated with non-religious, agnostic and atheist groups V . Religious Commitment and Mental Health A. Religious af filiation and commitment have generally been associated with higher mental health outcomes (May , 2018) 1. Religion of fers opportunities for social support/community as well as a special set of rules that prioritizes service, selflessness and self-denial (W alker , 2020) B. Af filiation versus Commitment in religious practice 1. Commitment to religious practice is associated with higher mental health outcomes than association (May , 2018) as af filiates tend to adopt the religion of the family out of obligation. C. Religiosity has an inverse relationship with depression incidence (Santero et al., 2019) 1. Strongest correlation found in women D. The incorporation of religious beliefs and practices of religious commitment should be considered in mental health treatment (Santero et al., 2019) VI. T rends of Gender and Race in Religious Commitment A. Gender trends in religious commitment LITERA TURE REVIEW OUTLINE 5 1. W omen tend to more religious than men based on common scales of religiosity (including the RCI) (Schnabel, 2019) a) One theory for this is that men tend to be drawn to more risky behaviors, which is condemned in most religious groups b) W omen have been found to see God as compassionate, loving and instructing while men tend to view God as more dogmatic (Schnabel, 2019) B. Race/ethnic trends in religious commitment 1. Data on religious practice among ethnic groups is conflicting a) Studies are demonstrating that Christianity has been used to promote racist agendas among Caucasians (Perry & Whitehead, 2018) 2. Religious practice has been found to be integral to mental health in African American communities (W alker , 2020) as it fosters community and establishes a set of rules that focus on serving others rather than self 3. 53% of Latin/Hispanic communities practice some form of or ganized religion (measured practice not af filiation) (Santero et al., 2019) VII. Integration and Synthesis A. Instruments used to measure religious commitment and depression 1. Religious Commitment Inventory a) 10-item instrument that evaluates the degree to which an individual adheres to the practices, beliefs and values of their religion b) Instrument found to be valid and highly sensitive in RC-10 full form in several groups including varying religious af filiations, genders, races and age groups (adolescents and adults) (Aman, 2019) 2. Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) a) A 21-item or 42-item scale that assesses symptoms of anxiety , depression, stress/tension (Zanon, 2021) b) T ranslated into multiple languages and used globally with high validity found in English and other languages (1) Been shown to be a better measure of “general distress” rather than three separate subscales of mental wellbeing in other translations B. Gender and race/ethnicity considerations in mental healthcare settings 1. Understanding how genders and races “do religion” (Schnabel, 2019) could lend itself to more individualized mental health care treatment 2. Individuals who actively practice religion have been shown to have lower incidences of depression and suicidality than their atheist/agnostic counterparts (W alker , 2020) LITERA TURE REVIEW OUTLINE 6 a) Greater emphasis on God as the creator and the individual’ s place within the community 3. Incorporating one’ s religious beliefs into their mental healthcare may reduce mental health stigma in ethnic communities (Bailey et al., 2020) 4. Incorporating one’ s religious beliefs in their mental healthcare may reduce the stigma around men and mental health (Chatmon, 2020) VIII. Conclusion of literature review A. The purpose of this report was to assess gender or race as a moderator of the relationship between religious commitment and depression incidence in adults 1. Generally , religious practice is lowers the incidence of depression and suicidality in both genders and races a) Obligatory , dogmatic religions lend themselves to higher incidences of depression as individuals want to leave the practice but remain out of obligation (May , 2018) 2. Barriers to care and stigmatization may contribute to lower reported incidences of depression in males and populations of color (Blue Cross Blue Shield, 2022) B. Opportunities for future research 1. Incorporation of individual religious practice into therapeutic sessions and the impact on depression incidence across genders and race/ethnicity 2. How individuals “do religion” (Schnabel, 2019) and incidence of depression a) Does religious dogma lend itself to mental health disorders more so than religious commitment? 3. Methods of addressing stigma around mental health in men and people of color a) Diagnosis and treatment for these groups will remain limited if individuals avoid mental health resources due to stigma C. Conclude literature review LITERA TURE REVIEW OUTLINE 7 References Aman, J., Abbas, J., Nurunnabi, M., & Bano, S. (2019). The relationship of religiosity and marital satisfaction: The role of religious commitment and practices on marital satisfaction among Pakistani respondents. Behavioral Sciences , 9 (3), 30. Bailey , R. K., Mokonogho, J., & Kumar , A. (2022). Racial and ethnic dif ferences in depression: current perspectives. Neur opsychiatric disease and tr eatment , 603-609. Blue Cross Blue Shield. (2022, May 31). Racial disparities in diagnosis and treatment of major depression. Retrieved April 2, 2023, from https://www .bcbs.com/the-health-of-america/reports/racial-disparities-diagnosis-and-treat ment-of-major -depression#racial Chatmon, B. N. (2020). Males and mental health stigma. American journal of men's health , 14 (4), 1557988320949322. Forouhari, S., T eshnizi, S. H., Ehrampoush, M. H., Mahmoodabad, S. S. M., Fallahzadeh, H., T abei, S. Z., ... & Kazemitabaee, M. (2019). Relationship between religious orientation, anxiety , and depression among college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Iranian journal of public health , 48 (1), 43. Fowler , R. B. (2018). Religion and politics in America: Faith, cultur e, and strategic choices . Routledge. Gravlee, C. C. (2020). Systemic racism, chronic health inequities, and COVID ‐ 19: A syndemic in the making?. American Journal of Human Biology , 32 (5). Hyde, J. S., & Mezulis, A. H. (2020). Gender dif ferences in depression: biological, af fective, cognitive, and sociocultural factors. Harvard review of psychiatry , 28(1), 4-13.LITERA TURE REVIEW OUTLINE 8 Kalin, N. H. (2021). Anxiety , depression, and suicide in youth. American journal of psychiatry , 178 (4), 275-279. May , M. (2018). Should I stay or should I go? Religious (dis) af filiation and depressive symptomatology . Society and Mental Health , 8 (3), 214-230. National Institutes of Health. (2020, June 18). T reatments for depr ession .
National Library of Medicine. Retrieved April 2, 2023, from https://www .ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279282/ Ridley , M., Rao, G., Schilbach, F ., & Patel, V . (2020). Poverty , depression, and anxiety: Causal evidence and mechanisms. Science , 370 (6522), eaay0214. Santero, M., Daray , F . M., Prado, C., Hernández-Vásquez, A., & Irazola, V . (2019). Association between religiosity and depression varies with age and sex among adults in South America: Evidence from the CESCAS I study . PLoS One , 14 (12), e0226622. T orales, J., O’Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & V entriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. International journal of social psychiatry , 66 (4), 317-320. W alker , R. (2020). The unapologetic guide to Black mental health: Navigate an unequal system, learn tools for emotional wellness, and get the help you deserve. New Harbinger Publications. Zanon, C., Brenner , R. E., Baptista, M. N., V ogel, D. L., Rubin, M., Al-Darmaki, F . R., ... & Zlati, A. (2021). Examining the dimensionality , reliability , and invariance of the Depression, Anxiety , and Stress Scale–21 (DASS-21) across eight countries. Assessment , 28 (6), 1531-1544.
