I need an orginal outline on Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder 0

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Duarte, W., Becerra, R., & Cruise, K. (2016). The Relationship Between Neurocognitive Functioning and Occupational Functioning in Bipolar Disorder: A Literature Review. Europe's Journal Of Psychology, 12(4), 659-678. doi:10.5964/ejop.v12i4.909

Mr Walace Duarte is a Clinical Psychologist Registrar who completed a Masters in Clinical Psychology. He has a background in employment services and mental health, community mental health, and drug and alcohol services. Dr Rodrigo Becerra is a senior Lecturer and a senior Clinical Psychologist. Dr Kate Cruise is undertaking a Masters in Clinical. Her research background involves the assessment of neuropsychological and psychosocial functioning of clinical populations including Bipolar Disorder and Parkinson’s disease. The authors are a research group at Edith Cowan University. Neurocognitive impairment in Bipolar Disorder (BD) has been widely reported, even during remission. Neurocognitive impairment has been identified as a contributing factor towards unfavorable psychosocial functioning within this population. The objective of this review was to investigate the association between neurocognitive impairment and occupational functioning in BD. Factors that have been associated with impaired psychosocial functioning in BD include current symptomatology, particularly depressive symptoms. Neurocognitive impairment is another factor that has emerged from the research and is thought to undermine psychosocial functioning in BD. The method used for this literature review is a search of the PsychINFO, Scopus and ISI Web of Sciences databases for relevant English language, peer-reviewed original journal articles, dating from January 1990 to November 2013. The results consisted of twenty-three articles in the current review. Twenty studies identified a relationship between neurocognitive functioning and occupational functioning in BD. The major finding reported among these studies was that neurocognitive impairment was associated with diminished occupational functioning. The aim of this paper was to investigate the association between neurocognitive and occupational functioning in BD. Of the papers reviewed, most (20) identified a relationship between impaired neurocognitive functioning and reduced occupational functioning in BD. In summary, the current review identified a relationship between impaired neurocognitive and occupational functioning in BD. There were a number of methodological limitations associated with the variety of neuropsychological assessments employed across studies and the definition and measurement of occupational status that make it difficult to generalize across studies.

Mason, B. L., Brown, E. S., & Croarkin, P. E. (2016). Historical Underpinnings of Bipolar Disorder Diagnostic Criteria. Behavioral Sciences (2076-328X), 6(3), 1-19. doi:10.3390/bs6030014

The research authors are Brittany L. Mason, E. Sherwood Brown, and Paul E. Croarkin, they are with the department of psychiatry. The research is based on historical links to defining a mental disorder. Mental disorders separate from a temperament started as early as Hippocrates, who distinguished between these two, defining the disease “melancholia” (nosos melancholiké) and the personality (typos melancholicós). The outermost ends of this spectrum highlight two states, the lowest low, melancholia, and the highest high, mania. These mood extremes have been documented repeatedly in human history, being first systematically described by Hippocrates. Nineteenth century contemporaries Falret and Baillarger described two forms of an extreme mood disorder, with the validity and accuracy of both debated. Recognition of a cycling disorder, including both ends of the mood spectrum to Kraepelin’s characterization of a broad mood spectrum to the modern diagnosis of episodic experiences of manic mood and depressed mood, bipolar disorder has been examined and described based on the most available clinical evidence. Arguments pertaining to the validity of the current diagnostic framework include the push for a more spectrum-based approach in which more attention is paid to sub-syndromal or sub-threshold experiences of perturbed mood. It is hoped that exploration of the varied mood states experienced by those patients with bipolar disorder can lead us toward a categorization which provides the most clinically relevant evidence to guide effective treatments.

Ritter, P. S., Sauer, C., Pfeiffer, S., Bauer, M., & Pfennig, A. (2016). Comparison of Subjective and Objective Sleep Estimations in Patients with Bipolar Disorder and Healthy Control Subjects. Sleep Disorders, 1-5. doi:10.1155/2016/4031535

The researchers are Philipp S. Ritter, Cathrin Sauer, Steffi Pfeiffer, Michael Bauer, and Andrea Pfennig. The research project is to test the hypothesis that patients with bipolar disorder display a systematic bias to underestimate sleep duration and overestimate sleep latency. The methodology used to assess sleep latency and duration in 49 euthymic participants (bipolar = 21; healthy controls = 28) for 5–7 days. Participants simultaneously recorded estimated sleep duration and sleep latency daily via an online sleep diary. Group differences in the discrepancy between subjective and objective parameters were calculated using t -tests and corrected for multiple comparisons. The results were that patients with bipolar disorder significantly underestimated their sleep duration but did not overestimate their sleep latency compared to healthy controls. The conclusion is that studies utilizing diaries or questionnaires alone in patients with bipolar disorders may systematically underestimate sleep duration compared to healthy controls. The additional use of objective assessment methods such as actimetry is advisable.

Brietzke, E., Rosa, A. R., Pedrini, M., Noto, M. N., Kapczinski, F., & Scott, J. (2016). Challenges and developments in research of the early stages of bipolar disorder. Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria, 38(4), 329-337. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2016-1975

The researchers are Elisa Brietzke, Adriane R. Rosa, Mariana Pedrini, Mariane N. Noto, Flavio Kapczinski, and Jan Scott. The objective of this paper is to comprehensively review the literature regarding the early stages of BD, to explore recent discoveries on the neurobiology of these stages, and to discuss implications for research and clinical care. The following databases were searched: PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, and SciELO. Articles published in English from inception to December 2015 were retrieved. Several research approaches were used, including examination of offspring studies, retrospective studies, prospective studies of clinical high-risk populations, and exploration of the progression after the first manic episode. Investigations with neuroimaging, cognition assessments, and biomarkers provide promising (although not definitive) evidence of alterations in the neural substrate during the at-risk stage. Research on bipolar disorder should be expanded to encompass at-risk states and aligned with recent methodological progress in neuroscience. In short, early intervention could play a crucial role in preventing illness progression (and any associated cognitive/functional decline) in BD. The complications that presented in this study is that the current use of disparate criteria makes it difficult to compare findings across studies and to generalize findings to other locations or to clinical practice. Another challenge in predicting outcomes is the need to develop and apply big-data bioinformatics platforms to analyze and integrate the volume of data available from large samples, multiple samples, and international multicenter studies. Despite gaps in our knowledge, it is still vital to raise awareness among mental health professionals of the need for more timely and accurate diagnosis of BD, so as to enable recognition of the putative prodromes of BD as early as possible and, consequently, to minimize the use of antidepressant or psychostimulant monotherapies in at-risk individuals.

Neves, M. C., Duarte, D. G., Albuquerque, M. R., Nicolato, R., Neves, F. S., de Souza-Duran, F. L., & ... Corrêa, H. (2016). Neural correlates of hallucinations in bipolar disorder. Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria, 38(1), 1-5. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2014-1640

The researchers in this study are Maila de C. Neves, Dante G. Duarte, Maicon R. Albuquerque, Rodrigo Nicolato, Fernando S. Neves, Fábio L. de Souza-Duran, Geraldo Busatto, and Humberto Corrêa. Approximately one-half of all patients affected by bipolar disorder present with psychotic features on at least one occasion. Several studies have found that alterations in the activity of mesolimbic and prefrontal regions are related to aberrant salience in psychotic patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the structural correlates of a history of hallucinations in a sample of euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder (BD-I). Methods: The sample consisted of 21 euthymic patients with BD-I and no comorbid axis I DSM-IV-TR disorders. Voxel based morphometry (VBM) was used to compare patients with and without a lifetime history of hallucinations. Preprocessing was performed using the Diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration through Exponentiated Lie Algebra (DARTEL) algorithm for VBM in SPM8. Images were processed using optimized VBM. Results: The main finding of the present study was a reduction in gray matter volume in the right posterior insular cortex of patients with BD-I and a lifetime history of hallucinations, as compared to subjects with the same diagnosis but no history of hallucinations. Conclusions: This finding supports the presence of abnormalities in the salience network in BD patients with a lifetime history of hallucinations. These alterations may be associated with an aberrant assignment of salience to the elements of one's own experience, which could result in psychotic symptoms.

Propper, L., Ortiz, A., Slaney, C., Garnham, J., Ruzickova, M., Calkin, C. V., & ... Alda, M. (2015). Early-onset and very-early-onset bipolar disorder: distinct or similar clinical conditions?. Bipolar Disorders, 17(8), 814-820. doi:10.1111/bdi.12346

The researchers in this study Lukas Propper, Abigail Ortiz, Claire Slaney, Julie Garnham, Martina Ruzickova, Cynthia V Calkin, Claire O'Donovan, Tomas Hajek, and Martin Alda aimed to examine differences in the clinical presentation of very-early-onset (VEO) and early-onset (EO) bipolar disorder (BD) not fully explored previously. Includes relevant evidence based on two groups of subjects with BD from the Maritime Bipolar Registry based on age at onset of first major mood episode (VEO with onset prior to age 15 years; EO ranging from 15 to 18 years) and compared them with a reference group (onset after 18 years of age). There were 363 subjects, 240 with bipolar I disorder and 123 with bipolar II disorder; mean age 44.2 ± 12.8 (SD) years, with 41 subjects in the VEO and 95 in the EO groups. All interviewers underwent extensive training prior to conducting assessments, and all diagnostic information was subsequently reviewed by a panel of experienced clinical investigators. In this study, most of the subjects were interviewed in their adulthood, and used the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime version (SADS-L) format (14) for diagnostic interviews. The diagnoses were based on both Research Diagnostic Criteria (15) and DSM-IV criteria. The family history was obtained using the SADS-L interviews in first-degree relatives available for direct interviews and the Family History-Research Diagnostic Criteria (FH-RDC) (16). Heterogeneity of BD may be a major contributing factor to varying outcomes and to difficulties in replicating clinical, biological and treatment findings (18, 19) and there has been considerable controversy regarding what constitutes juvenile-onset BD. This study has several limitations, including the fact that the data regarding the age of onset were obtained in a retrospective fashion, thus imposing some restrictions regarding the generalizability of the results. The conclusion supports the view of the researchers that very-early-onset BD represents a distinct, more severe subtype of the illness that tends to differ from both adolescent-and adult-onset BD by a rapidly fluctuating, rather unstable, and unremitting clinical course (34), with depression being almost always the first major mood episode. The study was supported by a Grant from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research to MA.

Van den Heuvel, S. H., Goossens, P. J., Terlouw, C., Van Achterberg, T., & Schoonhoven, L. 2015). Identifying and describing patients' learning experiences towards self-management of bipolar disorders: a phenomenological study. Journal Of Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing, 22(10), 801-810. doi:10.1111/jpm.12243

This study describes learning experiences of service users in self-managing bipolar disorder that provide a possible explanation for varying effectiveness. The researchers have conducted a phenomenological study via face-to-face, in-depth interviews, guided by a topic list, along service users with BD I or II (n = 16) in three specialized community care clinics across the Netherlands. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. The current study found that self-management of BD is a learning process that takes place in a collaborative network. The researchers Van den Heuvel, Goossens, Terlouw, Van Achterberg, and Schoonhoven identified five categories: acknowledgment, processing the information load, illness management, reflecting on living with BD, and self-management of bipolar disorder. The success of self-management depends on the acknowledgment of individual limitations in learning to cope with BD and willingness to use a social network as a back-up instead. The researchers took six steps to conduct the phenomenological content analysis, wherein steps 1 and 2 resemble the epoche, e.g. ruling out subjective ideas of a phenomenon from a natural attitude. Steps 3 to 5, bracketing, e.g. withholding from a definitive conceptualization about the phenomenon, and step 6 considered as the eidetic reduction, e.g. different subjective ideas on a phenomenon transferred to a unified concept of a phenomenon. This research was ethical and all participants received written information on this study and signed informed consent forms before starting the interview process. The researcher’s findings are that trust and open communication are key attitudes that promote learning activities to reflect on. Also, a social network that functions as a safe back-up environment is an important precondition for self-management of BD.

Vasconcelos-Moreno, M. P., Bücker, J., Bürke, K. P., Czepielewski, L., Santos, B. T., Fijtman, A., & ... Kauer-Sant'Anna, M. (2016). Cognitive performance and psychosocial functioning in patients with bipolar disorder, unaffected siblings, and healthy controls. Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria, 38(4), 275-280. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1868

The researchers study is to assess cognitive performance and psychosocial functioning in patients with bipolar disorder (BD), in unaffected siblings, and in healthy controls. The study was approved by a research ethics committee. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants prior to any study procedures. Psychosocial functioning was accessed using the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST). A sub-group of patients with BD (n=21), unaffected siblings (n=14), and healthy controls (n=22) also underwent a battery of neuropsychological tests: California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), Stroop Color and Word Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Clinical and sociodemographic characteristics were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance or the chi-square test; multivariate analysis of covariance was used to examine differences in neuropsychological variables. The findings were that patients, siblings, and healthy controls all showed very low sub-threshold symptoms, as indicated by mood rating scale scores. The researcher’s Vasconcelos-Moreno, M. P., Bücker, J., Bürke, K. P., Czepielewski, L., Santos, B. T., Fijtman, A., and Kauer-Sant'Anna, conclusion was that unaffected siblings of patients with BD may show poorer functional performance compared to healthy controls. FAST scores may contribute to the development of markers of vulnerability and endophenotypic traits in at-risk populations.

Rusner, M., Berg, M., & Begley, C. (2016). Bipolar disorder in pregnancy and childbirth: a systematic review of outcomes. BMC Pregnancy & Childbirth, 161-18. doi:10.1186/s12884-016-1127-1

The researchers Marie Rusner, Marie Berg and Cecily Begley conducted a peer-reviewed study to summarize the outcome of pregnancy and childbirth, in mother and child, when the mother is diagnosed with bipolar disorder before pregnancy. The research question guiding this systematic review was: What are the outcomes of pregnancy and childbirth (childbirth defined as labor and birth, and the first year postpartum) for women with bipolar disorder and their fetus/infant, when compared with outcomes for women with bipolar disorder, who are not pregnant, experiencing labor and birth, or postnatal. The study method was a systematic search conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, PsycINFO and Cochrane databases in March 2015. There were no restrictions for age, party, ethnicity, or other variables. The participants involved in peer-reviewed studies were women with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder prior to pregnancy, who were pregnant and/or followed up to one year postpartum. After the screening assessment using the EPHPP and AMSTAR tools, nine papers were included in this study. Due to heterogeneity of data, particularly the use of differing definitions of bipolar disorder, narrative synthesis was used for most outcomes, rather than a meta-analysis. It is evident that adverse outcomes are more common in women with BD and their babies. Adverse out-comes such as gestational hypertension and antepartum hemorrhage occur in pregnant women with bipolar disorder. They are also prone to increased rates of induction of labor and caesarean section, and have an increased risk of mood disorders in the postnatal period. Large cohort studies examining fetal abnormality outcomes for women with BD who are not on mood stabilizers in pregnancy are required, as are studies on maternal-infant interaction.

Passarotti, A. M., Trivedi, N., Dominguez-Colman, L., Patel, M., & Langenecker, S. A. (2016). Differences in Real World Executive Function between Children with Pediatric Bipolar Disorder and Children with ADHD. Journal Of The Canadian Academy Of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(3), 185-195.

The researchers Alessandra M. Passarotti PhD, Nidhi Trivedi MA, Liza Dominguez-Colman MD, Manharkumar Patel MD, and Scott A. Langenecker PhD conducted a study to find the function between children with pediatric bipolar disorder and children with ADHD. Sixteen children and adolescents with pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) were used in this study by researchers, 17 children and adolescents with ADHD, Type Combined, and 13 children and adolescents with PBD and comorbid ADHD (PBD+ADHD) (mean age=12.70, SD=2.21) were assessed using the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Function – Parental Report (BRIEF-PR), clinical scales and neuropsychological tests of attention, working memory and executive function. All participants consent from legal guardian and assent from the child participant were obtained. Children and adolescents with a diagnosis of PBD or ADHD were recruited from the Pediatric Mood Disorder Clinic, at the Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), and from the Greater Chicago area. Patients were excluded from the study if they had a history of head trauma with loss of consciousness for more than ten minutes, neurological symptoms, speech or hearing difficulties, pervasive developmental disorder, a primary diagnosis other than bipolar disorder or ADHD, and an IQ score lower than 70. The finding of the present study is that the two PBD groups exhibited dual dysfunction in both cognitive domains (i.e., Inhibition, Shifting and Monitoring) and the Emotional Control domain of the BRIEF-PR, while the ADHD group exhibited a more circumscribed deficit in cognitive domains.