I have coding sheet for communication class

APA Citation (reference citations are double-spaced and indented)

Morman, M. T., & Floyd, K. (1998). “I love you, man”: Overt expressions of affection in male-male interaction. Sex Roles, 38, 871-881.

1. Rationale (pp. 871-872)

• Affection is a basic human need, but it can be hazardous to one’s relationships if not expressed in an accepted way. Thus, this is a topic that affects everyone, making it an important topic to study.

• There is a gap in the research regarding this topic in that we do not know what additional variables and/or factors might influence perceptions of the appropriateness and/or expectations of male-to-male affection.

• This study was designed to extend expectancy violation theory by empirically testing whether or not those variables impacted the perceived appropriateness of male-male affection.

• A better understanding of these factors can lead to helpful information for males on how they can express their affection with other males; thus, this study has practical implications. This study was designed to extend expectancy violation theory by empirically testing whether or not those variables impacted the perceived appropriateness of male-male affection.

1. Theoretical Framework (p. 872)

expectancy violation theory

1. Research subjects, texts, or contexts (p. 875)

140 male undergraduates; 95% Caucasian

1. Hypotheses/RQ’s/Theses (all on p. 874)

“H1: Relationship type affects expectancies for affectionate communication, such that affection is considered more appropriate among brothers than among male friends” (p. 874).

“H2: The emotional intensity of an interaction affects expectancies, such that affectionate communication is considered less appropriate in emotionally neutral contexts than in emotionally charged contexts” (p. 874).

Method (pp. 875-877)

• Quantitative

• This study involved both a survey and an experimental design. For the experiment, participants were randomly assigned to a specific type of relationship (brother or a close friend), an emotional evaluation (negative, positive, or neutral) and a general setting (public vs. private). They were given scenarios that represented combinations of these various conditions, including a negative situation (funeral or death of a friend), a neutral or nonemotional situation (going to class or studying), or positive situation (wedding or marriage of a friend), and public vs. private contexts. Then they were asked to complete a questionnaire of 13 items. These items included verbal and nonverbal communication regarding the appropriateness of various ways of communicating affection to their brother or friend in that particular situation.

• Data was analyzed using ANOVA.

1. Findings/Results (pp. 877-878)

“H1: Relationship type affects expectancies for affectionate communication, such that affection is considered more appropriate among brothers than among male friends” (p. 874).

H1 : Supported . This means that men expressing affection is considered more acceptable when it occurs between brothers than between male friends.

“H2: The emotional intensity of an interaction affects expectancies, such that affectionate communication is considered less appropriate in emotionally neutral contexts than in emotionally charged contexts” (p. 874).

H2: Supported. This means that the emotional intensity of the situation does have an effect on men’s expectancies. Affectionate communication between males is more accepted in emotionally intense contexts rather than in emotionally neutral contexts.

H3: “…” (p. xxx).

H3: Supported. This means that… (make sure this is in your own words).

H4: “…” (p. xxx).

H4: Supported. This means that… (make sure this is in your own words).

Additional information that might be useful: Because the sexual connotations involved in male-male affection are absent in families, the authors suggest that other studies of different family members might be interesting. They suggest other emotionally charged situations might also be studied. While the authors do not mention sporting events, they might serve as unique contexts for male-male affectionate behavior because the cultural expectations for affection seem much looser in the context of team-oriented sports. I think this piece might also serve as an interesting springboard for research on the consequences of male-male affection, particularly in contexts where it violates expectations. In other words, what are the consequences for men who violate, either in positively or negatively valenced ways, cultural expectations for affectionate behavior directed at other men.