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Running head: TEST AND MEASUREMENT 0
Test and Measurement
Janice V. Benson
PSY/7610
Instructor: Doctor Antanas Levinkas
February 12, 2015
Introduction
Childhood Rating Scale is a test used for diagnosis of autism, the behavioral characteristic of the individual. The test is to provide a summary from the people who are referred particularly, children. The test can examine individuals of up to six years. The test is significant as it helps in diagnosis of children with autism. The test can identify categories with children into two. Those children who fall within the moderate –to- severe range and mild-to-moderate range are prime candidates for the test. Individuals who are six years of age and older and whose IQ are greater than 80, is recommended by the professionals to use CARS. Those who are highly functioning will be able to be identified with Asperger disorder and autism.
The CARS 2 test is essential as it provides parents with a complete diagnostic feedback. They illustrate the intensity of the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. This has been helpful to parents as they feel confident, as a particular behavior of a child has been evaluated. CARS 2 test is widely used in a variety of settings. It can either be used in clinics and schools. Although the CARS2 –ST and CARS2-HF are used for diagnosis, the instrument cannot be able to diagnose a disorder without a particular record of patients’ history e.g. medical history of an individual and developmental history.
The main purpose of using the CARS 2 is to be able to identify children with autism and to be able to separate them from children who are developmentally handicapped and those that are not autistic. It also separates mild –to-moderate from severe autism. Each of the item highlights a certain characteristic relationships with people, ability or behavior, use of body, imitation of effect and relation to non-human. The car test is used by special educators, school psychologists, audiologists and speech pathologists .its recommended that CARS 2 be used to children who are young, this makes it easier to recognize autistic children.
The larger population associated with the CARS2 test is children. "The reason the CARS2 test is related to children so much is that if autism is diagnosed at an early age, it can be treated to avoid long-term prognoses"(Robins 2001). "It’s reported that between 5-30 children out of 10,000 are affected by a severe disorder of autism" (Barton, 2001). Current report indicates that early identification is helpful. A child is supposed to be evaluated between the ages of 15-22 months.
Annotated Bibliography
Casd. (2016). Retrieved July 24, 2016, from http://www.stoeltingco.com/casd.htm
"Childhood Autism Rating Scale™, Second Edition (CARS™-2)."WPS. N.P., 2016. Web. 24 July 2016.
The CASD test is a screening and diagnostic tool for CARS-2. This tool is used for one specific purpose, which is evaluating and a wide spectrum disorder that has not been diagnosed. The article demonstrates reliability, but has little evidence for validity. CASD test can be used to test for one disorder. If this instrument is used to test for one measurement, it means that it does not have a strong validity, but the reliability is strong because the test can be repeated for other studies. The authors who are trying to develop CASD indicate that this program provides a diagnosis for early intervention giving an opportunity to further develop validity and reliability.
El-Ghoroury, N. H., & Krackow, E. (2012). Enhancing the identification of autism spectrum disorders via a model of culturally sensitive childhood assessment. Professional Psychology: Research And Practice, 43(3), 249-255. doi: 10.1037/a0027354
The authors of this articles conducted research that gave reliable and valid results and information. The authors aimed at addressing the autism spectrum disorders among large racial and ethnic disparities. Through research validity the authors found out that ASD was addresses without considering equality among races. Racial differences among ASD measure would show the same result hence terming this article as presenting valid research and results.
This source shows reliability estimates and show evidence of validity, because of the ASD research investigation, which can be repeated with instruments that are expected to show consistent and similar results. The authors of this research concluded that different cultures presents different rates of autism among children and intervention strategies should be developed for specific race and specific culture.
Gilliam, J. E. (2006). Gilliam Autism Rating Scale--Second Edition.
This book addresses both reliability and validity. The book is the second edition of the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS). GARS is a referenced instrument used to identify autism among the population of 3 to 22 years. The instrument is also used to measure the severity of autism disorder. The test is valid because it has been developed to measure what it purports to measure and is reliable because users obtain the same measured answered hence offering standardized reference for autism.
This book estimates reliability sources because the instrument described in the sources has been used before and is the main line of measuring autism. The GARS instrument is named GARS-1 signifying the first edition, GARS-2 signifying the second edition and there is GARS-3, which signify the third edition. The version indicates repeatability and consistence hence reliable. The overall result of the GARS-2 instrument is that the instrument has been used and approved because of its reliability. The instrument gives reliable results used to measure autism for a specific age group.
Mayes, S. D. (2012). Checklist for Autism Spectrum Disorder.
CASD is a Checklist for Autism Spectrum Disorder, which is a diagnostic and screening tool. This tool measured reliability, but has issues with validity. It is considered a unique tool because it assesses autism as a spectrum as compared to being a subtype. The approach of the screening is consistent with DSM-5, but it has not shown its reliability in measuring what it purports to measure. CASD is not specific and measures many unspecified things that help in designing treatment programs and interventions. From this article, CASD can be termed as being underdevelopment hence its inconclusive reliability and validity development.
Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Baweja, R., & Mahr, F. (2015). Suicide ideation and attempts in children with psychiatric disorders and typical development. Crisis: The Journal Of Crisis Intervention And Suicide Prevention, 36(1), 55-60. doi:10.1027/0227- 5910/a000284
This article measures both validity and reliability. The authors measure psychiatric disorders among a specific age group. The risk of suicide behavior is related with mental challenges where individuals with high level of mental challenges are at high risk of suicidal ideation. The authors are presenting research idea, which can be replicated and bring about the similar results. The authors reported results based on the validity of the research instruments and research methodology and validity was purported to measure what it was supposed to measure. The authors concluded with a promise of validity and reliability evidence for their methodology when they indicated that future research should rely on routine screening for all children and adolescent who have psychiatric disorders with suicidal ideation.
Product Categories:. (2012). Retrieved July 24, 2016, fromhttp://www.proedinc.com/customer/productView.aspx?ID=5818
Schopler, E., Van Bourgondien, M. E., Wellman, G. J., & Love, S. R. (2010).
Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition.
Schopler and colleagues describe the Childhood Autism Rating Scale-Second Edition (CARS2). The CARS2 was developed to measure autism disorder among children. Both validity and reliability can be demonstrated in this article because the authors are using an instrument that has been widely used to measure the same psychological condition. However, the authors show in their research that CARS2- is not meant for universal screening, but its purpose is to inform on diagnostic hypotheses of children that are expected to fall in the ASD category. The ascertain the validity and reliability of the article; the authors conclude that CARS-2 is created with several additional attachments that are aimed at providing additional information during the diagnostic stage.
Simeone-Russell, R. (2011). A practical approach to implementing theraplay for
children with autism spectrum disorder. International Journal Of Play
Therapy, 20(4), 224-235. doi: 10.1037/a0024823
The authors are describing a therapy they had implemented for ASD children. The authors researched and described theraplay as a practical approach for helping children with Autism Spectrum Disorder to socialize within classroom setting. This article addresses both validity and reliability. In terms of validity, the authors are describing theraplay and have results of what theraplay should measure and what it purports to measure. In terms of validity, theraplay is treating ASD among children and ASD among children has been extensively studies with repeated test. Reliability estimates are measured through descriptions of ASD that has standardized measures across many similar studies. The authors of this article conclude that their study did yield results that will be used for future research concerning the connection of theraplay and ASD and increases the validity and reliability of the research article.
Conclusion
According to the seven articles evaluated for use in this section, there are varying validity and varying reliability for different ASD measuring tools. However, most of the measurement tools show reliability and validity because they are standardized and have been in use for a long time to measure the same variable with similar intended results. Most of the studies indicated that the CARS-2 assessment is reliable and valid providing strong support for its choice in this project.
Reference
Casd. (2016). Retrieved July 24, 2016, fromhttp://www.stoeltingco.com/casd.htm
"Childhood Autism Rating Scale™, Second Edition (CARS™-2)."WPS. N.p., 2016. Web. 24 July 2016.
El-Ghoroury, N. H., & Krackow, E. (2012). Enhancing the identification of autism spectrum disorders via a model of culturally sensitive childhood assessment. Professional Psychology: Research And Practice, 43(3), 249-255. doi:10.1037/a0027354
Gilliam, J. E. (2006). Gilliam Autism Rating Scale--Second Edition.
Mayes, S. D. (2012). Checklist for Autism Spectrum Disorder.
Mayes, S. D., Calhoun, S. L., Baweja, R., & Mahr, F. (2015). Suicide ideation and attempts in children with psychiatric disorders and typical development. Crisis: The Journal Of Crisis Intervention And Suicide Prevention, 36(1), 55-60. doi:10.1027/0227-5910/a000284
Product Categories:. (2012). Retrieved July 24, 2016, fromhttp://www.proedinc.com/customer/productView.aspx?ID=5818
Schopler, E., Van Bourgondien, M. E., Wellman, G. J., & Love, S. R. (2010). Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition.
Simeone-Russell, R. (2011). A practical approach to implementing theraplay for children with autism spectrum disorder. International Journal Of Play Therapy, 20(4), 224-235. doi:10.1037/a0024823
