Work on the Title PageWork on the Introduction section. Gather information from RP1 & RP2.Work on the Methods section (refer to the sample paper or examples in the template). Don’t spend more time

Instructions are provided below in italics, with example wording in blue.

Remove colored text and italics before submitting it online.

Remove the “TEMPLATE” watermark. You can check the box of “Remove Watermark” under the Design / Watermark tab.

The title should be on a separate page.

Do not include author information for a double-blind (anonymous) review for RP5 submission. You can include your name in RP7 submission, but it is not required.

Title: The title of the research paper must include EXPOSURE, DISEASE, OUTCOME, and TARGET population. Use the template of the title below (Use sentence case)

Example: The strength of association between obesity and mortality from coronary heart disease in adults.

Disclaimer: Do not take this template as the only source for the instructions. If there are some discrepancies between the sample paper, template, and lecture slides, the lecture slides supersede.

1. Introduction

Include the following information with a numbered subheading. Don’t forget to include proper citations for in-text, tables, and figures.

1. Definition and symptoms of a selected chronic disease

Include the definition, symptoms, nature, extent, and significance of the selected disease. It’s important to abstract only the essential/relevant information from many sources (including at least two organizations and at least one published journal article).

1. The magnitude of the disease frequency in Florida by Person, Place, and Time

Explore FLHealthCHARTS.gov and describe the disease frequency (only one from prevalence, incidence, mortality, hospitalization, etc. among whatever available for your chosen disease from the FLHealthCHARTS.gov) overall and patterns by PPT (person, place, and time) factors. Include three illustrations (one for each factor). Explain them in-text by referring to the figures you included. Name the table and graph with a corresponding title, and they should be referenced in texts appropriately. From the disease distribution by ppt, you may find a clue to link to the modifiable risk factor.

1. General background of a specific risk factor for the selected disease

Conduct a literature review or search for the CDC website to find the known risk factors.

Specify them as modifiable and non-modifiable factors. List all risk factors with citations. Focus on one modifiable risk factor such as smoking, physical activity, obesity, diet, access to health care, control of other comorbid conditions, etc.

Among the known, modifiable risk factors, select one for your investigation.

Include a short explanation of why you choose this risk factor as your research topic linking to the descriptive statistics in section 1.2.

1. Research question/hypothesis

Formulate a research question in a statement format. A research question/hypothesis should include exposure variable, outcome variable, and target population.

1. Methods

Give a detailed description of all types of materials and methods used for a research paper.

Define the key study variables and describe the methodology used to generate/test the hypothesis.

1. Correlation analysis

Use the example paragraph below replacing the key words accordingly. *Don’t worry about the similarity score as I am aware of this fact.

Example: To test a hypothesis regarding smoking and lung cancer mortality, a correlation coefficient (r) was calculated using the Excel spreadsheet pre-programmed by Dr. Lee. Generally, a value of r greater than 0.7 is considered a strong correlation. Anything between 0.5 and 0.7 is a moderate correlation, between 0.3 and 0.5 is a weak correlation, and anything less than 0.3 is considered negligible correlation. Statistical significance was defined with p < 0.05.

1. Literature review

Explain how you conducted a literature review. Which database was used and when? Which keywords were used, and how many articles were retrieved from search, how did you select three articles, and which information was extracted?

Example: To test the hypothesis regarding the specified risk factors and disease pattern observed, I searched the PubMed database on January 30, 2020, using the keywords of breast cancer, mortality, disparity, obesity, and secular trend. The search was restricted to ones published in peer-review journals in the years 2000 - 2022, and original research articles on analytical epidemiology studies.

1. Results

It should describe the outcomes and findings of an article and should be clear, comprehensible, and concise. Include tables, figures, and all the information applicable.

1. Correlation between a modifiable risk factor and the disease in Florida from an ecological study

Use the data from FLHealthCHARTS for the disease and a risk factor of your topic.

Use the Correlation analysis template (in MS Excel) provided in the Webcourses to conduct the analysis. Obtain a correlation chart, including a correlation coefficient (r) and a corresponding p-value.

Include the chart, name it accordingly, and interpret them correctly referring to lecture slides.

1. Association between a modifiable risk factor and the disease from analytical epidemiological studies

Include the summary of 3 abstracts using a table below.

The abstract should employ a primary, analytical, and epidemiologic study design: it should be one of the following - cross-sectional, cohort, case-control, and randomized controlled trials.

Do not include animal study, review or meta-analysis study.

Tip: If you look for high-quality journals such as Journal of the American Medical Association, American Journal of Epidemiology, Journal of Clinical Oncology, Journal of the Academy for Nutrition and Dietetics, or Journal of the American Heart Association.

Table 1. Summary table with key information from 3 advance analytical and primary epidemiological studies

Stop here for RP5.

For RP7, Add 3.3), 4, and References.

If you have received any feedback from the instructor for revision, revise them accordingly and present them in the revision table.

1. Interpretations

Interpret (OR, RR, or HR) appropriately (association vs. causation, risk vs. odds, significant vs. non-significant) based on what you learned from HSC4501 by specifying the magnitude of the association (e.g., xx times, xx% increased or xx% reduced ~).

Do not copy & paste from the article. Sometimes, the authors did not differentiate OR and RR/HR when they interpreted them, which is wrong.

Separate each interpretation into a separate paragraph to help me grade your paper easily.

Suppose you found HR = 0.79 & 95% CI = (0.65-0.90) from Lee’s cohort study.

Example: Lee and colleagues (2020) found that adhering to healthy dietary patterns significantly reduced the risk of all-cause mortality by 21% from a cohort study with a total sample of 2,200 women with cancer.

1. Conclusions

This section should point out the significance of the results in relation to the reasons for doing the work. In a real research paper, it should be in depth discussing what the results mean in relation to literature and biological plausibility with limitations and strengths of the current study, and the implication for public or clinical health and the direction for future study.

However, in this HSC4501 research paper, we will just revisit the study aim and summarize the main findings of your research in one paragraph. Include your answer to the research question, “how strong is the association between the risk factor and the disease?” based on correlation and three abstracts. It may not be just one number. It will probably be in the range. Include clinical/public implications.

If you have found conflict results among different study designs, you need to include some possible explanations comparing strengths and limitations of study designs in another paragraph.

1. References

The reference page should start on a new page.

We will use APA 7th style in text and reference list.

The reference list should be in alphabetical order of the First Author’s last name.

Use the APA style citation generator if you want: https://www.scribbr.com/apa-citation-generator/. However, pay attention to Author’s name when you cite resources from organizations such as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Florida Department of Health. You will need to manually add the names.

Do not separate the webpage and the articles in the reference page.

Example of Journal Article:

Lee, E., Zhu, J., Velazquez, J., Bernardo, R., Garcia, J., Rovito, M., & Hines, R. B. (2020). Evaluation of diet quality among American adult cancer survivors: Results from 2005-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 121(2), 217-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2020.08.086

Example of Webpage:

Florida Department of Health. (2023). Deaths from All Causes. Retrieved January 7, 2023, from http://www.flhealthcharts.com/charts/DataViewer/DeathViewer/DeathViewer.aspx?indN umber=0092

Mayo Clinic. (2020). Lung Cancer. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-

conditions/lung-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20374620

1. Revision

Include the revision table summarizing all feedback from your peers and the instructor and your responses. See the examples below.

Review your revisions to ensure correctness.

If you don’t have any comments received, you still need to report the table indicating N/A for each reviewer.

Highlight your revision in text with a different color font or yellow highlighted.

Example:

Headings and subheadings

Headings, sub-headings and sub-sub-headings should be differentiated with clear numbering.

For example:

1. Heading

1)Sub-heading

(1) Sub-sub-heading

* If your paper is not formatted with sub-headings as instructed, it will probably be graded with a low score!

Final checklist:

Page number in the bottom center

Double-spaced throughout the document (except for tables and figures)

Margin: 1-inch all sides

Font: Arial 11pt (except for tables and figures)

Additional Instruction for Formats: tables, figures, and headings.

Abbreviations: The first mention of acronyms and abbreviations in the text should be spelled out in full, with acronyms or abbreviations in parentheses immediately following. Once defined, the abbreviation should be used throughout the document.

Tables

Any piece of paper that incorporates tables should be referenced clearly in the body. Table must have a title and keep away from made with pictures and vertical principles. Incorporate Tables into the paper.

Figures

Figures that are fundamental for the paper’s content should be referenced in the body. Figures can likewise be incorporated into the paper. Tables ought not to be submitted as figures.