Canadian politics

1 The UNBSJ Politics Style Guide Prepared by: Dr. L. Jeffrey Sept. 2000 Revised by: Dr. G. Horgan Jan. 2008 Documenting sources is a very important part of ess ay and assignment writing. Documenting your sources through citations and bibliographies not on ly recognizes intellectual property rights, but also indicates to readers what sources to consult for fu rther information. An extensive citation list also indicates your ‘knowledge of the field’. The purpo se of this information sheet is to show you an acceptable format for documenting sources for Polit ics papers. In the interests of brevity, this information sheet deals only with the most common situations. For m ore complicated situations than those listed below, con sult a style guide. (See the notes in Section I.iii on page 2). THE MOST IMPORTANT THING OF ALL: Never use another person’s ideas without acknowledg ing that you have done so. This brief guide covers: I. General principles of the recommended style ..................................................2 II: Books (and chapters in books) .................. .................................................. 3 III: Articles (Journal, Magazine and Newspaper) .... ....................................... 4-5 IV: Documents (Government and Internet)............ ......................................... 6-7 V: Personal interviews ............................. ........................................................ 9 VI: Sample Bibliography/ Works Cited ............... ........................................... 9-10 2 I. General Principles For the Politics discipline at UNBSJ the following citation style is acceptable. This system is based on parenthetical notation, which includes the author’s last name, year of publication and page number. I.i.: Bibliographic entries The general form of the bibliographic entries is as follows: Author’s last name, First name. Year of publication . Title . Place of publication: Publisher. The proper punctuation, item order and indentation (a hanging indent where the author’s last name hangs out over the rest of the information so that it is clearly visible) are very important. I.ii.: In-text citations Parenthetical notations in the text of an essay tak e the following general form: (Last name, year: page). If you have more than one item by the same author i n the same year, designate each item by a letter following the year, proceeding in alphabetical orde r. For example:

(Amnesty International, 2000a: 27) (Amnesty International, 2000b: 124) This is a very simple system. With practice, the ge neral forms of both parenthetical notations and bibliographic entries should become familiar. Howev er, as you will be citing a variety of types of sources, i.e., single-author books, chapters in edi ted books, journal articles, etc., you will need guidance as to how these general forms are to be ad apted. The following pages of this guide provide just such guidance for a number of different types of material. I.iii.: Situations not covered by this guide For situations not covered by this guide, it should be possible to extrapolate from the general princi ples and the examples contained in the guide to achieve a sensible result. Beyond that, the Canadian Journal of Political Science uses a style similar to that s et out here, so one could consult its ‘Editorial St yle Guidelines for Authors’. For further help with gov ernment/legislative documents, Queen’s University offers a ‘Brief Guide to Citing Canadian Government Documents’. For links to these resources, see the sample Bibliography on page nine of this guide. Fi nally, you can always consult your instructor for assistance with the citation of unusual sources. 3 II: Books Books, in the form of both monographs and edited collections, are one of the most important sources of information for university essays and assignments. Be sure to list all authors and/or editors in the bibliographic entry. Note also that the title of t he book should be either italicized or underlined.

II.i: Books by a single author or multiple authors Bibliographic entries: Burgess, Michael. 2006. Comparative Federalism: Theory and Practice . London: Routledge.

Dickerson, Mark O., and Thomas Flanagan. 2006. An Introduction to Government and Politics: A Conceptual Approach . 7th ed. Toronto: Thomson Nelson.

Mintz, Eric, David Close, and Osvaldo Croci. 2006. Politics, Power and the Common Good: An Introduction to Political Science . Toronto: Pearson.

In-text citations: Classical liberals interpreted the principle of per sonal freedom in a quite literal way (Dickerson and Flanagan, 2006: 129). If a reference has more than two authors, the first author’s last name should be followed by “et al.” “People usually obey laws, even when they find thos e laws against their interests or values, because they view the source of those laws as legitimate” ( Mintz et al., 2006: 17). II.ii: Chapters in edited books Three critical points to note here: The chapter author’s name, not the book editor’s name, appears in the in-text cit ation It is also the author of the chapter’s name that he ads the bibliographic entry Include the page range of the chapter in the biblio graphic entry; do not use ‘pp.’ preceding the page range Bibliographic entry: Krashinsky, Michael. 2006. “Canada Needs an Early C hildhood Education and Care Program.” In Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues , ed. Mark W. Charlton and Paul Barker.

390-400. Scarborough, Ont.: Thomson Nelson. In-text citation: As the effects of poor quality child care may not b e evident until years later, parents tend to overestimate the quality of the care their children are receiving (Krashinsky, 2006: 395). 4 III: Articles Bibliographic entries for journal articles require a slightly different format from those for books.

Entries for journal articles include: author, year, article title, journal title, volume number, issue number, and page range. Again, there is no need to use ‘pp.’ preceding the page range. Note the punctuation for bibliographic entries, and that in this case it is the journal title that is either italicized or underlined. The parenthetical notation style remains the same a s that for books. To be sure that any particular journal is an academ ic, peer reviewed source, check to see whether it is published by a university press or learned so ciety. Also look for advertisements or pictures, which are generally a sign of a non-academic source . If you are not sure, check with your professor. III.i: Academic journal articles Bibliographic entry: Bashevkin, Sylvia B. 2000. “Rethinking Retrenchment : North American Social Policy During the Early Clinton and Chretien Years.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 33 (1): 7-36.

In-text citation: Indeed, one study concludes that the early years of both the Clinton administration and Chrétien governments provide support for the position that t he “impacts of policy contraction and redesign have been disparate, in that programmes with poor, female, minority, and hence relatively weak political constituencies suffered more from Clinton - and Chrétien-era social policy actions” (Bashevkin, 2000: 36). III.ii: Newspaper articles Newspaper articles are slightly different again bec ause they have no volume numbers. When the author’s name is given be sure to enter it. If ther e is no author, the first entry is the title of the article. The newspaper title appears either in italics or un derlined.

Bibliographic entries: York, Geoffery. 2007. “UN's Top Environment Officia l Blasts Canada on Climate.” The Globe and Mail (Toronto), December 11: A21.

“Fall of the Dark Lord: Media Tycoon Conrad Black S entenced.” 2007. Telegraph Journal (Saint John), December 11: A1. In-text citations: The Canadian government was criticized for hypocris y and lack of cooperation at the international climate change conference in Bali, Indonesia (York, 2007: A21). 5 Convicted of fraud and racketeering, for swindling Hollinger International out of millions of dollars, Conrad Black was sentenced to six and a half years in prison (Fall, 2007: A1).

III.iii: Magazine articles Magazine articles are treated in much the same way as newspapers. Bibliographic entry: Geddes, John. 1998. “Rules of the Game.” Maclean’s, September 28: 4-6. In-text citation: Harold MacKay, the chair of the task-force on bank mergers, insists that he is putting the needs of consumers first (Geddes, 1998: 4). NOTE: Remember that newspaper and magazine articles are not considered academic sources. Check with your professor to be sure you are allowed to use ne wspaper and magazine sources for any particular assignment. 6 IV: Documents IV.i: Government/Legislative Documents These are a wee bit trickier, in part because of th e nature of the author. Two principles are worth keeping in mind: provide as much information as you can to help the reader locate the exact source cited; be as consistent as possible. The following points may be helpful:

All government documents (Canadian, American, Kenya n) begin with the name of the country followed by the name of the government depa rtment and sub-departments/programs that produced the document. The latter is not alway s immediately apparent and may require close examination of the title pages. The publisher, for Canadian documents, is often the Ministry of Public Works and Government Services (previously, Supply and Services or ‘The Q ueen’s Printer’). Sometimes it is the department that authored the work, so the place and name of that department are used as place and publisher. The easiest way to find the publishe r is to look for the copyright symbol ( © ). The general form for government/legislative documen tation is thus as follows:

Issuing Agency. Subgroup(s) of Issuing Agency. Year . Title proper: Subtitle . (Agency Report Number; Detailed Date). Edition. Place of pu blication: Publisher. (Series).

Notes.

For legislative documents it is important to includ e information on the legislative session, as report numbers, etc., are re-used in each session.

Note that, for government/legislative documents, it is the title of the publication that is italicized or underlined.

This general form may also be used for documents pr oduced by certain international institutions, such as the United Nations and the European Union.

Bibliographic entries: Canada. Department of Canadian Heritage. Human Righ ts Program. 1997. Your Guide to the Canadian Charter of Human Rights . Ottawa: Ministry of Public Works and Government Services. Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. Standing Comm ittee on Canadian Heritage. 1995.

Evidence . (Issue No. 58, February 23, 1995) 35 th Parliament, 1 st Session, 1994-1996.

Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services.

In-text citations: Section Five of the Canadian Charter of Rights ensu res that there will be a sitting of the legislature at least once every twelve months (Canada, Dept. of He ritage, 1997: 7). One of the witnesses took particular issue with the government’s position (Canada, St. Comm. on Heritage, 1995: 2). 7 IV.i.a.: United Nations Documents In parallel with government and legislative documen ts, bibliographic entries for UN documents start with the entry “United Nations” followed by the spe cific sub-bodies. Most importantly, all UN documents have a document number. This number is th e key to finding the document again in the UN system so it is very important that you include the number (actually an alpha-numeric code) at the end of the bibliographic entry instead of publisher and place of publication.

Bibliographic entry: United Nations. General Assembly. Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of a Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. 1999. Informal Note by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . June 1. A/AC.254/16.

In-text citation: While the Commissioner supported the draft definiti on of human ‘trafficking’ in regard to adults, it was suggested that a separate definition should be adopted regarding children (UN, Ad Hoc Comm., 1999: 3-4). IV.ii: Internet documents The fundamental principles of citation are the same for these documents as for any other; thus, both the in-text citations and bibliographic entries wil l be quite similar to those for other sources. There are, however, some attributes of internet sources t hat call for special treatment.

Regarding bibliographic entries, there are two nece ssary additions: the internet address of the site (URL); the date the site was accessed. When a Digi tal Object Identifier (DOI) is available, include it instead of a URL. A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string that identifies content and provides a persistent link to its location. Regarding in-text citations, many internet document s are now published in Adobe Acrobat (.pdf) or other formats that allow page numbers to be cited j ust as in any print document. Where this is not the case, many official documents have the paragraphs n umbered, and these numbers can be used in the citation with the prefix ‘para.’. If neither page- nor paragraph-numbers accompany the document, you will have to count the paragraphs yourself. While this can be laborious, remember that providing your reader with the data necessary to find the source o f your information is your responsibility: merely citing an entire web page and thus dumping the work of finding the information on your reader is not acceptable. Bibliographic entries: Wales. Welsh Assembly Government. Cabinet Secretari at. 2007. Minutes of a Meeting of the Cabinet .

(October 25, 2007). http://new.wales.gov.uk/about/cabinet/cabinetmeetin gs/1554612/1554639/1554678/1831740 ?lang=en [December 12, 2007].

8 Klitgaard, Michael B. 2007. “Why Are They Doing It?

Social Democracy and Market-Oriented Welfare State Reforms.” West European Politics 30 (1): 172-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402380601019753 [January 2, 2008].

In-text citations: The fact that permission had been granted for the c onstruction of wind turbines on lands managed by th e Forestry Commission was of sufficient importance th at it was discussed in Cabinet (Wales, Cabinet Secretariat, 2007: para. 2.3) Conversely, social democratic governments may intro duce market-oriented reforms in order to preserve the long-term legitimacy of the universal welfare state (Klitgaard, 2007: 173-4). NOTE: 1. Journal articles downloaded full-text from an on line database are treated as print journal articles.

See Section III.i above. 2. Documents found on the internet vary widely in t erms of quality and acceptability. Evaluate sources for reliability and bias just as you would a print source. In general, information from reputable research organizations, government, and a cademic sources is acceptable, while information from personal, corporate or commercial sites is not. 3. For university-level writing, the use of even le gitimate encyclopaedias is not to be encouraged: at this level, students should be looki ng to more sophisticated sources. More specifically, the online ‘encyclopedia’ known as ‘W ikipedia’ is in fact written by the general public. (For more on this, see Wikipedia's own ‘General Disclaimer’ at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disc laimer ) Therefore, while much of what appears in Wikipedia may be correct, as a user you have no way of ensuring this, which makes it an unreliable source for research pu rposes. Thus, it is not considered an acceptable academic source.

9 V: Personal Interviews If you conduct personal interviews for a research project, be sure to archive the interview material, i.e., keep interview notes and/or transcripts ready to produce on demand. In this case, the bibliographic entry includes the name of the interviewee, as well as the location and the exact date that the interview took place. In the text of your paper, upon first use of the material from the interview with a particular indiv idual, indicate the source of the material:

personal interview, telephone interview, online cha t interview, etc. Bibliographic entry: Smythe, P. 2007. Personal Interview. Fredericton. 14 May. In-text citation: In a personal interview, the Deputy Minister denied caving in to business demands (Smythe, 2007).

VI: Sample Bibliography/ Works Cited The bibliography, or works cited, page should be produced on a separate sheet of paper and attached as the last page of your essay. • Items should appear in alphabetical order by the authors’ last names.

• The second and subsequent lines of any entry shou ld be indented. This is referred to as a ‘hanging indent’; an indent of ~1.5cm is appropriate.

• There should be a double space between entries.

• All authors and editors should be listed in each entry.

• A ‘Bibliography’ lists all sources consulted, whi le a ‘Works Cited’ lists only the sources actually cited in the paper. 10 Bibliography Bashevkin, Sylvia B. 2000. "Rethinking Retrenchment : North American Social Policy During the Early Clinton and Chretien Years." Canadian Journal of Political Science 33 (1): 7-36. Burgess, Michael. 2006. Comparative Federalism: Theory and Practice . London: Routledge.

Canada. Department of Canadian Heritage. Human Righ ts Program. 1997. Your Guide to the Canadian Charter of Human Rights . Ottawa: Ministry of Public Works and Government Services. Canada. Parliament. House of Commons. Standing Comm ittee on Canadian Heritage. 1995.

Evidence . (Issue No. 58, February 23, 1995) 35 th Parliament, 1 st Session, 1994-1996.

Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services.

Canadian Political Science Association. Undated. Canadian Journal of Political Science: Editorial Style Guidelines . http://www.cpsa- acsp.ca/pdfs/2003%20Editorial%20Style%20Guidelines. pdf [January 2, 2008].

Dickerson, Mark O., and Thomas Flanagan. 2006. An Introduction to Government and Politics: A Conceptual Approach . 7th ed. Toronto: Thomson Nelson.

“Fall of the Dark Lord: Media Tycoon Conrad Black S entenced.” 2007. Telegraph Journal (Saint John), December 11: A1. Geddes, John. 1998. “Rules of the Game.” Maclean’s, September 28: 4-6. Krashinsky, Michael. 2006. “Canada Needs an Early C hildhood Education and Care Program.” In Crosscurrents: Contemporary Political Issues , ed. Mark W. Charlton and Paul Barker.

390-400. Scarborough, Ont.: Thomson Nelson. Mintz, Eric, David Close, and Osvaldo Croci. 2006. Politics, Power and the Common Good: An Introduction to Political Science . Toronto: Pearson.

Queen’s University Library. 1998. Brief Guide to Citing Canadian Government Documents . Revised Nov. 2007. http://library.queensu.ca/webdoc/guides/cancite.htm [January 2, 2008].

United Nations. General Assembly. Ad Hoc Committee on the Elaboration of a Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. 1999. Informal Note by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights . June 1. A/AC.254/16.

Wales. Welsh Assembly Government. Cabinet Secretari at. 2007. Minutes of a Meeting of the Cabinet .

(October 25, 2007). http://new.wales.gov.uk/about/cabinet/cabinetmeetin gs/ 1554612/1554639/1554678/1831740?lang=en [December 12, 2007].

York, Geoffery. 2007. “UN's Top Environment Officia l Blasts Canada on Climate.” The Globe and Mail (Toronto), December 11: A21.