Can someone type this 6-10 pg. Science Paper? Required Lab included to completed assingment.

Running head: WATER QUALITY AND CONTAMINATION 1

Lab 2 Report: Water Quality and Contamination

Nicholas Montgomery

SCI207

Instructor: Margaret Cunningham

13 March 2017

Introduction

Being among the most significant resources for life on earth, water is required for use by human beings, animals, and plants. Water is the battery of life because, without water, life on earth cannot exist. Despite that, water can be so detrimental when it is not kept safe, clean and potable. As such, there have been ways that humans do in order to obtain pure water, which has been there since the existence of human beings. According to archaeological evidence, people have been trying to purify water and provide it some pleasurable taste from the prehistoric times. The prehistoric times' people had the belief that purity of water is by taste, and this led to a purification of water by adding herbs or flowers. Various methods of purification were invented in subsequent years. This implies that water quality has had to become quite important and various methods of water purification and also filtration have had to be developed.

Water quality research is very important to the society. First, potable water is quite scarce as only 3 percent of water in the world is suitable for drinking, 2 percent can be found in ice and glaciers, which makes the fact that only 1 percent of the world's water is accessible and portable. The human body is full of water, and hence water is vital to human daily life. In that case, quality drinking water research is important for people in their health and well-being. Knowing the quality of water is important for people to use water daily in their homes, such as, for cleaning, bathing, drinking, and cooking among others. Quality water is critical to various items. People should be quite careful in purchasing bottled water, as well as being careful in tapped water.

Water get contaminated through air pollutions, detergents, chemicals, fertilizers, and sulfur from a smokestack, herbicides, animal waste, bacteria, hard minerals, lead from pipe solder, waste water, and other minerals among others. Therefore, quality water research should be in order to identify how safe water is, whether bottled or tapped water.

In essence, bottled water is one of the dollar-billion industries in U.S. There are very few people that have the knowledge of health benefits of water, especially water in bottled water as opposed to the tap water. Therefore, this report centers on the levels of some chemical compounds in tap and bottled water, and it ascertains the health benefits in drinking bottled water.

Hypothesis

I believe the Fiji water will contain the least amount of contaminants because they have this famous slogan that their water is pure because it's untouched by man.

My hypothesis is that the Dasani water will be the next least contaminated since its bottled and I assume that it should have been filtered properly before distributed.

I’m hypothesizing that the tap water will be the most contaminated since its being dispersed through pipes underground which I can’t imagine are extremely clean or doesn’t have sediments and residue lying on the surface

Materials and Methods

One of the materials that were used is the ammonia, and this is the material that was used to test disinfection with chloramines wastes, natural processes, and fertilizers in water. When ammonia was dissolved in water, it reacts in order to form NH4+ and hydroxyl ions. There were no results in all the types.

The other material is the chloride, and this was used to test the tapped water as well as the bottled water. Tapped water was found to contain 500ml/L of chloride, while others had no results.

The other is phosphorous. This material was used to test phosphate level in the water, most likely the dead plankton, phosphorous absorbed to particulates, amorphous phosphorous and also precipitates of phosphorus.

Iron is another material, and this material was tested in water by testing the iron concentrations and also mineralized spring water with some total dissolved solids, and the tastes threshold value.

PH is also tested in the water, which was used to test how acidic the water was in tapped water, and bottled water. The pH scale measurement of 7 and below showed acidity in water, and measurement of more than 7 was alkaline.

Calcium carbonate concentrations were used to test the concentration of hardness in water. The chemical did help to identify the chemical reactive power of different compounds regardless of the atomic weight or balance.

Results

The following results were arrived at. Table 1 is the results of ammonia test results. Table 2 is the results of chloride test. Table 3 is the results of 4 in 1 test. Table 4 is the results of Phosphate. Table 5 is the results of the iron test. Finally, Table 6 is the results of pH test.

Discussion

Based off of the experiment I would accept my hypothesis that my tap water contained a much greater amount of contaminants versus the Fiji and Dasani water. This is because there were differences that were noticed among the Dasani, Fiji, and tapped water. From the results, tap water and Fiji bottled water were the ones that had the least reactions. In fact, tap water did make a bigger reaction on the tests strips than even bottled water. A good example is that 1 test results that showed tap water at 120 in total hardness, 4 in total chlorine, and 10 in phosphate. Fiji bottled water had 0 in total alkalinity, and 0 in total hardness. The Dasani bottled water had the least reactions in this test results, and this is because it showed 0 in total alkalinity, 0 in total chloride, and 0 in total hardness.

Based upon the results above, I noticed that the Tap phosphate and hardness results were significantly higher than the other two. Also, the Dasani was closer to the tap water in contaminants than the Fiji water.

Bases on the facts sheets provided my tap water poses a minimal health concern in regards to the hardness of the water. Although there are no other red flag concerns with any of the samples. This is because the chloride, phosphate, iron and ammonia results are below the Maximum Contaminant Level as provided on the fact sheets. Furthermore, there is no EPA mandated Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for ammonia.

Chloride concentrations more than about 250 mg/liter can give rise to detectable taste in

Water, but the threshold depends upon the associated causes. No health-based guideline value is proposed for chloride in drinking-water. (Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Health criteria and other supporting information, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1996)

Based on my results and how well the Fiji water did, it seems logical and better for your health to drink bottled water. For instance, Fiji bottled water was quite the same as Dasani in reactions. This means both Dasani and Fiji bottled water are the same, and hence Fiji bottled water should be sold. On the other hand, tap water is a little bit cheaper, but still, there is not supporting the case that this is fitting. In essence, high prices of bottled water lead people to drink pure and fresh water.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it is quite evident that bottled water is safe for drinking. Bottled water such as Fiji bottled water are different from tap water, and it is less contaminated. In addition to this, bottled water is good for people to drink. In essence, bottled water may be a bit safe and maybe better than tap water.

References:

https://www.wqa.org/Portals/0/Technical/Technical%20Fact%20Sheets/2014_Ammonia.pdf

http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chloride.pdf

http://osse.ssec.wisc.edu/curriculum/earth/Minifact2_Phosphorus.pdf

http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/chemicals/iron.pdf

https://www.watersystemscouncil.org/download/wellcare_information_sheets/potential_groundwater_contaminant_information_sheets/9709284pH_Update_September_2007.pdf

https://www.safewater.org/PDFS/communitywatertestkit/Water_Quality_Tests.pdf

http://www.watertechonline.com/testing-for-chlorine-in-drinking-water/

http://des.nh.gov/organization/commissioner/pip/factsheets/dwgb/documents/dwgb-3-6.pdf