Answer each question with the total of 1,000 words for the entire assignment. with three or more APA 7th edition scholarly sources with in text citations. 1.Describe the rabies experiment of Louis Pa

Answer each question with the total of 1,000 words for the entire assignment. with three or more APA 7th edition scholarly sources with in text citations. 1.Describe the rabies experiment of Louis Pasteur discussed in the story. Research how Pasteur’s injections cured Andre. How do rabies immunizations work today?

2.Describe four pieces of evidence used to support the theory of evolution (7.6)

3.Name the type of speciation that results when a species cannot mate due to a change in their use of a habitat. Explain how it results in speciation.

4.Name three characteristics of viruses. Are viruses living or nonliving? Defend your answer.

5.Diseases due to viruses are plentiful. Name three diseases caused by viruses in humans. Which are not species specific? Why?

6.In figure 17.4 of chapter 17 READ section, explain the top and bottom graph which compares the age structure of less developed and higher developed countries, specifying the x and y axis. Give an example of nations with these types of age structure diagrams. What does a high fertility rate tell you about the future of this population?

7.Concerning population size and population density, explain one way each of the terms differ from each other in relation to their a. importance in predicting competition in a population; b. importance in predicting resource use in an area; and c. relationship with each other.

8.Some ecologists argue that “there is no true form of commensalism.” Define commensalism and give an example of it in nature. Do you agree this statement? Defend your argument.

9.Invasive species are exotic to new areas and growth rapidly. Give two reasons why an invasive species is able to take advantage of a new area.

1. Louis Pasteur's Rabies Experiment and Modern Rabies Immunization:

In 1885, French microbiologist Louis Pasteur conducted a groundbreaking experiment that led to the development of the first successful rabies vaccine. The experiment involved a young boy named André, who had been bitten by a rabid dog. Pasteur administered a series of progressively weaker doses of the rabies virus to André, ultimately saving his life. This method demonstrated the principle of vaccination by using attenuated pathogens to stimulate an immune response without causing disease.

Today, rabies immunization works through the administration of inactivated rabies virus vaccines, typically given as a series of injections. These vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the rabies virus, providing protection if exposed. Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) involves a combination of rabies vaccine and rabies immune globulin (RIG) to prevent the onset of the disease. PEP is highly effective if administered promptly after exposure.

2. Evidence Supporting the Theory of Evolution:

The theory of evolution is supported by several lines of evidence:

i.Fossil Record: Fossils provide chronological evidence of past life forms and their changes over time, illustrating the gradual evolution of species.

ii.Comparative Anatomy: The study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species reveals common structural features, indicating shared ancestry.

iii.Embryology: Embryological development across different species shows remarkable similarities in early stages, suggesting a common origin.

iv.Molecular Biology: Genetic similarities among diverse species indicate common genetic heritage and evolutionary relationships.

3. Speciation Due to Habitat Changes:

Allopatric speciation occurs when a population is geographically isolated due to a change in habitat, such as the formation of a river or mountain range. This isolation prevents gene flow between populations, leading to genetic divergence. Over time, accumulated genetic differences result in reproductive isolation, and the formation of new species.

4. Characteristics of Viruses and Their Status as Living or Nonliving:

Viruses are unique entities with the following characteristics:

i.Genetic Material: Contain either DNA or RNA, but not both.

ii.Lack of Cellular Structure: Do not have cellular components like a nucleus or organelles.

iii.Obligate Intracellular Parasites: Can only reproduce within a host cell.

Whether viruses are considered living or nonliving depends on the criteria used. They exhibit characteristics of life when inside a host cell, such as reproduction and evolution, but lack these features outside a host, leading some scientists to classify them as nonliving entities.

5. Viral Diseases in Humans

Three diseases caused by viruses in humans include:

i.HIV/AIDS: Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, which attacks the immune system.

ii.Influenza: Caused by influenza viruses, leading to respiratory illness.

iii.Hepatitis B: Caused by the hepatitis B virus, affecting the liver.

Regards

HIV/AIDS is not species-specific, as it can infect non-human primates and humans, indicating a zoonotic origin.

6. Age Structure Diagrams and Fertility Rates:

Age structure diagrams illustrate the distribution of various age groups in a population. In less developed countries, these diagrams typically have a broad base, indicating high birth rates and a youthful population. In higher developed countries, the base is narrower, reflecting lower birth rates and an aging population. A high fertility rate suggests rapid population growth, which may strain resources and infrastructure.

7. Population Size vs. Population Density:

Population size refers to the total number of individuals in a population, while population density is the number of individuals per unit area. Both metrics are important in predicting competition and resource use. A larger population size can lead to increased competition for resources, while higher population density can indicate more intense competition within a specific area. These factors are interrelated; for instance, a large population size in a confined area leads to high density and potential resource depletion.

8. Commensalism in Ecology:

Commensalism is a type of symbiotic relationship where one species benefits, and the other is neither helped nor harmed. An example is the relationship between remoras and sharks; remoras attach to sharks and feed on leftover food without affecting the shark. While some ecologists argue that true commensalism is rare, as most interactions have some effect on both parties, this relationship shows a largely neutral interaction for the host.

9. Invasive Species and Their Success:

Invasive species thrive in new areas due to:

i.Lack of Natural Predators: In the absence of native predators, invasive species can proliferate unchecked.

ii.Rapid Reproduction: Many invasive species reproduce quickly, allowing them to establish and dominate new environments rapidly.

These factors enable invasive species to outcompete native species and disrupt local ecosystems.

References:

i.Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Viruses: Definition, Types, Characteristics & Facts. Retrieved from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/24861-virus

ii.National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (1999). Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences, Second Edition. Retrieved from https://nap.nationalacademies.org/resource/other/creationism/evidence.html

iii.Wikipedia contributors. (2025, April 5). Commensalism. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commensalism

iv.Wikipedia contributors. (2025, April 5). Adaptive radiation. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_radiation

v.Wikipedia contributors. (2025, April 5). Evidence for evolution. In Wikipedia,