Sociology of Race and Ethic Relations

Census 2000 showed that the United States population was 281.4 million on April 1, 2000. Of the total, 4.1 million, or 1.5 percent, reported 1American Indian and Alaska Native. This number included 2.5 million people, or 0.9 percent, who reported only American Indian and Alaska Native in addi- tion to 1.6 million peo- ple, or 0.6 percent, who reported American Indian and Alaska Native as well as one or more other races.

The term American Indian is often used in the text of this report to refer to the American Indian and Alaska Native population, while American Indian and Alaska Native is used in the text tables and graphs. Census 2000 asked separate questions on race and Hispanic or Latino origin. Hispanics who reported their race as American Indian and Alaska Native, either alone or in com- bination with one or more races, are included in the number of American Indians.

This report, part of a series that analyzes population and housing data collected from Census 2000, provides a portrait ofthe American Indian population in the United States and discusses its distribution at both the national and subnational levels.

It begins by discussing the characteristics of the total American Indian population and then focuses on selected tribal groupings, 2 for example, Navajo, Cherokee, or Eskimo.

The report is based on data from the Census 2000 Summary File 1. 3The text of this report discusses data for the United States, including the 50 states and the District of Columbia. 4 U S C E N S U S B U R E A U Helping You Make Informed Decisions U.S. Department of CommerceEconomics and Statistics AdministrationU.S. CENSUS BUREAU Issued February 2002 C2KBR/01-15 The American Indian and Alaska Native Population: 2000 Census 2000 Brief By Stella U. Ogunwole Figure 1.

Reproduction of the Question on Race From Census 2000 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 questionnaire. What is this person's race?Mark one or more races to indicate what this person considers himself/herself to be. 6. White Black, African Am., or Negro American Indian or Alaska Native — Print name of enrolled or principal tribe. Some other race — Print race. Japanese Korean Vietnamese Native Hawaiian Guamanian or Chamorro Samoan Other Pacific Islander — Print race. Asian Indian Chinese Filipino Other Asian — Print race. ✗ 1In this report, the term “reported” is used to refer to the answers provided by respondents, as well as responses assigned during the editing and imputation processes. 2Tribal grouping refers to the combining of individ- ual American Indian tribes, such as Alamo Navajo, Tohajiileehee Navajo, and Ramah Navajo into the general Navajo tribe, or the combining of individual Alaska Native tribes such as American Eskimo, Eskimo and Greenland Eskimo into the general Eskimo tribe.

3Data from the Census 2000 Summary File 1 were released on a state-by-state basis during the summer of 2001.

4Data for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico are shown in Table 2 and Figure 3. 2 U.S. Census Bureau The term “American Indian and Alaska Native” refers to people hav- ing origins in any of the original peo- ples of North and South America (including Central America), and who maintain tribal affiliation or commu- nity attachment. It includes people who reported “American Indian and Alaska Native” or wrote in their prin- cipal or enrolled tribe.

Data on race have been collected since the first U.S. decennial census in 1790. American Indians were first enumerated as a separate group in the 1860 census. The 1890 census was the first to count American Indians throughout the country. Prior to 1890, enumeration of American Indians was limited to those living in the general population of the various states; American Indians in American Indian Territory and on American Indian reservations were not included.

Alaska Natives, in Alaska, have been counted since 1880, but until 1940, they were generally reported in the “American Indian” racial category.

They were enumerated separately (as Eskimo and Aleut) in 1940 in Alaska. In the 1970 census, sepa- rate response categories were used to collect data on the Eskimo and Aleut population only in Alaska. The 1980 census was the first in which data were collected separately for Eskimos and Aleuts in all states.

The 1990 census used three sepa- rate response categories to collect data on the American Indian and Alaska Native population. Census 2000 used a combined “American Indian or Alaska Native” response category to collect data on both the American Indian and Alaska Native population. Also, respondents were asked to provide the name of their enrolled or principal tribes.

Previous decennial censuses collect- ed data on both American Indian and Alaska Native tribes. However,Census 2000 provides more exten- sive data for tribes than ever before. The question on race was changed for Census 2000.

All U.S. censuses have obtained information on race for every indi- vidual and for the past several cen- suses, the responses reflect self- identification. For Census 2000, however, respondents were asked to report one or moreraces they con- sidered themselves and other mem- bers of their households to be. 5 Because of these changes, the Census 2000 data on race are not directly comparable with data from the 1990 census or earlier census- es. Caution must be used when interpreting changes in the racial composition of the United States population over time.

The Census 2000 question on race included 15 separate response cate- gories and 3 areas where respon- dents could write in a more specific race (see Figure 1). For some pur- poses, including this report, the response categories and write-in answers were combined to create the five standard Office of Management and Budget race cate- gories, plus the Census Bureau cate- gory of “Some other race.” The six race categories include:

• White; • Black or African American;• American Indian and Alaska Native; • Asian; • Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander; and • Some other race For a complete explanation of the race categories used in Census 2000, see the Census 2000 Brief, Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin. 6 The data collected by Census 2000 on race can be divided into two broad categories: the race alonepopulation and the racein combination population.

People who responded to the ques- tion on race by indicating only one race are referred to as the race alonepopulation. For example, respondents who reported their race only as American Indian or Alaska Native on the census ques- tionnaire would be included in the American Indian alonepopulation.

Individuals who reported more than oneof the six races are referred to as the racein combination popula- tion. For example, respondents who reported they were “American Indian andWhite” or “American Indian andBlack or African AmericanandAsian” 7would be included in the American Indian in combinationpopulation. 5Other changes included terminology and formatting changes, such as spelling out “American” instead of “Amer.” for the American Indian or Alaska Native category and adding “Native” to the Hawaiian response category. In the layout of the Census 2000 questionnaire, the seven Asian response categories were alphabetized and grouped together, as were the four Pacific Islander categories after the Native Hawaiian category. The three separate American Indian and Alaska Native identifiers in the 1990 census (i.e., Indian (Amer.), Eskimo, and Aleut) were combined into a single iden- tifier in Census 2000. Also, American Indians and Alaska Natives could report more than one tribe. 6Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin:

2000,U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-1, March 2001, is available on the U.S. Census Bureau’s Internet site at www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/ briefs.html.

7The race in combinationcategories are denoted by quotations around the combina- tions with the conjunction andin bold and italicized print to indicate the separate races that comprise the combination. The maximum number of people reporting American Indian is reflected in the American Indian alone or in combinationpopulation.

One way to define the American Indian population is to combine those respondents who reported only American Indian with those who reported American Indian as well as one or more other races.

This creates the American Indian alone or in combinationpopula- tion. Another way to think of the American Indian alone or in combi- nationpopulation is the total num- ber of people who identified entire- ly or partially as American Indian.

This group is also described as people who reported American Indian, whether or not they report- ed any other races.

Census 2000 provides a snapshot of the American Indian population.

Table 1 shows the number and per- centage of Census 2000 respon- dents who reported American Indian alone as well as those who reported American Indian and at least one other race.

Of the total United States popula- tion, 2.5 million people, or 0.9 per- cent, reported only American Indian. An additional 1.6 million people reported American Indian and at least one other race. Within this group, the most common com- binations were “American Indian and Alaska Native andWhite” (66 percent), followed by “American Indian and Alaska Native andBlack or African American” (11 percent), “American Indian and Alaska Native and White andBlack or African American” (6.8 percent), and “American Indian and Alaska Native andSome other race” (5.7 percent). These four combina- tion categories accounted for 90 percent of all American Indians who reported two or more races.

Thus 4.1 million people, or 1.5 percent, of the total popula- tion, reported American Indian alone or in combination with one or more races.The American Indian population increased faster than the total population between 1990 and 2000.

Because of the changes made to the question on race for Census 2000, there are at least two ways to pres- ent the change in the total number of American Indians in the United States. They include: 1) the differ- ence in the American Indian popula- tion between 1990 and 2000 using the race alone concept for 2000 and 2) the difference in the American Indian population between 1990 and 2000 using the race alone or in combination con- cept for 2000. These comparisons provide a “minimum-maximum” range for the change in the American Indian population between 1990 and 2000.

The 1990 census showed there were nearly 2 million American Indians. Using the American Indian alone population in 2000, this pop- ulation increased by 516,722, or 26 percent, between 1990 and 2000.

If the American Indian alone or in combination population is used, an increase of 2.2 million, or 110 per- cent, results. Thus, from 1990 to 2000, the range for the increase in the American Indian population was 26 percent to 110 percent. In com- parison, the total population grew by 13 percent from 248.7 million in 1990 to 281.4 million in 2000. THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN POPULATION The following discussion of the geo- graphic distribution of the American Indian population focuses on the American Indian alone or in combi- nation population in the text. As the upper bound of the American Indian population, this group includes all respondents who reported American Indian, whether or not U.S. Census Bureau 3 Table 1.American Indian and Alaska Native Population:2000 (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, seewww.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf1.pdf) Race NumberPercent of total population Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281,412,906 100.0 American Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combination with one or more other races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,119,301 1.5 American Indian and Alaska Native alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,475,956 0.9 American Indian and Alaska Native in combination with one or more other races. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,643,345 0.6 American Indian and Alaska Native; White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,082,683 0.4 American Indian and Alaska Native; Black or African American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182,494 0.1 American Indian and Alaska Native; White; Black or African American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,207 - American Indian and Alaska Native; Some other race . . . . . . . 93,842 - All other combinations including American Indian and Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172,119 0.1 Not American Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combination with one or more other races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277,293,605 98.5 - Percentage rounds to 0.0.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1. they reported any other race. 8 Hereafter in the text of this section, the term “American Indian” will be used to refer to those who reported American Indian, whether they reported one race or more than one race. However, in the tables and graphs, data for both the American Indian alone and American Indian alone or in combination populations are shown.

Four out of ten American Indians lived in the West. 9 According to Census 2000, of all respondents who reported American Indian, 43 percent lived in the West, 31 percent lived in the South, 17 percent lived in the Midwest, and 9 percent lived in the Northeast (see Figure 2).

The West had the largest American Indian population, as well as the highest proportion of American Indians in its total population:

2.8 percent of all respondents in the West and 1.3 percent in the South reported American Indian and Alaska Native, compared with 1.1 percent in the Midwest, and 0.7 percent in the Northeast. Over half of all people who reported American Indian lived in just ten states.

The ten states with the largest American Indian populations in 2000, in order, were California, Oklahoma, Arizona, Texas, New Mexico, New York, Washington, North Carolina, Michigan, and Alaska (see Table 2). Florida was the only other state with greater than 100,000 American Indian popula- tion. Combined, these 11 states included 62 percent of the total American Indian population, but only 44 percent of the total popula- tion. California (627,562) and Oklahoma (391,949) combined included about 25 percent of the total American Indian population.

There were 19 states where the American Indian population exceed- ed the U.S. proportion of 1.5 per- cent, led by the western state of Alaska (19 percent), followed by the southern state of Oklahoma (11 percent), and the western state of New Mexico (10 percent). The other 16 states included the west- ern states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Hawaii, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming; the midwestern states of Kansas, Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota; and the southern state of North Carolina.

No northeastern state had more than 1.5 percent of its population reporting as American Indian. Five states, Alaska, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, and Washington were represented in the top ten states in both number and percent reporting as American Indian. American Indians were less than 1 percent of the total population in 21 states including Pennsylvania, New Jersey, West Virginia, Illinois, Massachusetts, Kentucky, Iowa, New Hampshire, Indiana, Georgia, Ohio, South Carolina, Mississippi, Tennessee, Connecticut, Florida,Maryland, Virginia, Delaware, New York, and the District of Columbia, a state equivalent. While Texas had the fourth largest American Indian population of all states, it ranked 26th in percent of American Indian among the 50 states and the District of Columbia, with only 1 percent of respondents reporting American Indian. Wyoming had the 44th largest American Indian popu- lation, but ranked 8th in percent of the American Indian population among the 50 states and the District of Columbia.

The American Indian population was concentrated in counties in the West and Midwest.

American Indians were the majority of the population in 14 counties in the West and 12 counties in the Midwest (see Figure 3). In the West, the counties were in four states:

Alaska, Arizona, Montana, and Utah.

In the Midwest, the counties were also in four states: South Dakota, Wisconsin, North Dakota, and Nebraska.

Of the 3,141 counties or county equivalents in the United States, 786 counties met or exceeded the U.S. level of 1.5 percent of the total American Indian population, while the proportion reporting American Indian was below the national aver- age in 2,355 counties.

The counties with their proportion reporting American Indian above the national average were located mostly west of the Mississippi River. Within this area, several clusters of counties with high percentages of American Indians were distinctly noticeable.

Alaska Natives accounted for over 50 percent of the population in near- ly all of the boroughs and census areas (county equivalents) in north- ern and western Alaska. In the Southwest, American Indians were represented in high percentages (and 4 U.S. Census Bureau 8The use of the alone or in combination population in this section does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. In general, either the alonepopulation or the alone or in combina- tionpopulation can be used, depending on the purpose of the analysis. The Census Bureau uses both approaches.

9The West region includes the states of Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.

The South region includes the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia, a state equivalent. The Midwest region includes the states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The Northeast region includes the states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. Table 2.American Indian and Alaska Native Population for the United States, Regions, and States, and for Puerto Rico:1990 and 2000 (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf1.pdf) Area19902000 Total populationAmerican Indian and Alaska Native population Total populationAmerican Indian and Alaska Native alone populationAmerican Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combination populationAmerican Indian and Alaska Native in combination population NumberPercent of total population NumberPercent of total population NumberPercent of total population NumberPercent of American Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combination population United States . . . . . . . . . . 248,709,873 1,959,234 0.8 281,421,906 2,475,956 0.9 4,119,301 1.5 1,643,345 39.9 Region Northeast. . . . . . . . . . . . 50,809,229 125,148 0.2 53,594,378 162,558 0.3 374,035 0.7 211,477 56.5 Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,668,632 337,899 0.6 64,392,776 399,490 0.6 714,792 1.1 315,302 44.1 South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85,445,930 562,731 0.7 100,236,820 725,919 0.7 1,259,230 1.3 533,311 42.4 West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,786,082 933,456 1.8 63,197,932 1,187,989 1.9 1,771,244 2.8 583,255 32.9 State Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,040,587 16,506 0.4 4,447,100 22,430 0.5 44,449 1.0 22,019 49.5 Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550,043 85,698 15.6 626,932 98,043 15.6 119,241 19.0 21,198 17.8 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,665,228 203,527 5.6 5,130,632 255,879 5.0 292,552 5.7 36,673 12.5 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,350,725 12,773 0.5 2,673,400 17,808 0.7 37,002 1.4 19,194 51.9 California . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,760,021 242,164 0.8 33,871,648 333,346 1.0 627,562 1.9 294,216 46.9 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,294,394 27,776 0.8 4,301,261 44,241 1.0 79,689 1.9 35,448 44.5 Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . 3,287,116 6,654 0.2 3,405,565 9,639 0.3 24,488 0.7 14,849 60.6 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . 666,168 2,019 0.3 783,600 2,731 0.3 6,069 0.8 3,338 55.0 District of Columbia . . . . . 606,900 1,466 0.2 572,059 1,713 0.3 4,775 0.8 3,062 64.1 Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,937,926 36,335 0.3 15,982,378 53,541 0.3 117,880 0.7 64,339 54.6 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,478,216 13,348 0.2 8,186,453 21,737 0.3 53,197 0.6 31,460 59.1 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,108,229 5,099 0.5 1,211,537 3,535 0.3 24,882 2.1 21,347 85.8 Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,006,749 13,780 1.4 1,293,953 17,645 1.4 27,237 2.1 9,592 35.2 Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,430,602 21,836 0.2 12,419,293 31,006 0.2 73,161 0.6 42,155 57.6 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,544,159 12,720 0.2 6,080,485 15,815 0.3 39,263 0.6 23,448 59.7 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,776,755 7,349 0.3 2,926,324 8,989 0.3 18,246 0.6 9,257 50.7 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,477,574 21,965 0.9 2,688,418 24,936 0.9 47,363 1.8 22,427 47.4 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,685,296 5,769 0.2 4,041,769 8,616 0.2 24,552 0.6 15,936 64.9 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,219,973 18,541 0.4 4,468,976 25,477 0.6 42,878 1.0 17,401 40.6 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,227,928 5,998 0.5 1,274,923 7,098 0.6 13,156 1.0 6,058 46.0 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,781,468 12,972 0.3 5,296,486 15,423 0.3 39,437 0.7 24,014 60.9 Massachusetts . . . . . . . . 6,016,425 12,241 0.2 6,349,097 15,015 0.2 38,050 0.6 23,035 60.5 Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,295,297 55,638 0.6 9,938,444 58,479 0.6 124,412 1.3 65,933 53.0 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . 4,375,099 49,909 1.1 4,919,479 54,967 1.1 81,074 1.6 26,107 32.2 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . 2,573,216 8,525 0.3 2,844,658 11,652 0.4 19,555 0.7 7,903 40.4 Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,117,073 19,835 0.4 5,595,211 25,076 0.4 60,099 1.1 35,023 58.3 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . 799,065 47,679 6.0 902,195 56,068 6.2 66,320 7.4 10,252 15.5 Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,578,385 12,410 0.8 1,711,263 14,896 0.9 22,204 1.3 7,308 32.9 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,201,833 19,637 1.6 1,998,257 26,420 1.3 42,222 2.1 15,802 37.4 New Hampshire . . . . . . . 1,109,252 2,134 0.2 1,235,786 2,964 0.2 7,885 0.6 4,921 62.4 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . 7,730,188 14,970 0.2 8,414,350 19,492 0.2 49,104 0.6 29,612 60.3 New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . 1,515,069 134,355 8.9 1,819,046 173,483 9.5 191,475 10.5 17,992 9.4 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,990,455 62,651 0.3 18,976,457 82,461 0.4 171,581 0.9 89,120 51.9 North Carolina . . . . . . . . 6,628,637 80,155 1.2 8,049,313 99,551 1.2 131,736 1.6 32,185 24.4 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . 638,800 25,917 4.1 642,200 31,329 4.9 35,228 5.5 3,899 11.1 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,847,115 20,358 0.2 11,353,140 24,486 0.2 76,075 0.7 51,589 67.8 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . 3,145,585 252,420 8.0 3,450,654 273,230 7.9 391,949 11.4 118,719 30.3 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,842,321 38,496 1.4 3,421,399 45,211 1.3 85,667 2.5 40,456 47.2 Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . 11,881,643 14,733 0.1 12,281,054 18,348 0.1 52,650 0.4 34,302 65.2 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . 1,003,464 4,071 0.4 1,048,319 5,121 0.5 10,725 1.0 5,604 52.3 South Carolina . . . . . . . . 3,486,703 8,246 0.2 4,012,012 13,718 0.3 27,456 0.7 13,738 50.0 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . 696,004 50,575 7.3 754,844 62,283 8.3 68,281 9.0 5,998 8.8 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . 4,877,185 10,039 0.2 5,689,283 15,152 0.3 39,188 0.7 24,036 61.3 Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,986,510 65,877 0.4 20,851,820 118,362 0.6 215,599 1.0 97,237 45.1 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,722,850 24,283 1.4 2,233,169 29,684 1.3 40,445 1.8 10,761 26.6 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . 562,758 1,696 0.3 608,827 2,420 0.4 6,396 1.1 3,976 62.2 Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,187,358 15,282 0.2 7,078,515 21,172 0.3 52,864 0.7 31,692 60.0 Washington . . . . . . . . . . 4,866,692 81,483 1.7 5,894,121 93,301 1.6 158,940 2.7 65,639 41.3 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . 1,793,477 2,458 0.1 1,808,344 3,606 0.2 10,644 0.6 7,038 66.1 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . 4,891,769 39,387 0.8 5,363,675 47,228 0.9 69,386 1.3 22,158 31.9 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . 453,588 9,479 2.1 493,782 11,133 2.3 15,012 3.0 3,879 25.8 Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . . . . 3,522,037 (X) (X) 3,808,610 13,336 0.4 26,871 0.7 13,535 50.4 X Not applicable.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1; 1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics (1990 CP-1). U.S. Census Bureau 5 6 U.S. Census Bureau also in large numbers) in the coun- ties in the Four Corners area of Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado (where the boundaries of these four states meet). In the Great Plains, American Indians were con- centrated in a cluster of counties in central and western South Dakota, southeastern Montana, and in sever- al counties along the U.S.-Canadian border in Montana and North Dakota. In the southern Plains, American Indians accounted for rela- tively high percentages of the popu- lation in a cluster of counties in east- ern Oklahoma. American Indians accounted for more than the U.S.

level of 1.5 percent in all but one county (Harper County) in Oklahoma.

East of the Mississippi, counties in which American Indians were repre- sented in percentages higher than the U.S. level of 1.5 percent were scattered throughout the South, Northeast, and upper Midwest. Two clusters of counties in North Carolina — one in the extreme southwest of the state and the other in the southeast — were evi- dent; each cluster was anchored by a county in which American Indians accounted for over 25 percent of the population. Elsewhere in the South, groups of counties in which American Indians were represented at greater than the U.S. proportion were found in central Louisiana, portions of the Gulf Coast, northern Alabama, and in eastern Virginia.

In the Northeast, counties meeting or exceeding the national proportion of American Indians tended to be nonmetropolitan and along the U.S.

and Canadian border of New York, Vermont, and Maine, although con- centrations were found in the New York city area, metropolitan Rhode Island and Connecticut, and in west- ern New York. In the Midwest, coun- ties with high percentages of American Indians were locatedprimarily across northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. In general, counties throughout most of the lower Midwest, upper South, and Northeast were distinguished by very low percentages of American Indians.

The places with the largest American Indian populations were New York and Los Angeles.

Census 2000 showed that, of all places in the United States with 100,000 or more population, 10New York and Los Angeles had the largest American Indian populations with 87,241 and 53,092, respectively (see Table 3). The next eight places with the largest American Indian popula- tions had between 15,743 and 35,093 American Indians. Five of the top ten places — Los Angeles, Phoenix, San Diego, Anchorage, and Albuquerque — were in the West.The ten largest places for American Indians together accounted for 8.2 percent of the total U.S.

American Indian population. New York and Los Angeles accounted for 3.4 percent of the total American Indian population (see Table 3). Of the ten largest places in the United States, Phoenix (2.7 percent) had the largest proportion of American Indians, followed by Los Angeles (1.4 percent), and San Diego and San Antonio, each with 1.3 percent.

Among places of 100,000 or more population, the highest proportion of American Indians was in Anchorage (10 percent) as shown in Figure 4.

Tulsa was the second highest. Six of the top ten places with the highest proportion of American Indians were in the West, with two each in the Midwest and South. ADDITIONAL FINDINGS ON THE AMERICAN INDIAN AND ALASKA NATIVE POPULATION What proportion of American Indians and Alaska Natives reported a tribe?

In Census 2000, people who identi- fied themselves as American Indian Figure 2.

Percent Distribution of the American Indian and Alaska Native Population by Region: 2000 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1.

(For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf1.pdf) American Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combination American Indian and Alaska Native alone Northeast WestSouth Midwest 9.1 17.4 30.643.0 6.6 16.1 29.348.0 10Census 2000 showed 245 places in the United States with 100,000 or more popula- tion. They included 238 incorporated places (including 4 city-county consolidations) and 7 census designated places that are not legally incorporated. For a list of these places by state, see www.census.gov/ population/www/cen2000/phc-t6.html. 19.0 (AK) 5.0 to 12.8 1.5 to 4.9 0.4 to 1.4 U.S. percent 1.5 Percent American Indian and Alaska Native Alone or In Combination: 2000 People indicating one or more races including AIAN as a percent of total population by state People indicating one or more races including American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN), as a percent of total population by county 75.0 to 95.1 50.0 to 74.9 25.0 to 49.9 1.5 to 24.9 0.0 to 1.4 U.S. percent 1.5 Figure 3. (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf1.pdf) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1. American FactFinder at factfinder.census.gov provides census data and mapping tools. 0 100 Miles 0 100 Miles 0 100 Miles 0 100 Miles U.S. Census Bureau 7 or Alaska Native on the question- naire were asked to report their enrolled or principal tribe.

Additionally, respondents could report one or more tribes (see Table 4). Among respondents who report- ed as American Indian, 79 percent, or 2.0 million people, specified a tribe. For those who reported American Indian in any combination, 67 percent, or 1.1 million people, reported a tribe. For all people reporting American Indian either alone or in any combination, 74 per- cent, or 3.1 million people, identified a tribe.

Which American Indian tribal groupings were the largest?

According to Census 2000, the American Indian tribal groupings with 100,000 or more people or responses were Cherokee, Navajo, Latin American Indian, 11Choctaw,Sioux, and Chippewa (see Figure 5 and Table 5). 12These six tribal groups accounted for 40 percent of all respondents who reported a sin- gle grouping or race. Of all American Indian tribal groupings in any combination, these six tribal groups accounted for 42 percent of all responses. There were 281,069 respondents who reported Cherokee alone and an additional 448,464 who reported Cherokee with at least one other race or American Indian tribal grouping. A total of 729,533 people reported Cherokee alone or in combination with one or more other race or American Indian tribal groupings.

Navajo and Latin American were the next two largest specified American Indian tribal groupings. There were 269,202 people who reported Navajo alone and an additional28,995 people who reported Navajo in combination with one or more other races or American tribal groupings. This gives a total of 298,197 people who reported Navajo alone or in combination with at least one other race or American Indian tribal groupings. There were 104,354 people who reported only Latin American Indian and an addi- tional 76,586 who reported Latin American in combination with one or more other races or American Indian tribal groupings. A total of 180,940 people reported Latin American Indian alone or in combi- nation with at least one other race or American Indian tribal groupings.

Which Alaska Native tribal groupings were the largest?

In 2000, Eskimo was the largest Alaska Native tribal grouping alone or in any combination, followed by Tlingit-Haida, Alaska Athabascan, and Aleut. These four tribal group- ings combined accounted for 3.6 percent of all American Indian 8 U.S. Census Bureau Table 3.Ten Largest Places in Total Population and in American Indian and Alaska Native Population:2000 (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf1.pdf) PlaceTotal populationAmerican Indian and Alaska Native aloneAmerican Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combinationPercent of total population Rank Number Rank Number Rank NumberAmerican Indian and Alaska Native aloneAmerican Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combination New York, NY . . . . . . . . 1 8,008,278 1 41,289 1 87,241 0.5 1.1 Los Angeles, CA . . . . . 2 3,694,820 2 29,412 2 53,092 0.8 1.4 Chicago, IL . . . . . . . . . . 3 2,896,016 9 10,290 8 20,898 0.4 0.7 Houston, TX . . . . . . . . . 4 1,953,631 11 8,568 10 15,743 0.4 0.8 Philadelphia, PA. . . . . . 5 1,517,550 24 4,073 21 10,835 0.3 0.7 Phoenix, AZ . . . . . . . . . 6 1,321,045 3 26,696 3 35,093 2.0 2.7 San Diego, CA . . . . . . . 7 1,223,400 13 7,543 9 16,178 0.6 1.3 Dallas, TX . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1,188,580 18 6,472 18 11,334 0.5 1.0 San Antonio, TX. . . . . . 9 1,144,646 10 9,584 12 15,224 0.8 1.3 Detroit, MI . . . . . . . . . . . 10 951,270 40 3,140 25 8,907 0.3 0.9 Oklahoma, OK . . . . . . . 29 506,132 6 17,743 5 29,001 3.5 5.7 Tucson, AZ . . . . . . . . . . 30 486,699 8 11,038 11 15,358 2.3 3.2 Albuquerque, NM. . . . . 35 448,607 7 17,444 7 22,047 3.9 4.9 Tulsa, OK . . . . . . . . . . . 43 393,049 5 18,551 4 30,227 4.7 7.7 Anchorage, AK . . . . . . . 65 260,283 4 18,941 6 26,995 7.3 10.4 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1.

11In 1997, the Office of Management and Budget definition of American Indian or Alaska Native included the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America). 12Table 5 contains all American Indian and Alaska Native tribal groupings that contained at least 7,000 people according to the 1990 cen- sus. Additional information on individual tribes is forthcoming. and Alaska Native tribal responses alone and 2.7 percent alone or in any combination (see Figure 6 and Table 5).

There were 45,919 respondents who reported Eskimo alone and an additional 8,842 who reported Eskimo with at least one other race or American Indian or Alaska Native tribal grouping. A total of 54,761 people reported Eskimo alone or in combination with one or more other races or American Indian or Alaska Native tribal groupings.

Tlingit-Haida, Alaska Athabascan, and Aleut were the next three largest specified Alaska Native tribal groupings. There were 14,825 peo- ple who reported Tlingit-Haida alone and an additional 7,540 who reported Tlingit-Haida with at leastone other race or American Indian or Alaska Native tribal groupings. A total of 22,365 people reported Tlingit-Haida alone or in combina- tion with one or more other races or American Indian or Alaska Native tribal groupings.

There were 14,520 people who reported only Alaska Athabascan and an additional 4,318 people who reported Alaska Athabascan with one or more other races or American Indian or Alaska Native tribal groupings. A total of 18,838 people reported Alaska Athabascan alone or in combination with at least one or more other races or American Indian or Alaska Native tribal groupings.

Also, there were 11,941 people who reported only Aleut and an addition-al 5,037 people who reported Aleut with one or more other races or American Indian or Alaska Native tribal groupings. A total of 16,978 people reported Aleut alone or in combination with at least one or more other races or American Indian or Alaska Native tribal groupings.

What proportion of American Indians and Alaska Natives reported more than one tribal grouping?

The proportion of respondents reporting a tribe with at least one other race or American Indian tribal grouping varied among the ten largest American Indian tribal groupings (see Table 5). Of all the respondents who reported more than one race or American Indian tribal grouping, the Blackfeet tribal grouping had the highest propor- tion, with 68 percent. The next two tribal groupings with the highest proportion of respondents reporting at least one other race or American Indian tribal grouping were Cherokee (62 percent) and Choctaw (45 percent). Of the ten largest American Indian tribal groupings, the Navajo had the lowest propor- tion (9.7 percent) reporting more than one race or American Indian tribal grouping, followed by Pueblo (19.6 percent).

Among the largest Alaska Native tribal groupings, the highest pro- portion of all respondents who reported more than one race or American Indian or Alaska Native tribal groupings was the Tlingit- Haida with 34 percent. The other tribal groupings with respondents reporting at least one other race or American Indian or Alaska Native tribal grouping were Aleut (30 per- cent) and Alaska Athabascan (23 percent). The Eskimo had the lowest proportion of respondents (16 percent) reporting more than one race or American Indian tribal grouping.

U.S. Census Bureau 9 Figure 4.

Ten Places of 100,000 or More Population With the Highest Percentage of American Indians and Alaska Natives: 2000 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1.

(For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf1.pdf) American Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combination American Indian and Alaska Native alone Sacramento, CASpokane, WATucson, AZ Minneapolis, MNTacoma, WA Green Bay, WI Albuquerque, NM Oklahoma City, OKTulsa, OK Anchorage, AK 2.87.310.4 4.77.7 3.55.7 3.94.9 3.34.1 2.03.6 2.23.3 2.33.2 1.83.0 1.3 ABOUT CENSUS 2000 Why did Census 2000 ask the question on race?

The Census Bureau collects data on race to fulfill a variety of legislative and program requirements. Data on race are used in the legislative redis- tricting process carried out by the states and in monitoring local juris- dictions’ compliance with the Voting Rights Act. These data are also essential for evaluating federal pro- grams that promote equal access to employment, education, and hous- ing and for assessing racial dispari- ties in health and exposure to envi- ronmental risks. More broadly, data on race are critical for research that underlies many policy decisions at all levels of government.

How do data from the question on race benefit me, my family, and my community?

All levels of government need infor- mation on race to implement and evaluate programs or enforce laws.

Examples include: the Native American Programs Act, the Equal Employment Opportunity Act, the Civil Rights Act, the Voting Rights Act, the Public Health Act, the Healthcare Improvement Act, the Job Partnership Training Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act, and the Census Redistricting Data Program.

Both public and private organiza- tions use race information to find areas where groups may need spe- cial services and to plan and imple- ment education, housing, health, and other programs that address these needs. For example, a school system might use this information to design cultural activities that reflect the diversity in their community. Or a business could use it to select the mix of merchandise it will sell in anew store. Census information also helps identify areas where residents might need services of particular importance to certain racial or ethnic groups, such as screening for hyper- tension or diabetes.FOR MORE INFORMATION For more information on race in the United States, visit the U.S.

Census Bureau’s Internet site at www.census.gov/population/www/ socdemo/race.html.

10 U.S. Census Bureau Table 4.Specified Tribe Reported by American Indians and Alaska Natives:2000 (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, seewww.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf1.pdf) American Indian and Alaska Native Whether or not tribe specifiedTotal Alone In combination Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,119,301 100.0 2,475,956 100.0 1,643,345 100.0 Tribe specified . . . . 3,062,844 74.4 1,963,996 79.3 1,098,848 66.9 Tribe not specified . 1,056,457 25.6 511,960 20.7 544,497 33.1 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1.

Figure 5.

Ten Largest American Indian Tribal Groupings: 2000 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1.

(For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf1.pdf) American Indian tribal grouping alone or in any combination American Indian tribal grouping alone Pueblo Iroquois BlackfeetApache ChippewaSioux Choctaw Latin American Indian Navajo Cherokee 74,085281,069729,533 269,202298,197 180,940 104,354 87,349158,774 108,272153,360 105,907149,669 57,06096,833 27,10485,750 45,21280,822 59,533 Table 5.American Indian and Alaska Native Population by Selected Tribal Grouping:2000 (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf1.pdf) Tribal groupingAmerican and Alaska Native aloneAmerican Indian and Alaska Native in combination with one or more racesAmerican Indian and Alaska Native tribal grouping alone or in any combination 1 One tribal grouping reportedMore than one tribal grouping reported 1 One tribal grouping reportedMore than one tribal grouping reported 1 Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,423,531 52,425 1,585,396 57,949 4,119,301 Apache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,060 7,917 24,947 6,909 96,833 Blackfeet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,104 4,358 41,389 12,899 85,750 Cherokee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281,069 18,793 390,902 38,769 729,533 Cheyenne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,191 1,365 4,655 993 18,204 Chickasaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,887 3,014 12,025 2,425 38,351 Chippewa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,907 2,730 38,635 2,397 149,669 Choctaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,349 9,552 50,123 11,750 158,774 Colville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,833 193 1,308 59 9,393 Comanche. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,120 1,568 6,120 1,568 19,376 Cree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,488 724 3,577 945 7,734 Creek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,223 5,495 21,652 3,940 71,310 Crow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,117 574 2,812 891 13,394 Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,304 602 6,866 569 16,341 Houma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,798 79 1,794 42 8,713 Iroquois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,212 2,318 29,763 3,529 80,822 Kiowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,559 1,130 2,119 434 12,242 Latin American Indian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104,354 1,850 73,042 1,694 180,940 Lumbee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,913 642 4,934 379 57,868 Menominee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,883 258 1,551 148 9,840 Navajo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269,202 6,789 19,491 2,715 298,197 Osage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,658 1,354 5,491 1,394 15,897 Ottawa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,432 623 3,174 448 10,677 Paiute. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,705 1,163 2,315 349 13,532 Pima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,519 999 1,741 234 11,493 Potawatomi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,817 592 8,602 584 25,595 Pueblo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59,533 3,527 9,943 1,082 74,085 Puget Sound Salish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,034 226 3,212 159 14,631 Seminole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,431 2,982 9,505 2,513 27,431 Shoshone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,739 714 3,039 534 12,026 Sioux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108,272 4,794 35,179 5,115 153,360 Tohono O’odham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,466 714 1,748 159 20,087 Ute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,309 715 1,944 417 10,385 Yakama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,481 561 1,619 190 10,851 Yaqui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,224 1,245 5,184 759 22,412 Yuman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,295 526 1,051 104 8,976 Other specified American Indian tribes . 240,521 9,468 100,346 7,323 357,658 American Indian tribe, not specified 2. . . 109,644 57 86,173 28 195,902 Alaska Athabascan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,520 815 3,218 285 18,838 Aleut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,941 832 3,850 355 16,978 Eskimo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45,919 1,418 6,919 505 54,761 Tlingit-Haida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,825 1,059 6,047 434 22,365 Other specified Alaska Native tribes . . . 2,552 435 841 145 3,973 Alaska Native tribe, not specified 2...... 6,161 370 2,053 118 8,702 American Indian or Alaska Native tribes, not specified 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511,960 (X) 544,497 (X) 1,056,457 X Not applicable.

1The numbers by American Indian and Alaska Native tribal grouping do not add to the total population. This is because the American Indian and Alaska Native tribal groupings are tallies of the number of American Indian and Alaska Nativeresponsesrather than the number of American Indian and Alaska Nativerespondents.Respondents reporting several American Indian and Alaska Native tribes are counted several times. For example, a respondent reporting ‘‘Apache and Blackfeet’’ would be included in the Apache as well as Blackfeet numbers.

2Includes respondents who checked the ‘‘American Indian or Alaska Native’’ response category on the census questionnaire or wrote in a tribe not specified in the American Indian and Alaska Native Tribal Detailed Classification List for Census 2000.

3Includes respondents who checked the ‘‘American Indian or Alaska Native’’ response category on the census questionnaire or wrote in the generic term ‘‘American Indian’’ or ‘‘Alaska Native,’ ’ or tribal entries not elsewhere classified.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, special tabulations. U.S. Census Bureau 11 Race data from Census 2000 Summary File 1 were released on a state-by-state basis during the sum- mer of 2001, including data for selected American and Alaska Native tribal groupings.

The Census 2000 Summary File 1 data are available on the Internet via factfinder.census.govand for purchase on CD-ROM and on DVD.

For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, also see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/ sf1.pdfor contact our Customer Services Center at 301-763-INFO (4636).

For more information on specific races in the United States, go to www.census.govand click on “Minority Links.” This Web page includes information about Census 2000 and provides links to reports based on past censuses and surveys focusing on the social and economic characteristics of the Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander populations.Information on other population and housing topics is presented in the Census 2000 Brief series, locat- ed on the U.S. Census Bureau’s Web site at www.census.gov/population/www/ cen2000/briefs.html. This series presents information on race, Hispanic origin, age, sex, household type, housing tenure, and othersocial, economic, and housing char- acteristics.

For more information about Census 2000, including data products, call our Customer Services Center at 301-763-INFO (4636), or e-mail [email protected]. Figure 6.

Largest Alaska Native Tribal Groupings: 2000 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 1.

(For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf1.pdf) Aleut Alaska AthabascanTlingit-HaidaEskimo Alaska Native tribal grouping alone Alaska Native tribal grouping alone or in any combination 22,365 14,520 11,94116,978 18,838 14,82545,91954,761 U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Washington, DC 20233 OFFICIAL BUSINESS Penalty for Private Use $300 FIRST-CLASS MAIL POSTAGE & FEES PAID U.S. Census Bureau Permit No. G-58