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> > N arra to r: T H IS IS S A LV AD O R B ALLE S TE R O S, 4 0 Y E A R S O LD , A B R AC ER O .

A T H O M E IN N O RTH ER N M EX IC O H E E A R N S A B O UT $ 200 A Y E A R F A R M IN G T W O A C RES O F C O TTO N O W NED B Y S O M EO NE E LS E.

$ 200 T O S U PPO RT A W IF E A N D S IX C H IL D REN .

E V EN IN M EX IC O T H IS IS N O T M UCH .

I T IS S A LV AD O R'S D REA M F O R H IM SELF A N D F O R H IS C H IL D REN T O O W N A P IE C E O F L A N D .

T O B U Y L A N D H E M UST E A R N M ORE M ONEY D O IN G T H E O NLY T H IN G H E K N O W S H O W T O D O , F A R M IN G , A N D T H E O NLY W AY H E

C AN D O T H IS IS T O W ORK IN T H E U N IT E D S TA TE S A S A B R AC ER O .

♪ > > IT B EG AN IN 1 942 JU ST A S P R EPA R ATIO NS F O R W AR W ER E G EA R IN G U P A N D A M AN PO W ER S H O RTA G E W AS D EC LA R ED .

A B U N CH O F A D M IN IS TR ATIV E A G EN CIE S C AM E T O GETH ER M ET IN D EPE N D EN TLY A N D H AM MER ED O UT S O M E A G REEM EN TS W IT H

M EX IC AN O FFIC IA LS .

> > T H E W ORKER S N O T IN VO LV ED , T O B R IN G M ORE W ORKER S B EC AU SE O F T H E W AR E FFO RT, W ELL W E N EV ER G O T R ID O F T H E

P R O GRAM U N TIL 1 964.

T H E W AR E N D ED A N D T H EY C O NTIN UED B R IN G IN G IN A S M AN Y A S A H ALF A M IL LIO N.

D EPR ES S T H E W AG ES , G ET T H E U N IO NS O UT, A N D W HAT I'M S A YIN G IS T H IS IS W HAT T H EY D O A N D T H EY'R E V ER Y G O OD A T IT .

> > T H ER E M AY H AVE B EEN A S H O RTA G E D URIN G W ORLD W AR II B EC AU SE Y O U C AN U N D ER STA N D L O GIC ALLY T H AT T H ER E

M IG HT B E.

T H ER E A R E A LS O S TR IK ES G O IN G O N A N D U N IO NS B EIN G F O RM ED A N D O TH ER R EA SO NS W HY G RO W ER S M IG HT W AN T T O H AVE A

B R AC ER O W ORKFO RC E.

> > T H EY'V E B EEN A B LE T O M AIN TA IN W HAT T H EY C ALL A S U RPLU S L A B O R P O OL.

M ORE W ORKER S T H AN JO BS.

T H ATS B EEN T H E H IS TO RY O F E V ER Y B U SIN ES S IN T H E U N IT E D S TA TE S .

> > A N D IT B EC AM E P E R FE C TLY C LE A R T H AT W HAT W AS R EA LLY W AN TE D W AS A V ER Y C H EEP, V ER Y P R ED IC TA B LE , A N D V ER Y

C APT IV E W ORKFO RC E A N D T H ES E W ER E Q UALIT IE S T H AT T H E B R AC ER O P R O GRAM S U PPLIE D .

T H ER E W AS A S H O RTA G E O F T H AT T YPE O F W ORKFO RC E.

> > A T IT S P E EK W HIC H W AS A B O UT 1 957 N EA R LY H ALF A M IL LIO N M EN W ER E C O NTR AC TE D IN A S IN G LE Y E A R A N D D URIN G T H E

E N TIR E C O URSE O F T H E P R O GRAM A T L E A ST 5 M IL LIO N M EN W ER E IN VO LV ED .

I T W AS A M ASSIV E P O PU LA TIO N M OVEM EN T W HIC H IN M Y O PIN IO N N EV ER R EC EIV ED T H E A TTE N TIO N T H AT IT M ER IT E D .

I T W AS O NE O F T H E L A R G ES T P O PU LA TIO N M OVEM EN TS IN T H E W ORLD A T T H AT T IM E.

> > O NE O F T H E K EY IS SU ES IN L O NG -T E R M M EX IC AN - U S R ELA TIO NS IS T O U N D ER STA N D T H E E N D URIN G N ATU RE O F T H AT

R ELA TIO NSH IP W HER E Y O U H AVE A C O NCEN TR ATIO N O F P O W ER T H AT W E C O ULD C ALL W ORLD W ID E O N O NE S ID E A N D O N T H E

O TH ER S LID E A C O NSTIT U EN CY T H AT C AN U SU ALLY B E L O CATE D A S Q UO TE - P A R T O F T H E T H IR D W ORLD - U N Q UO TE . ♪ > > F A R M IN G IS A M ER IC A'S B IG GES T IN D USTR Y.

A LL S U CH F A R M JO BS W HIC H A R E T O UG H, D IR TY, O R U N PLE A SA N T A R E G EN ER ALLY R EFE R RED T O A S S TO OP L A B O R.

I T IS N 'T E A SY T O F IN D M EN W IL LIN G T O T A KE O N S U CH U N D ES IR AB LE K IN D S O F W ORK.

U N D ER STA N D AB LY T H EN T H E A M ER IC AN F A R M L A B O R S U PPLY F A LLS S H O RT A N D IS S U PPLE M EN TE D B Y M EX IC AN C IT IZ EN S,

B R AC ER O S.

I N S PA N IS H B R AC ER O S M EA N S A M AN W HO W ORKS W IT H A R M S A N D H AN D S B U T IN A M ER IC AN L IN G O T H EY A R E C ALLE D L IF E

S A VER S.

♪ > > IN T H E S U M MER O F 1 956 I W AS F IN IS H IN G U P W ORK T O W AR D S A M ASTE R S D EG REE IN P U BLIC H EA LT H A T T H E U N IV ER SIT Y

O F C ALIF O RN IA H ER E IN B ER KELE Y.

I H AD N EV ER H EA R D O F T H E B R AC ER O P R O GRAM S O I E N TE R ED IN TO IT A S T H O UG H IT W ER E A S TR IC TLY A C AD EM IC E X ER C IS E.

T H E ID EA W AS T H AT I W OULD H AVE IN TE R VIE W ER S A T T H E R EC EPT IO N C EN TE R IN E L C EN TR O , C ALIF O RN IA T H RO UG H W HIC H A LL

O F T H E B R AC ER O S E N TE R IN G T H E W ES TE R N S TA TE S H AD T O P A SS.

I M ET A M AN N AM ED E R N ES TO G ALA R ZA W HO W AS A P H D IN E C O NO M IC S B U T A LS O W AS A S O CIA L A C TIV IS T.

I N F A C T H E W AS T H E N ATIO NAL S EC RETA R Y O F T H E A G RIC U LT U RAL W ORKER S U N IO N A T T H AT T IM E L O NG B EFO RE A N YB O DY H AD

H EA R D O F C ES A R C H AVEZ A N D E R N ES TO G ALA R ZA A N D I B EC AM E W ELL I T H IN K Y O U C O ULD S A Y F R IE N D S A N D H E IN FLU EN CED

M Y T H IN KIN G C O NSID ER AB LY IN T H E E C O NO M IC A SPE C TS O F T H IS P R O GRAM .

> > A N D IN T H ES E IN TE R VEN IN G S IX TE EN O R S EV EN TE EN Y E A R S T H E E M PLO YM EN T O F T H E M EX IC AN N ATIO NALS H AS B EC O M E A

C H AR AC TE R IS TIC O F O UR A G RIC U LT U RAL L A B O R F O RC E.

L A ST Y E A R IN S O M E C RO PS O VER % 95 O F T H E W ORK W AS D O NE B Y M EX IC AN N ATIO NALS A N D T H E O VER ALL S IT U ATIO N IN

C ALIF O RN IA IS R EFLE C TE D IN T H IS F IG URE.

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T IM ES A S M UCH A S T H EY E V ER H AD B EFO RE IN T H EIR L IV ES , E N O UG H T O S U PPO RT T H EIR F A M IL IE S , M AYB E E N O UG H T O B U Y A

L IT TLE M ORA L A N D A N D S O M E F A R M A N IM ALS , E Q UIP M EN T, W HO K N O W S W HAT, A N D M EN W ER E G REA TLY A TTR AC TE D B Y T H IS

P O SSIB IL IT Y.

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S EV ER AL IN T H E IN TE R IO R O F M EX IC O .

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A T T H E P E A K O F T H E P R O GRAM IN T H E M ID A N D L A TE 1 950S A B O UT A H ALF A M IL LIO N M EN W ER E C O M IN G T O T H IS C O UN TR Y

E V ER Y Y E A R , M OST O F T H EM W ER E M AR RIE D W IT H F A M IL IE S .

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T R AN SPO RTA TIO N F R O M T H ER E T O T H E B O RD ER O F T H E U N IT E D S TA TE S .

> > F R O M E M PA LM E T H EY W ER E B R O UG HT IN O N A T R AIN .

P E O PLE W OULD G ET O FF T H E T R AIN A N D A C TU ALLY B O AR D A B U S.

A N D T H ER E W AS A N O PE N IN G B AC K H ER E W HER E T H E B U S W OULD P A R K A N D T H E P E O PLE W OULD C O M E A C RO SS.

S O W HEN T H EY G O T O VER H ER E T H EY W ER E IN V ER Y D IR E C O ND IT IO N, H EA LT H -W IS E.

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T H IS S O UN D S H O RRIB LE B U T T H EY H AD T O B E F U M IG ATE D .

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> > Y E A H I D ID T H AT F O R T H REE D AYS A N D T H EN I S A ID N O I C AN 'T D O T H IS A N YM ORE B EC AU SE IT W AS D EG RAD IN G T O T H E

P E O PLE A N D T H EN T H ER E W ER E S O M E T H AT H AD A LL T H EIR C LO TH IN G A N D E TC ETE R A V ER Y N EA TLY S TA C KED A N D Y O U H AD T O

R U FFLE T H RO UG H IT A N D S PR AY IT A N D T H AT W AS A B AD D EA L.

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P A R TLY T O M AKE S U RE T H AT H IS A M ER IC AN E M PLO YE R W IL L G ET H IS M ONEY'S W ORTH ..

> > IT W AS V ER Y D EG RAD IN G .

Y O U H AVE T O R EM EM BER T H AT T H IS W AS A C APT IV E G RO UP.

Y O U K N O W Y O U'R E G O NNA D O W HAT Y O U D O W IT H T H EM A N D T H EY H AVE N O S A Y S O .

> > T H EY H AD B LO OD D RAW N.

T H EY W ER E G IV EN A N X R AY.

T H EY W ER E G IV EN A V ER Y C U RSO RY E X AM IN ATIO N O F T H E T O NSIL S A N D T H E T E ETH .

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F O R M E T O G O IN TO T H E H ALL W HER E T H E S ELE C TIN G A S T H EY C ALLE D IT W AS G O IN G O N T H AT D AY.

T H E F E LLO W R EPR ES EN TIN G S O M E G RO W ER S A SSO CIA TIO N U P IN N O RTH ER N C ALIF O RN IA W AS H APPY E N O UG H T O H AVE M E

S TA N D B Y H IS S ID E W HIL E H E D EM ONSTR ATE D T H E W AY H E D ID H IS S O C ALLE D S ELE C TIN G .

W ELL, T H ER E W ER E T H ES E H UN D RED S O F M EN L IN ED U P O UTS ID E A N D T H EY W OULD S H UFFLE P A ST T H IS G UY W HO C O M MEN TE D

O N W HY H E W AS S ELE C TIN G O NE G UY A N D R EJE C TIN G A N O TH ER G UY A N D IT A LL H AD T O D O W IT H W HETH ER T H EY M EA SU RED U P

T O H IS C RIT E R IA F O R W HAT H E C O NSID ER ED T O B E A G O OD B R AC ER O .

T H ES E H AD T O B E M EN W HO W ER E A PPA R EN TLY T IM ID , D O CIL E , U N LE A R N ED , IM PO VER IS H ED .

A N YB O DY W HO W AS W ELL D RES SED O R W ELL S PO KEN W OULD B E R EJE C TE D . > > I F O UN D IT U N SPE A KA B LY A PPA LLIN G .

I T H O UG HT T H AT IT M UST B E S O M ETH IN G L IK E T H IS IN T H E S LA VE M AR KETS O F C H AR LE S TO N O R N EW O RLE A N S, O R B ALT IM ORE,

O R W HER EV ER T H EY W ER E S ELE C TIN G IN T H O SE D AYS .

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T H ER E W ER E G UAR AN TE ES O F Q UALIT Y H O USIN G , S A FE A N D C O M FO RTA B LE T R AN SPO RTA TIO N, IN SU RAN CE B O TH O N A N D O FF

T H E JO B C O VER IN G W ORKER S A G AIN ST IN JU RIE S A N D IL LN ES SES , B U T IN A C TU AL P R AC TIC E A LM OST A LL O F T H ES E A PPA R EN T

P R O TE C TIO NS W ER E W IL D LY V IO LA TE D .

> > N O W T H IS P R O GRAM IS C AR RIE D O UT U N D ER O ATH .

I N S O M E R ES PE C TS I D O N'T K N O W O F A L A B O R R EG IM E A N YW HER E IN T H E W ORLD T H AT O N P A PE R L O OKS M ORE A TTR AC TIV E.

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T R EA TY A N D A L A B O R C O NTR AC T IS T H E M OST H YPO CRIT IC AL F R AU D P E R PE TR ATE D O N W ORKER S A N YW HER E IN T H E W ES TE R N

W ORLD .

> > E A C H Y E A R T H E N UM BER O F C O NTR AC T W ORKER S O R B R AC ER O S B R O UG HT IN F R O M M EX IC O IN CREA SES U N TIL IT N O W

R EA C H ES M ORE T H AN 1 50,0 00 A Y E A R IN C ALIF O RN IA .

T H EY L IV E IN B AR RAC KS, H O USIN G A S M AN Y A S 2 ,0 00 M EN .

> > T H E B R AC ER O C AM PS IN IM PE R IA L C O UN TY W ER E JU ST C O M MONLY Q UAN SU N H UTS C O VER ED B Y G ALV AN IZ ED IR O N A N D T H E

T E M PE R ATU RE IN SID E T H O SE H UTS B EC AM E IN TO LE R AB LE IN T H E S U M MER .

T H EY D ID N O T H AVE A N Y A IR C O ND IT IO NIN G .

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W HIC H E S SEN TIA LLY T H EY W ER E P A YIN G W HATE V ER T H EY W AN TE D T O P A Y.

> > A LL T H E B R AC ER O P A YS F O R IS H IS F O OD.

I T C O STS H IM A B O UT $ 12 A W EEK .

> > M Y G RAN D PA W ORKED IN A P A R TIC U LA R R AN CH .

T H E R AN CH ER H AD A LS O A S TO RE A N D H AD A B U SIN ES S F O R P E O PLE W HER E T H EY C O ULD P U RC H ASE C LO TH IN G O R F O OD, L IK E A

D EPA R TM EN T S TO RE B ASIC ALLY .

A PPA R EN TLY O N T H REE O CCASIO NS H E E N D ED U P O W IN G M ORE T H AN H E W AS M AKIN G .

W HEN H E C O M PLA IN ED H E W AS T O LD T H AT H E W AS G O NNA S EN D B AC K.

> > T H E B R AC ER O P R O GRAM H AS B EEN P E R H APS A L E S S T H AN P E R FE C T A R RAN G EM EN T B U T B EC AU SE O F M UTU AL N EED S IT H AS

B EC O M E M EX IC O 'S T H IR D R AN KIN G IN D USTR Y.

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Y E A R . S IN G LE C RO PS IN E N D LE S S A B U N D AN CE.

> > G RAD UALLY A M ER IC AN W ORKER S W ER E D RIV EN O UT A N D IN M AN Y C RO PS IN T H E S O UTH W ES T T H E E N TIR E L A B O R F O RC E

B EG AN T O C O NSIS T O F B R AC ER O S B U T O NCE T H E B R AC ER O P R O GRAM G O T R O LLIN G IN T H E E A R LY 1 950S, D ES PIT E E R N ES TO

G ALA R ZA'S B ES T E FFO RTS , A N D H E B R O KE H IS H EA R T IN T H E E FFO RT, I D O N'T T H IN K T H ER E W AS E V ER A S U CCES SFU L S TR IK E.

I T S N O C O IN CID EN CE T H AT C ES A R C H AVEZ D ID N O T B EG IN T O A C H IE V E A N Y S U CCES SES U N TIL A FT E R T H E P R O GRAM W AS

A B O LIS H ED IN 1 964.

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W AG ES , O R T O S TR IK E.

B R AC ER O S W HO P R O TE S TE D W ER E R ETU RN ED T O M EX IC O .

G RO W ER S F O RC ED B R AC ER O S T O S ER VE A S S TR IK E B R EA KER S W HEN D O M ES TIC W ORKER S W EN T O N S TR IK E.

> > I P E R SO NALLY W AS IN VO LV ED IN O NE E X AM PLE O F T H IS IN T H E IM PE R IA L V ALLE Y.

T H E A G RIC U LT U RAL W ORKER S O RG AN IZ IN G C O M MIT TE E IN C O LLA B O RATIO N W IT H T H E U N IT E D P A C KIN G H O USE W ORKER S T R IE D

T O G ET B AC K T H E JO BS T H AT H AD F O RM ER LY B EEN F IL LE D B Y P A C KIN G H O USE W ORKER S IN T H E W IN TE R L E TTU CE H AR VES T O F

I M PE R IA L C O UN TY.

T H E B R AC ER O P R O GRAM W AS U SED A L A B O R B U STIN G D EV IC E P U RE A N D S IM PLE .

T H E V ER Y E X IS TE N CE O F T H E P R O GRAM O N T H E B O OKS W AS T H E M OST IN G EN IO US A N TI- L A B O R D EV IC E E V ER C O NCO CTE D B Y

T H E M IN D O F M AN B EC AU SE N ATU RALLY G RO W ER S W ER E N O T G O IN G T O G O O UT A N D T R Y T O R EC RU IT D O M ES TIC W ORKER S A S

L O NG A S T H EY K N EW T H AT IF T H EY D ID N'T G ET W ORKER S F R O M A N Y O TH ER S O URC E, T H E G O VER N M EN T W OULD P R O VID E T H EM

A T T H EIR D O ORSTE PS .

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T H ER E W ER E S O M E P R O TE S TS .

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C O M MIT TE E T H AT T H ER E W AS A P A R TIC U LA R LY N O TO RIO US L A B O R C AM P C ALLE D L O D UCA, IN P E R RY IN W HIC H S O M E O F T H E

M EN S TA G ED A S IT D O W N.

A T T H E T E R M IN ATIO N O F T H EIR C O NTR AC T T H EY R EFU SED T O G O B AC K T O E L C EN TR O T O B E R EPA TR IA TE D U N TIL T H EY G O T

W HAT T H EY C O NSID ER ED W HAT W AS C O M IN G T O T H EM IN T H EIR P A Y B EC AU SE T H ER E H AD B EEN S O M E W IT H HO LD IN G O F

E X PE N SES O R F O R W HATE V ER R EA SO N T H EY F E LT T H EY W ER E B EIN G C H EA TE D .

S O T H EY S A T T H ER E, T H E B U SES C AM E, A N D T H EY D ID N'T G ET O N T H E B U SES .

T H E C O NTR AC TO R, T H AT IS T H E O PE R ATO RS O F T H IS C AM P C ALLE D IN T H EIR L O CAL V IC E C O UN CIL A N D H E G AVE T H E M EN T H E

S O NG A N D D AN CE T H AT IF T H EY W OULD O NLY G O B AC K T O E L C EN TR O T H AT T H EY W OULD B E T A KEN C AR E O F.

A N D T H E V IC E C O UN CIL W AS T H EIR L A ST A VEN UE O F A PPE A L.

T H EY T O OK H IS A D VIC E A N D W EN T B AC K T O E L C EN TR O A N D O F C O URSE T H AT W AS T H E L A ST T H EY E V ER H EA R D O F IT . > > A C CID EN TS T O OK T H E L IV ES O F U N TO LD N UM BER S O F B R AC ER O S.

S IX TE EN IN P H O EN IX , E IG HT L O ST T H EIR L IV ES IN N EW Y O RK, T W ELV E IN S O LE D AD C ALIF O RN IA .

T H E D EA D LIE S T O CCU RRED IN C H UALA R C ALIF O RN IA IN 1 963.

T W EN TY-E IG HT B R AC ER O S D IE D W HEN T H E T R U CK C AR RYIN G T H EM F R O M T H E F IE LD S W AS S TR U CK B Y A T R AIN O R L A TE R D IE D

I N T H E H O SPIT A L.

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T H AN T H EY H AD B EEN B EFO RE B U T W HEN T H EY R ETU RN ED T O T H EIR F A M IL IE S T H EY W OULD B E A B LE T O B U Y M ORE L A N D A N D

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