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cepts and examine how they can be addressed in intergroup rela- bons programs. While exploring these concepts/ we discuss sociai- and we provide approaches to d Figure 2.1 shows the interre and djsCH ìŽR ation C Stereo ‚Ê @ 'ause of prejudice, but prejii- diCealsoC u eateSSte u eotYpeS.PFe ‚· ud ƒe Ceand5tepe u mga u ema —¹ O u causes of discriminatory behavic &, intergroup relations can be improved by creating conditions for positive contact and reducing prejudice, stereotyping/ and di; lation. We address contact first 19 i iw tistt-i iMltKUKHL'P RELATIONS ntact theory in zveaF ƒm p ‚Ä Oa ”V L ƒt the role of contact in intergroup relatif 6 ‚êC p ¡ All W A (G bC ‰a ‚Ê B ‰¿ n ‚Û eSSa@a@v Cond@t ŠÃ ons ‚Ê eq-ua1-stahts interactions, the pursuit of common goals, support by ,yuunun E interests and humanity. authority figures, and a ”è eo ‚ê haVe ‚Ê dl irge number of additional features that affect ŽR B OufC ‚¯Œû e5ofcQma “B ( “y B ƒ‘ peviews C 5ee Re “c w C 1971 C ]986; ‚¦‰ì 8;w B G C —|ŒÄ‚Ê n C Fg ;;. Stephan & Stephan/1996). In fact/ the ‚¨ŒÌ o ‰¤ Su Œ¼‚ª OE h ‚é S ä ‹@ Œ¶ £ 0 ŒŒ tlthasb@eC ‚ÄƒV me necessaF ‚Ö Lto r Žœ COnceprua@@zemeong ƒ~ HdC taCt ‚Ê @ A Re ‚ßŠ• Fou u Ca ‚ð e ‚¬ O e5 O u‚Ç aCto ƒA 5a taCt:SoCletaIfaCto u S C •Ê ŒÝ‚Ò aFon ŽR factors (W, G. Stephan Sc, Stephan, 1996). In this approach^ societal ‰º aC O —¹ 5 a ’š e ”VÎ o Œû ght to f H u Cep SO —¹ lfa Or5 dSI atlon —Çã faC- tors, which in" turn inf ‚Ä Ii dualCo8 ’Ü jt ƒe QnSan ‚Äƒe •ï“ùŽx eCt C a ‚Ê d these mediating factors tnen influence the outcomes of contact (see Figu ‚Ä e2 C ƒ† 7 The societal factors that impact contact include the structure of the SO ‚Ã e C jnpa C ŽR hich it is organized into hierar- chies based on power, r< religion, and the historical rela" s involved in the contact situation. They also 818 ‚Í / ‚®‰» roNP R C ¬ f@on ƒk 7L –çƒp‘Ð a ¼ “ñ‚ª r ‚Ë c SltUatlo Œû al Factors Societal Mediating C ŽŸ‚È Omes Of Factors ; ‚Ý Cto ƒC S Contact ƒ_ 8 ‚ 50 Œû Factors F;gu ‚Ä‚» 2 C 2 C A CausaIN@ ‚Ðƒp e@o theCo ‚ê @ Œû‚Æ at:tFI –m pot –m esls encompass the current relations among the groups, as well as the cul Â tural backgrounds of the individuals in the contact situations. The situ- ational factors include the setting in which the contact occurs/ the nature of the interaction, and the type of tasks the participants per Â form. The person factors refer to the demographic characteristics of the individuals, their personality trails, and the attitudes and beliefs they bring to the contact situation- The impact of these factors is filtered “ù‚êƒ_‚ß‚Ò 8 ƒi ‰º \ ‰º‚Ù‚® o ƒe ti ‚ÖƒA ean ‚Ä Ien@: ¡‚è Lto ‚ê alrespon5esofthtel —¹’š d ‚¥ v@dualL ƒt aI- tlc@pa ‚Ä‰º ts.4 E L ’š eSeresp ‚ƒt nsesafereferre ‚Äƒi toasmledfL “ fingfaCtorSE ƒ“ eCause they ”V e ƒAƒm Qr ‚Ä ebetweeneL ƒC entstL ‚Ä atocc \ƒ† rbe ororean ‚“ñ‚Ä lu w i ‚ lL “ñ tf ‚Ö eCo ‚ƒ“ ƒC ‰º - ƒ a aBdt ‚½‰º‚È O ltCo eSof eC ‚ƒt nLaCt C SO eoFt Žm ¡ e5oCleta4 C Sl l “ü at ’š ‚Äƒt —¹ ‚Ö al C andpe ƒA 5Ona ‚ï fcaC ‚½ CO u S u elevanttotheoutCo “cƒq SO ‰å C mtergroupContaCta ƒA e llSted lnTable2 C ä E So ì etheon5tSarguetha ‚Æ @n ‚½ erg ƒ_ OupCo ‚ê aCtha55e7uenhaleffeC ‚ð 5 that unfold over time: It first leads to liking for the individuals in- volved in the contact, creating interpersonal liking (Hewstone, 1996; Htiwstonti iSc Brown, 1986; Pettigrew, 1998), This process often involves decategorization or personalization, thinking of people as individu- als rather than as members of a group. Next, contact generalizes to the group, creating intergroup liking in situations in which the group identity is salient. Contact can ultimately lead to the perception that individuals are part of an overarching group. This superordinate groitp perception results m deemphasized group differences. We -will discuss techniques that promote recategorization and creating super- 0rdinate groups later in the chapter. 219