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ANALYTICAL ESSAY 1 ANALYTICAL ESSAY February 17th , 2017 Introduction ANALYTICAL ESSAY 2 Europe became a global power at the time it was experiencing internal religious upheaval 1 . The reality is that these religious disorders had permanently divided Christians. The Spanish explorers and the Portuguese had already appealed for the new lands, and Catholic missionaries collected new souls for the church all the way from Mexico to Japan. It is worth noting that Luther and Calvin toget her with a host of others had formed competing branches of the Europe’s Protestants. There was a lot of disagreement between the Lutherans, Calvinist, and Anglicans on various issues of doctrine and church organization. However, they all eventually broke from the Roman Catholic Church 2 . The Protestant, priest and the laypeople recognized the new Christian communities having new forms of ritual. There were also new social practices, new doctrines, and clergy that had different personal lives and powers diff erent from the clergy in the Roman Catholic.

A case in point is that Catholic priest was not to marry. Protestant clergy could marry on the other hand. Catholic priest heard confessions and said mass. Protestant priesthood preached the word of God and coul d not hear confession leaving it to the individ ual sinner and God undertaking that such act of confession ought to be between the human heart and God 3 . This paper analyses three ways states and societies attempted to create order in this disorderly time in European society thereby discussing success and limitations of each those ways. 1. Attempting to create order via reshaping society through religion .1 Hutter, Swen, and Edgar Grande. "Politicizing Europe in the national electoral arena: A comparative analysis of five West European countries, 1970 – 2010." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 52, no. 5 (2014): 1002 -1018. 2 Lualdi, Katharine J. 2012.

Sources of The making of the West: peoples and cultures Fourth (4th ) Edition . Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. 3 Lualdi, Katharine J. 2012.

Sources of The making of the West: peoples and cultures Fourth (4th ) Edition . Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. ANALYTICAL ESSAY 3 In the sixteenth century, the upheavals of the religion in two contradictory ways affected the European society. In the first instance, reformers together with their followers happened to have challenged the social order and the political authority. In the second instance, reacting to the excess extreme of the first manifestation, it was undertaken that there was a need for having discipline in the worship as well as social behavior. It is imperative to note that radical Protestants and peasant rebels refer red to as the Anabaptists had the motive of pushing the reformation in the populist direction hence they took the phrase “priesthood of all believers.” As a way of easily bringing the needed they sided with the downtrodden and the poor. Just the same as th e Catholics, the authorities of the Protestant became alarmed by the possible subversive reforms on the religion.

They perceived Reformation, not as the social and political movement, rather as a means of instilling order and discipline in the worship of i ndividual as well as a church organization. Bible reading became the potent tool concerning the creation of the new internally motivated individual.

This move led to Roman Catholics church as well taking some reforms which were considered as counter -reform ation against the protestant reformation hence one of the limitation. Other limitations include the following; describing the freedom for the Christian, Martin Luther meant to have an entire spiritual freedom. However, his call for freedom was interpreted by others to mean freedom in political and social terms. Having to face the social firestorms that were ignited by reforms of religious, the middle -class urbanites that had supported the reformation of the Protestant insisted for greater religious conformi ty in addition to orderly and stricter moral behavior. Catholic Church only authorized reading of Latin bible despites having errors of translation that emanated from Hebrew and Greek 4. 4Hutter, Swen, and Edgar Grande. "Politicizing Europe in the national electoral arena: A comparative analysis of five We st European countries, 1970 –2010." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 52, no. 5 (2014): 1002 -1018. ANALYTICAL ESSAY 4 All in all, Martin Luther in 1522 translated the Greek’s New Testamen t into German, which was, to begin with, full vernacular translation. This enabled Bible reading to be a common particularly in the most part of the urban and literate households’, church gatherings and in the family. As a way of promoting some order in th e states and society, in 1630 new scientific ways was accepted by the European intellectual elite. The scientific method appeared to cut across ancient learning, churches and their theologians, and the long -standing beliefs that were popular. Sir Francis Bacon the English Protestant politicians (1561 -1626) together with the Rene Descartes (1596 -1650) the philosopher and Catholic mathematicians were mainly responsible for the spreading of the scientific method reputation at the beginning of the seventeenth century. Regarding marriage reform, in an effort to come up with order and discipline, the reformers of the Protestants denounced the notion of the sexual immorality hence glorified the family. It is worth noting that early reformers of the Protestant in p articular Luther championed the end of the era of clergy celibacy thereby embracing marriage. Thus the idealized patriarchal family facilitated protection in contrast to the forces of the disorder. The truth is that in a disciplined home, proper table mann ers had the reflection of discipline and morality in a godly household. The father being the householder leads his wife and children in prayer before meal 5. As illustrated below the orderly behavior parallels a well -off comfort patrician family. 5Lualdi, Katharine J. 2012. Sources of The making of the West: peoples and cultures Fourth (4 th) Edition . Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. ANALYTICAL ESSAY 5 2. Search ing for order in elite and popular culture As a matter of fact, most of the Europeans feared disorder above everything else. Culture is the accepted way of life. The search for order occurred on different levels from the establishment of the governm ent bureaucratic routines to the reforms of disorderly poor. It is imperative to note that the Louis XIV’s absolutist government served as the model to those who had the objective of increasing central state’s power. The truth is that even the rivals of Lo uis including Leopold the Holy Roman Emperor and the great Brandenburg Elector Fredrick William had to follow him in centralizing authority in addition to building up their armies. Whether having the form of constitutionalist or absolutist, states in the s eventeenth century had committed to penetrates more deeply into their objectives hence successful effort. Some of the limitations include; more taxes to support projects was needed, there was a need for more men for armed forces. And more control of foreig n trade and religious dissent. The civil war between Parliament in England and Charles, I in the year 1640, lead to political participation new demands. In the eighteenth century new levels of the economic growth together with the appearance of the social groups exerted pressure on the ANALYTICAL ESSAY 6 European state systems. It is also imperative to note that the success of the rulers in seventeenth century created an economic as well political environment that their critics would flourish 6. The bringing together of the p olitical and religious purposes in the baroque art is very well demonstrated in the architecture and the sculpture of the Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598 -1680). Nevertheless, Pascal, the French mathematician was skeptical about the ability of human of forging order out of the chaos despite having made important contributions to theories of probabilities. 3. Attempt to create order by consolidating European state system In the first half of the eighteenth century, Europeans crossed over the major threshold as they move from an economy attributed to scarcity and potential threats of famine to that of ever - increasing growth as well continued prospects of improvement 7. The truth of the reality is that expansion of the home development economies and overseas enhanced greater wealth, higher future expectations, and longer life span. It is equally important to note that the spirit of the optimism prevailed in such better times. People had the capacity to spend money on novels, newspapers, as well as on the travel literature, cotton cloth, tea, and coffee. As most of the public became literate, they followed the latest trends concerning the religious debates, music, and art s. Politics as well changed too as there was an increase in the population and production hence the growth of the cities. The government was urged by the experts to enhance public health. Moreover, the states found it necessary and to their interests to ha ve numerous international disputes by 6Lualdi, Katharine J. 2012. Sources of The making of the West: peoples and cultures Fourth (4 th) Edition . Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. 7Anievas, Alex, and KeremNisancioglu. "How the West came to rule." University of Chicago Press Economics Books (2015). ANALYTICAL ESSAY 7 diplomacy that later on became more routine and regular. It is worth noting that the consolidation of the European state system gave room for a new thinking and tides of criticism concerning the society in France and G reat Britain and thereof spilling throughout the Europe 8. Eventually, bringing together of the Atlantic system together with the enlightenment would thereof give rise of the series of Atlantic revolutions. All the above are successes of this method with li mitations being the existence of the deep divisions among different groups in the European society 9. Conclusion In conclusion, it’s apparent from the above content that the three main ways that attempted to create orderly in the European society and state include first and foremost religion. Religion brings orderly though installing of new discipline life, marriage reforms and eventually influencing the whole society in more orderly manner. The other way entailed s earching for order in elite and popular culture, and finally, there was also attempt to create order by consolidating European state system . References Main book 8Wallace, Helen, Mark A. Pollack, and Alasdair R. Young, eds. Policy -making in the European Union . Oxford University Press, USA, 2015 . 9Lualdi, Katharine J. 2012. Sources of The making of the West: peoples and cultures Fourth (4 th) Edition . Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. ANALYTICAL ESSAY 8 Lualdi, Katharine J. 2012. Sources of The making of the West: peoples and cultures Fourth (4 th) Edition . Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. Other reference Anievas, Alex, and KeremNisancioglu. "How the West came to rule." University of Chicago Press Economics Books (2015). Hutter, Swen, and Edgar Grande. "Politicizing Europe in the national electoral arena: A comparative analysis of five West European countries, 1970 –2010." JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 52, no. 5 (2014): 1002 -1018. Wallace, Helen, Mark A. Pollack, and Alasdair R. Young, eds. Policy -making in the European Union . Oxford University Press, USA, 2015.