Sociology of Race and Ethic Relations

Census 2000 showed that the United States population on April 1, 2000 was 281.4 mil- lion. Of the total, 36.4 million, or 12.9 percent, reported 1 Black or African American. This number includes 34.7 million people, or 12.3 percent, who reported only Black in addition to 1.8 mil- lion people, or 0.6 per- cent, who reported Black as well as one or more other races. The term Black is used in the text of this report to refer to the Black or African American popu- lation, while Black or African American is used in the text tables and graphs. Census 2000 asked separate questions on race and Hispanic or Latino origin. Hispanics who reported their race as Black, either alone or in combination with one or more other races, are includ- ed in the numbers for Blacks.

This report, part of a series that analyzes population and housing data collected from Census 2000, provides a portrait of the Black population in the United States and discusses its distribution at both the national and subnational levels. It is based on the Census 2000 Redistricting Data(Public Law 94-171) Summary File, which was among the first Census 2000 data products to be released and is used by each state to draw boundaries for legisla- tive districts. 2 The term “Black or African American” refers to people having origins in any of the Black race groups of Africa. It includes people who reported “Black, African Am., or Negro” or wrote in entries such as African American, Afro American, Nigerian, or Haitian.

Data on race has been collected since the first U.S. decennial census in 1790. U S C E N S U S B U R E A U Helping You Make Informed Decisions U.S. Department of CommerceEconomics and Statistics AdministrationU.S. CENSUS BUREAU Issued August 2001 C2KBR/01-5 The Black Population: 2000 Census 2000 Brief By Jesse McKinnon Figure 1.

Reproduction of the Question on Race From Census 2000 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 questionnaire. What is this person's race?Mark one or more races to indicate what this person considers himself/herself to be. 6. White Black, African Am., or Negro American Indian or Alaska Native — Print name of enrolled or principal tribe. Some other race — Print race. Japanese Korean Vietnamese Native Hawaiian Guamanian or Chamorro Samoan Other Pacific Islander — Print race. Asian Indian Chinese Filipino Other Asian — Print race. ✗ 1In this report, the term “reported” is used to refer to the answers provided by respondents, as well as responses assigned during the editing and imputation processes. 2This report discusses data for 50 states and the District of Columbia, but not Puerto Rico. The Census 2000 Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File was released on a state-by-state basis in March 2001. 2 U.S. Census Bureau Blacks have been enumerated in every census.

The question on race was changed for Census 2000.

For Census 2000, the question on race was asked of every individual living in the United States and responses reflect self-identification.

Respondents were asked to report the race or races they considered themselves and other members of their households to be. The question on race for Census 2000 was different from the one for the 1990 census in several ways.

Most significantly, respondents were given the option of selecting one or more race categories to indi- cate their racial identities. 3 Because of these changes, the Census 2000 data on race are not directly comparable with data from the 1990 census or earlier census- es. Caution must be used when interpreting changes in the racial composition of the United States population over time.

The Census 2000 question on race included 15 separate response cate- gories and 3 areas where respon- dents could write in a more specific race (see Figure 1). The response categories and write-in answers were combined to create the five standard Office of Management and Budget race categories plus the Census Bureau category of “Someother race.” The six race categories include:

• White; • Black or African American; • American Indian and Alaska Native; • Asian; • Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander; and • Some other race.

For a complete explanation of the race categories used in Census 2000, see the Census 2000 Brief, Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin. 4 The data collected by Census 2000 on race can be divided into two broad categories: the race alonepopulation and the race in combinationpopulation.

People who responded to the ques- tion on race by indicating only one race are referred to as the race alonepopulation, or the group who reported only onerace. For example, respondents who marked only the Black, African American, or Negro category on the census questionnaire would be included in the Black alonepopulation.

Individuals who chose more than one of the six race categories are referred to as the race in combina- tionpopulation, or as the group who reported more than onerace.

For example, respondents who reported they were “Black or African Americanand White” or “Black or African American andAsian and American Indian and Alaska Native” 5 would be included in the Black in combinationpopulation. The maximum number of people reporting Black is reflected in the Black alone or in combinationcategory.

One way to define the Black popula- tion is to combine those respon- dents who reported only Black with those who reported Black as well as one or more other races. This cre- ates the Black alone or in combina- tion population. Another way to think of the Black alone or in combi- nation population is the total num- ber of people who identified entire- ly or partially as Black. This group is also described as people who reported Black, whether or not they reported any other races.

The Black population:

a snapshot.

Table 1 shows the number and per- centage of respondents to Census 2000 who reported Black alone as well as those who reported Black and at least one other race.

In the total population, 34.7 million people, or 12.3 percent, reported only Black. An additional 1.8 million people reported Black and at least one other race. Within this group, the most common combinations were “Black andWhite” (45 per- cent), followed by “Black andSome other race” (24 percent), “Blackand American Indian and Alaska Native” (10 percent), and “Black andWhite andAmerican Indian and Alaska Native” (6 percent). These four com- bination categories accounted for 85 percent of all Blacks who report- ed two or more races. Thus, 36.4 million, or 12.9 percent of the total population, reported Black alone or in combination with one or more other races. 3Other changes included terminology and formatting changes, such as spelling out “American” instead of “Amer.” for the American Indian and Alaska Native category and adding “Native” to the Hawaiian response category. In the layout of the Census 2000 questionnaire, the seven Asian response categories were alphabetized and grouped together, as were the four Pacific Islander categories after the Native Hawaiian category. The three separate American Indian and Alaska Native identifiers in the 1990 census (i.e., Indian (Amer.), Eskimo, and Aleut) were combined into a single identifier in Census 2000. Also, American Indians and Alaska Natives could report more than one tribe. 4Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin:

2000, U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR/01-1, March 2001, is available on the U.S. Census Bureau’s Internet site at www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/ briefs.html.

5The race in combination categories are denoted by quotations around the combina- tions with the conjunction andin bold and itali- cized print to indicate the separate races that comprise the combination. The Black population increased faster than the total population between 1990 and 2000.

Because of the changes made to the question on race for Census 2000, there are at least two ways to pres- ent the change in the total number of Blacks in the United States. The difference in the Black population between 1990 and 2000 using therace alone concept for 2000 and the difference in the Black popula- tion between 1990 and 2000 using the race alone or in combination concept for 2000 provides a “minimum-maximum” range for the change in the Black population between 1990 and 2000.

The 1990 census showed there were 30.0 million Blacks. Using the Blackalone population in 2000 shows an increase of 4.7 million, or 15.6 per- cent, in the total Black population between 1990 and 2000. If the Black alone or in combination population is used, an increase of 6.4 million, or 21.5 percent, results. Thus, from 1990 to 2000, the minimum- maximum range for the increase in the Black population was 15.6 per- cent to 21.5 percent. In comparison, the total population grew by 13.2 percent, from 248.7 million in 1990 to 281.4 million in 2000. THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE BLACK POPULATION The following discussion of the geographic distribution of the Black population focuses on the Black alone or in combination population.

As the upper bound of the Black population, this group includes all respondents who reported Black, whether or not they reported any other race. 6Hereafter in the text of this section, the term “Black” will be used to refer to those who reported Black, whether or not they reported any other race. However, in the tables and graphs, data for both the Black alone and the Black alone or in combination populations are shown.

The majority of the Black population lived in the South.

According to Census 2000, of all respondents who reported Black, 54 percent lived in the South (see Figure 2), 19 percent lived in the Midwest, 18 percent lived in the U.S. Census Bureau 3 Table 1.Black or African American Population:2000 (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, seewww.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/pl94-171.pdf ) Race NumberPercent of total population Total population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281,421,906 100.0 Black or African American alone or in combination with one or more other races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,419,434 12.9 Black or African American alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,658,190 12.3 Black or African American in combination with one or more other races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,761,244 0.6 Black or African American; White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784,764 0.3 Black or African American; Some other race . . . . . . 417,249 0.1 Black or African American; American Indian and Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182,494 0.1 Black or African American; White; American Indian and Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,207 - All other combinations including Black or African American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264,530 0.1 Not Black or African American alone or in combination with one or more other races . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245,002,472 87.1 - Percentage rounds to 0.0.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Table PL1.

Figure 2.

Percent Distribution of the Black or African American Population by Region: 2000 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Table PL1.

(For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/pl94-171.pdf) Black or African American alone or in combinationBlack or African American alone Northeast WestSouth Midwest 18.0 18.8 53.69.6 17.618.8 54.88.9 6As a matter of policy, the Census Bureau does not advocate the use of the alone or in combinationpopulation over the alonepopula- tion. The use of the alone or in combination population in this section does not imply that it is a preferred method of presenting or analyz- ing data. It is only one of many ways that the data on race from Census 2000 can be present- ed and discussed. 4 U.S. Census Bureau Table 2.Black or African American Population for the United States, Regions, and States, and for Puerto Rico:1990 and 2000 (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/pl94-171.pdf ) Area1990 2000 Total populationBlack or African American population Total populationBlack or African American alone populationBlack or African American alone or in combination populationBlack or African American in combination population only as a percent of Black or African American alone or in combination population NumberPercent of total population NumberPercent of total population NumberPercent of total population United States....248,709,873 29,980,996 12.1 281,421,906 34,658,190 12.3 36,419,434 12.9 4.8 Region Northeast.........50,809,229 5,613,222 11.0 53,594,378 6,099,881 11.4 6,556,909 12.2 7.0 Midwest...........59,668,632 5,715,940 9.6 64,392,776 6,499,733 10.1 6,838,669 10.6 5.0 South............85,445,930 15,828,888 18.5 100,236,820 18,981,692 18.9 19,528,231 19.5 2.8 West.............52,786,082 2,828,010 5.4 63,197,932 3,076,884 4.9 3,495,625 5.5 12.0 State Alabama..........4,040,587 1,020,705 25.3 4,447,100 1,155,930 26.0 1,168,998 26.3 1.1 Alaska............550,043 22,451 4.1 626,932 21,787 3.5 27,147 4.3 19.7 Arizona...........3,665,228 110,524 3.0 5,130,632 158,873 3.1 185,599 3.6 14.4 Arkansas..........2,350,725 373,912 15.9 2,673,400 418,950 15.7 427,152 16.0 1.9 California ..........29,760,021 2,208,801 7.4 33,871,648 2,263,882 6.7 2,513,041 7.4 9.9 Colorado..........3,294,394 133,146 4.0 4,301,261 165,063 3.8 190,717 4.4 13.5 Connecticut........3,287,116 274,269 8.3 3,405,565 309,843 9.1 339,078 10.0 8.6 Delaware..........666,168 112,460 16.9 783,600 150,666 19.2 157,152 20.1 4.1 District of Columbia . . 606,900 399,604 65.8 572,059 343,312 60.0 350,455 61.3 2.0 Florida ............12,937,926 1,759,534 13.6 15,982,378 2,335,505 14.6 2,471,730 15.5 5.5 Georgia...........6,478,216 1,746,565 27.0 8,186,453 2,349,542 28.7 2,393,425 29.2 1.8 Hawai ............1,108,229 27,195 2.5 1,211,537 22,003 1.8 33,343 2.8 34.0 Idaho.............1,006,749 3,370 0.3 1,293,953 5,456 0.4 8,127 0.6 32.9 Illinois............ 11,430,602 1,694,273 14.8 12,419,293 1,876,875 15.1 1,937,671 15.6 3.1 Indiana ...........5,544,159 432,092 7.8 6,080,485 510,034 8.4 538,015 8.8 5.2 Iowa .............2,776,755 48,090 1.7 2,926,324 61,853 2.1 72,512 2.5 14.7 Kansas...........2,477,574 143,076 5.8 2,688,418 154,198 5.7 170,610 6.3 9.6 Kentucky..........3,685,296 262,907 7.1 4,041,769 295,994 7.3 311,878 7.7 5.1 Louisiana..........4,219,973 1,299,281 30.8 4,468,976 1,451,944 32.5 1,468,317 32.9 1.1 Maine............1,227,928 5,138 0.4 1,274,923 6760 0.5 9,553 0.7 29.2 Maryland ..........4,781,468 1,189,899 24.9 5,296,486 1,477,411 27.9 1,525,036 28.8 3.1 Massachusetts.....6,016,425 300,130 5.0 6,349,097 343,454 5.4 398,479 6.3 13.8 Michigan..........9,295,297 1,291,706 13.9 9,938,444 1,412,742 14.2 1,474,613 14.8 4.2 Minnesota.........4,375,099 94,944 2.2 4,919,479 171,731 3.5 202,972 4.1 15.4 Mississippi.........2,573,216 915,057 35.6 2,844,658 1,033,809 36.3 1,041,708 36.6 0.8 Missouri. . ......... 5,117,073 548,208 10.7 5,595,211 629,391 11.2 655,377 11.7 4.0 Montana..........799,065 2,381 0.3 902,195 2,692 0.3 4,441 0.5 39.4 Nebraska..........1,578,385 57,404 3.6 1,711,263 68,541 4.0 75,833 4.4 9.6 Nevada...........1,201,833 78,771 6.6 1,998,257 135,477 6.8 150,508 7.5 10.0 New Hampshire . . . . 1,109,252 7,198 0.6 1,235,786 9,035 0.7 12,218 1.0 26.1 New Jersey........7,730,188 1,036,825 13.4 8,414,350 1,141,821 13.6 1,211,750 14.4 5.8 New Mexico.......1,515,069 30,210 2.0 1,819,046 34,343 1.9 42,412 2.3 19.0 NewYork..........17,990,455 2,859,055 15.9 18,976,457 3,014,385 15.9 3,234,165 17.0 6.8 North Carolina ......6,628,637 1,456,323 22.0 8,049,313 1,737,545 21.6 1,776,283 22.1 2.2 NorthDakota.......638,800 3,524 0.6 642,200 3,916 0.6 5,372 0.8 27.1 Ohio.............10,847,115 1,154,826 10.6 11,353,140 1,301,307 11.5 1,372,501 12.1 5.2 Oklahoma.........3,145,585 233,801 7.4 3,450,654 260,968 7.6 284,766 8.3 8.4 Oregon...........2,842,321 46,178 1.6 3,421,399 55,662 1.6 72,647 2.1 23.4 Pennsylvania....... 11,881,643 1,089,795 9.2 12,281,054 1,224,612 10.0 1,289,123 10.5 5.0 Rhode Island.......1,003,464 38,861 3.9 1,048,319 46,908 4.5 58,051 5.5 19.2 South Carolina.....3,486,703 1,039,884 29.8 4,012,012 1,185,216 29.5 1,200,901 29.9 1.3 South Dakota ......696,004 3,258 0.5 754,844 4,685 0.6 6,687 0.9 29.9 Tennessee.........4,877,185 778,035 16.0 5,689,283 932,809 16.4 953,349 16.8 2.2 Texas ............16,986,510 2,021,632 11.9 20,851,820 2,404,566 11.5 2,493,057 12.0 3.5 Utah.............1,722,850 11,576 0.7 2,233,169 17,657 0.8 24,382 1.1 27.6 Vermont..........562,758 1,951 0.3 608,827 3,063 0.5 4,492 0.7 31.8 Virginia...........6,187,358 1,162,994 18.8 7,078,515 1,390,293 19.6 1,441,207 20.4 3.5 Washington........4,866,692 149,801 3.1 5,894,121 190,267 3.2 238,398 4.0 20.2 West Virginia.......1,793,477 56,295 3.1 1,808,344 57,232 3.2 62,817 3.5 8.9 Wisconsin .........4,891,769 244,539 5.0 5,363,675 304,460 5.7 326,506 6.1 6.8 Wyoming..........453,588 3,606 0.8 493,782 3,722 0.8 4,863 1.0 23.5 Puerto Rico.........3,522,037 (X) (X) 3,808,610 302,933 8.0 416,296 10.9 27.2 X Not applicable.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Table PL1; 1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics (1990 CP-1). Northeast, and 10 percent lived in the West. 7 The South had the largest Black population, as well as the highest proportion of Blacks in its total pop- ulation: 20 percent of all respon- dents in the South reported Black compared with 12 percent in the Northeast, 11 percent in the Midwest, and 6 percent in the West.

About three-fifths of all people who reported Black lived in ten states.

The ten states with the largest Black populations in 2000 were New York, California, Texas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, North Carolina, Maryland, Michigan, and Louisiana (see Table 2). Combined, these states represented 58 percent of the total Black population, but only 49 percent of the total population.

Five of these ten states had Black populations greater than 2 million:

New York (3.2 million); California, Texas, and Florida (about 2.5 mil- lion each); and Georgia (2.4 million).

In the South, ten states (Texas, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Maryland, Louisiana, Virginia, South Carolina, Alabama, and Mississippi) had Black populations over one mil- lion and, when combined, they rep- resented 47 percent of the Black population in the country. In six states, Blacks represented over 25 percent of the total popula- tion, and all of them were located in the South — Mississippi (37 per- cent); Louisiana (33 percent); South Carolina (30 percent); Georgia and Maryland (29 percent) each; and Alabama (26 percent). The District of Columbia, a state equivalent, had the highest proportion of Blacks with 61 percent.

In 13 states, Blacks represented less than 3 percent of the total popula- tion. Seven of those states were located in the West — Hawaii, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, and Montana; three in the Midwest — Iowa, South Dakota, and North Dakota; and three in the Northeast — New Hampshire, Maine and Vermont.

The Black population was concentrated in counties in the South.

The Black population is still highly concentrated — 64 percent of all counties (3,141 counties) in the United States had fewer than 6 per- cent Black, but in 96 counties, Blacks comprised 50 percent or more of the total county population (see Figure 3). Ninety-five of those counties were located in the South and were distributed across the Coastal and Lowland South in a loose arc. With the notable excep- tions of Baltimore city (a county equivalent) and Prince George’s County, in Maryland, generally these counties were nonmetropoli- tan. St. Louis City, Missouri in the Midwest was the only county equiv- alent outside the South where Blacks exceeded 50 percent of the total population.

Concentrations of Blacks in the Midwest and West tended to be either in counties located within metropolitan areas or in counties containing universities or military bases or both. Metropolitanconcentrations tended to be in cen- tral counties containing older cen- tral cities. Although Blacks were not as con- centrated in Midwestern counties, in some metropolitan counties, such as around Chicago, Illinois; Gary, Indiana; and Detroit, Michigan, Blacks comprised a sizeable propor- tion of the population. In the Northeast, Blacks were concentrated in a band of counties extending from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Providence, Rhode Island and along the Hudson Valley northward from New York. Western counties with large concentrations of Blacks were located in Southern California, the San Francisco and Sacramento areas, around Denver and Colorado Springs, and in the Seattle and Tacoma area in Washington. Clark County, Nevada (Las Vegas area) also stood out distinctly from sur- rounding counties in Nevada, Utah, and Arizona.

The places with the largest Black populations were New York and Chicago.

Census 2000 showed that, of all places 8in the United States with populations of 100,000 or more, New York had the largest Black population with 2.3 million, followed by Chicago (1.1 million) as shown in Table 3. Three other places — Detroit, Philadelphia, and Houston — had Black populations between 500,000 and 1 million.

Five of the ten places with the largest Black population — Baltimore, Houston, Memphis, Washington, DC, and New Orleans — were in the South. U.S. Census Bureau 5 8Census 2000 showed 245 places in the United States with 100,000 or more popula- tion. They included 238 incorporated places (including four city-county consolidations) and seven census designated places that were not legally incorporated. For a list of these places by state, see www.census.gov/ population/www/cen2000/phc-t6.html. 7The South region includes the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia, and the District of Columbia. The Midwest region includes the states of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. The Northeast region includes the states of Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. The West region includes the states of Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 25.0 to 61.3 12.9 to 24.9 5.0 to 12.8 0.5 to 4.9 U.S. percent 12.9 Percent Black or African American Alone or In Combination: 2000 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (P.L. 94-171) Summary File. American FactFinder at factfinder.census.gov provides census data and mapping tools. People indicating one or more races including Black or African American as a percent of total population by state People indicating one or more races including Black or African American as a percent of total population by county 50.0 to 86.7 25.0 to 49.9 12.9 to 24.9 5.0 to 12.8 0.0 to 4.9 U.S. percent 12.9 (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/pl94-171.pdf) Figure 3. 0 100 Miles 0 100 Miles 0 100 Miles 0100 Miles 6 U.S. Census Bureau U.S. Census Bureau 7 Of the ten largest places in the United States, Detroit had the largest proportion of Blacks, 83 percent, fol- lowed by Philadelphia (44 percent), and Chicago (38 percent). Blacks represented less than 10 percent of the population in Phoenix (6 per- cent), San Antonio (7 percent), and San Diego (9 percent).

Two places — New York and Chicago — together accounted for 9 percent of the total Black popula- tion. The ten largest places for Blacks accounted for 20 percent of the total Black population. Among places of 100,000 or more population, the highest proportion of Blacks was in Gary, Indiana, with 85 percent, followed by Detroit, Michigan with 83 percent (see Figure 4). The next eight places with the highest proportion of Blacks had populations over 58 per- cent Black. Of these 10 places, Table 3.Ten Largest Places in Total Population and in Black or African American Population:2000 (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/pl94-171.pdf ) PlaceTotal populationBlack or African American aloneBlack or African American alone or in combinationPercent of total population Rank Number Rank Number Rank NumberBlack or African American aloneBlack or African American alone or in combina- tion New York, NY . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8,008,278 1 2,129,762 1 2,274,049 26.6 28.4 Los Angeles, CA . . . . . . . . 2 3,694,820 7 415,195 6 444,635 11.2 12.0 Chicago, IL . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2,896,016 2 1,065,009 2 1,084,221 36.8 37.4 Houston, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1,953,631 5 494,496 5 505,101 25.3 25.9 Philadelphia, PA. . . . . . . . . 5 1,517,550 4 655,824 4 672,162 43.2 44.3 Phoenix, AZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1,321,045 60 67,416 53 76,065 5.1 5.8 San Diego, CA . . . . . . . . . . 7 1,223,400 36 96,216 32 109,470 7.9 8.9 Dallas, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1,188,580 11 307,957 11 314,678 25.9 26.5 San Antonio, TX. . . . . . . . . 9 1,144,646 48 78,120 45 84,250 6.8 7.4 Detroit, MI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 951,270 3 775,772 3 787,687 81.6 82.8 Baltimore, MD . . . . . . . . . . 17 651,154 6 418,951 7 424,449 64.3 65.2 Memphis, TN . . . . . . . . . . . 18 650,100 8 399,208 8 402,367 61.4 61.9 Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . 21 572,059 9 343,312 9 350,455 60.0 61.3 New Orleans, LA . . . . . . . . 31 484,674 10 325,947 10 329,171 67.3 67.9 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Table PL1.

Figure 4.

Ten Places of 100,000 or More Population With the Highest Percentage of Blacks or African Americans: 2000 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Table PL1.

(For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/pl94-171.pdf) Black or African American alone or in combination Black or African American alone Richmond, VA Washington, DCMemphis, TNAtlanta, GA Baltimore, MD New Orleans, LAJackson, MS Birmingham, ALDetroit, MIGary, IN85.3 82.8 74.0 71.1 67.9 65.2 62.1 61.9 61.3 58.184.0 81.6 73.5 70.6 67.3 64.3 61.4 61.4 60.0 57.2 eight were in the South, and two were in the Midwest.

ADDITIONAL FINDINGS ON THE BLACK POPULATION What proportion of respondents reporting Black also reported a Hispanic origin?

The Office of Management and Budget defines Hispanic or Latino as “a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race.” Indata collection and presentation, federal agencies use two ethnicities:

“Hispanic or Latino” and “Not Hispanic or Latino.” Race and eth- nicity are considered two separate and distinct concepts by the federal system. Hispanics may be of any race, and Blacks can be Hispanic or not Hispanic.

According to Census 2000, the overwhelming majority of the Black population was non-Hispanic:

98 percent of those who reported only Black and 97 percent of those who reported Black and at least oneother race (see Table 4). However, only 82 percent of all respondents who reported Black in combination with one or more other races were non-Hispanic.

The Black non-Hispanic population represented 12.4 percent of people who reported exactly one race and about 12.6 percent of the total pop- ulation. Of the 6.8 million people who reported two or more races, 21 percent were non-Hispanics who included Black as one of the races reported.

8 U.S. Census Bureau Table 4.Black or African American Population by Hispanic or Latino Origin:2000 (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/pl94-171.pdf ) Race and Hispanic or Latino originAloneIn combination with one or more other racesAlone or in combination with one or more other races NumberPercent of totalPercent of Black or African American population NumberPercent of totalPercent of Black or African American population NumberPercent of totalPercent of Black or African American population Total population . . 274,595,678 100.0 (X) 6,826,228 100.0 (X) 281,421,906 100.0 (X) Black or African American . . . . . . . . . 34,658,190 12.6 100.0 1,761,244 25.8 100.0 36,419,434 12.9 100.0 Hispanic or Latino . . . . . 710,353 0.3 2.0 325,330 4.8 18.5 1,035,683 0.4 2.8 Not Hispanic or Latino . 33,947,837 12.4 98.0 1,435,914 21.0 81.5 35,383,751 12.6 97.2 X Not applicable.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Tables PL1 and PL2. Table 5.Most Frequent Combinations of Black or African American With One or More Other Races by Hispanic or Latino Origin:2000 (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/pl94-171.pdf ) Black or African American in combinationTotal Hispanic or Latino Not Hispanic or Latino Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total number reporting Black or African American and one or more other races . . . . . . 1,761,244 100.0 325,330 100.0 1,435,914 100.0 Black or African American; White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784,764 44.6 87,687 27.0 697,077 48.5 Black or African American; Some other race . . . . . . 417,249 23.7 161,283 49.6 255,966 17.8 Black or African American; American Indian and Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182,494 10.4 14,472 4.4 168,022 11.7 Black or African American; White; American Indian and Alaska Native . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112,207 6.4 18,046 5.5 94,161 6.6 Black or African American; Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,782 6.1 7,269 2.2 99,513 6.9 Black or African American; White; Some other race . 43,172 2.5 15,481 4.8 27,691 1.9 All other combinations including Black or African American . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114,576 6.5 21,092 6.5 93,484 6.5 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Tables PL1 and PL2. Which other races were Black non-Hispanics most likely to report?

Among Black non-Hispanics who reported more than one race, most indicated they were “Black or African American andWhite” (49 percent), followed by “Black or African American andSome other race” (18 percent), “Black or African American andAmerican Indian and Alaska Native” (12 percent), and “Black or African American and Asian” (7 percent) as shown in Table 5. These four combination categories accounted for about 85 percent of all Black non- Hispanics who reported two or more races.

Which other races were Black Hispanics most likely to report?

Among Black Hispanics who report- ed more than one race, one-half indicated they were “Black or African American andSome other race,” followed by “Black or African American andWhite” (27 percent), “Black or African American and U.S. Census Bureau 9 Figure 5.

Percent Under Age 18 of People Who Reported Black or African American by Hispanic or Latino Origin: 2000 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Tables PL3 and PL4.

(For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/pl94-171.pdf) 54.5 51.5 55.2 31.4 38.8 31.3 Not Hispanic or Latino, under 18 Hispanic or Latino, under 18 Total, under 18Black or African American alone Black or African American in combination with one or more other races Table 6.People Who Reported Black or African American by Age and Hispanic or Latino Origin:2000 (For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/pl94-171.pdf ) Age and Hispanic or Latino originBlack or African American alone or in combination with one or more racesBlack or African American aloneBlack or African American in combination with one or more races Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,419,434 100.0 34,658,190 95.2 1,761,244 4.8 Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,035,683 100.0 710,353 68.6 325,330 31.4 Not Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,383,751 100.0 33,947,837 95.9 1,435,914 4.1 Under 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,845,257 100.0 10,885,696 91.9 959,561 8.1 Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442,970 100.0 275,432 62.2 167,538 37.8 Not Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,402,287 100.0 10,610,264 93.1 792,023 6.9 18 and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,574,177 100.0 23,772,494 96.7 801,683 3.3 Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592,713 100.0 434,921 73.4 157,792 26.6 Not Hispanic or Latino . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,981,464 100.0 23,337,573 97.3 643,891 2.7 Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File, Tables PL1, PL2, PL3, and PL4. White andAmerican Indian and Alaska Native” (6 percent), and “Black or African American and White andSome other race” (5 per- cent) as shown in Table 5.

Which group was more likely to report more than one race, Black non-Hispanics or Black Hispanics?

Black Hispanics were more likely than Black non-Hispanics to report two or more races. According to Census 2000, 1.0 million people reported Black and Hispanic. Of those, 31 percent reported Black with one or more other races (see Table 6). In contrast, of the 35.4 million Blacks who reported as not Hispanic, only 4.1 percent reported at least one other race.

Were there differences in the age distribution between people who reported only Black or African American and people who reported Black or African American and one or more other races?

People who reported Black as well as one or more other races were more likely to be under 18 than those reporting only Black (see Figure 5). Of the 1.8 million people who reported Black with at least one other race, 54 percent were under 18. This proportion is higher than the Black alone population. Of the 34.7 million people who report- ed only Black, 31 percent were under 18.

When the Black population is cross- tabulated by Hispanic origin, this pattern persists. For both Black non-Hispanics and Black Hispanics, a higher proportion of those report- ing more than one race was under 18 when compared with those reporting Black alone. Among the 1.4 million Black non-Hispanics who reported more than one race, 55 percent were under 18. Of the 33.9 million people who reportedBlack alone and not Hispanic, 31 percent were under 18.

Similarly, among the 325,000 Black Hispanics who reported two or more races, 51 percent were under 18. Of the 710,000 Black Hispanics who reported one race, 39 percent were under 18. ABOUT CENSUS 2000 Why did Census 2000 ask the question on race?

The Census Bureau collects data on race to fulfill a variety of legislative and program requirements. Data on race are used in the legislative redistricting process carried out by the States and in monitoring local jurisdictions’ compliance with the Voting Rights Act. These data are also essential for evaluating Federal programs that promote equal access to employment, edu- cation, and housing and for assess- ing racial disparities in health and exposure to environmental risks.

More broadly, data on race are crit- ical for research that underlies many policy decisions at all levels of government.

How do data from the question on race benefit me, my family, and my community?

All levels of government need infor- mation on race to implement and evaluate programs, or enforce laws.

Examples include: the Native American Programs Act, the Equal Employment Opportunity Act, the Civil Rights Act, the Voting Rights Act, the Public Health Act, the Healthcare Improvement Act, the Job Partnership Training Act, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act, the Fair Housing Act, and the Census Redistricting Data Program.

Both public and private organiza- tions use race information to find areas where groups may need spe- cial services and to plan andimplement education, housing, health, and other programs that address these needs. For example, a school system might use this information to design cultural activities that reflect the diversity in their community. Or a business could use it to select the mix of merchandise it will sell in a new store. Census information also helps identify areas where resi- dents might need services of par- ticular importance to certain racial or ethnic groups, such as screen- ing for hypertension or diabetes. FOR MORE INFORMATION For more information on race in the United States, visit the U.S. Census Bureau’s Internet site at www.census.gov/population/ www.socdemo/race.html.

Race data from the Census 2000 Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File were released on a state-by-state basis during March 2001. The Census 2000 Redistricting data are avail- able on the Internet via factfinder.census.govand for pur- chase on CD-ROM and later on DVD.

For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, and definitions, also see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/ doc/pl94-171.pdf or contact our Customer Services Center at 301-763-INFO (4636).

For more information on specific races in the United States, go to www.census.govand click on “Minority Links.” This Web page includes information about Census 2000 and provides links to reports based on past censuses and sur- veys focusing on the social and eco- nomic characteristics of the Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander populations. 10 U.S. Census Bureau Information on other population and housing topics is presented in the Census 2000 Brief series, located on the U.S. Census Bureau’s Web site at www.census.gov/ population/www/cen2000/briefs.html.

This series presents information about race, Hispanic origin, age, sex, household type, housing tenure, and other social, economic, and housing characteristics.For more information about Census 2000, including data products, call our Customer Services Center at 301-763-INFO (4636), or e-mail [email protected].

U.S. Census Bureau 11 U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Washington, DC 20233 OFFICIAL BUSINESS Penalty for Private Use $300 FIRST-CLASS MAIL POSTAGE & FEES PAID U.S. Census Bureau Permit No. G-58