pharmacology mod 7

Valentina Fuentealba Cornejo posted Jun 22, 2024 2:04 PM Subscribe This page automatically marks posts as read as you scroll. Adjust automatic marking as read setting T1DM is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the destruction of insulin -producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to little or no insulin production. This results in high blood glucose levels and requires lifelong insulin therapy (American Diabetes Association, 2022). Insulin lispro, marketed under the trade name Humalog, is a rapid - acting insulin analog commonly used in the treatment of T1DM. This medication works by stimulating peripheral glucose uptake and inhibiting hepatic glucose production, effectively lowering b lood glucose levels. Insulin lispro is administered via subcutaneous injection and is notable for its quick onset of action, beginning to work within 15 minutes, peaking at about 1 hour, and continuing to work for 2 to 4 hours. This rapid action makes it i deal for covering mealtime insulin needs and allows for more flexible meal timing (Home, 2012). Insulin lispro costs approximately $300 -$400 for a 1000 -unit vial without insurance (GoodRx, 2023). Like all insulins, it carries a risk of hypoglycemia. Other common side effects include injection site reactions and lipodystrophy (American Diabetes Association, 2022). Insulin glargine, sold under the brand name Lantus, is a long -acting insulin analog that plays a crucial role in T1DM management. It provides a steady basal insulin level for up to 24 hours, helping to manage blood glucose between meals and overnight (Owen s, 2014). Insulin glargine is also administered subcutaneously, with an onset of action within 1 -2 hours of injection. Its prolonged duration of action helps maintain stable blood glucose levels and reduces the risk of nocturnal hypoglycemia (Heinemann et al., 2000). The cost of insulin glargine is similar to that of insulin lispro, typically around $300 -$400 for a 1000 -unit vial without insurance (GoodRx, 2023). Common side effects include hypoglycemia, injection site reactions, and potential weight gain ( American Diabetes Association, 2022). The combination of a rapid -acting insulin like insulin lispro and a long - acting insulin like insulin glargine is known as basal -bolus therapy. This approach aims to mimic the body's natural insulin release patterns, with insulin glargine providing baseline glucose control and insulin lispro addressing mealtime spikes in blood glucose (Chatterjee, 2017). It's important to note that insulin dosing is hi ghly individualized, and patients require thorough education on proper administration, dose adjustment, and hypoglycemia management. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels and HbA1c is crucial for optimal diabetes management (DiMeglio, 2018). Both of these insulins have significantly improved the management of T1DM by offering more physiological insulin replacement. However, their relatively high cost without insurance can be a barrier for some patients. For healthcare providers, it's crucial t o consider not only the clinical efficacy of these medications but also their accessibility and affordability for patients. Despite the challenges, using these insulin analogs, along with proper education and regular monitoring, has greatly enhanced the ab ility of individuals with T1DM to achieve better glycemic control and improve their quality of life (Foster et al., 2019). Clinical experience with T1DM often involves educating patients on proper insulin administration, recognizing and treating hypoglycemia, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Technological advancements such as continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) and insulin pumps have improved T1DM management by helping patients achieve better glycemic control (Foster, 2019). Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels, HbA1c, and screening for diabetes -related complications are crucial aspects of T1DM management (DiMeglio, 2018).