Literature review, Questionnaire preparation, Data collection, Data analysis in SPSS, Report writing

QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN Defintion DONT’s Design tips DO’s 2 Most important principles are…… 1. Get a number whenever you can 2. Make it clear from the respondent’s point of view. 2 A questionnaire is an ordered form designed to measure variables Like a ruler for behavior! 2 Questionnaires are based on the concepts from your lit review and research questions In quant research, we usually ask “what is effect of X on Y?” For example, what is effect of extraversion on freq of Twitter use?

Point of a questionnaire is to measure X and Y in each person X Y Extraversion Twitter use A questionnaire gets a number for each variable, one at a time extraversion Twitter use Your framework/theory: Your questionnaire: ————— ————— ————— ————— Items measuring extraversion Items measuring Twitter use 2 When possible, copy your items exactly from existing research! Unlike in writing, it’s not plagiarism. You have to credit your source in your paper (methods section) but not in your questionnaire. Do (1) get a number whenever you can X What age are you? O 16-20 years O 20-25 years O 25-30 years O 35-40 years √ What is your age in years? ____ years X Was your holiday: __ more than a week __ a week or more √ How many days was your holiday? ______ days Do (2) otherwise consider a response scale X Would you recommend Rotterdam to your friends as a city to visit? __ yes __ no __ maybe √ How likely are you to recommend Rotterdam to your friends as a city to visit?

Not at all likely 1 2 3 4 5 Extremely likely √ I would definitely recommend Rotterdam to to my friends Strongly disagree 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly agree Do (2) otherwise consider a response scale For example, semantic differential formats are used to measure destination image This hotel is: exciting boring beautiful ugly X X Do (3) make it neutral, singular, and clear Neutral: all possible responses are equally OK Singular: about one thing only Clear: obvious what you mean from the respondent’s point of view Do not (1) use vague items X Do you go to theme parks a lot? How many times per year is a “lot”? Do not (2) ask two things at once X Have you ever had a good holiday experience at a theme park and a restaurant? Even if you get an interesting answer……which are they referring to? Do not (3) use categories when you don’t have to X How many hours did you stay at the museum? O 0-1 hours O 2-4 hours O 5 or more hours Do not (4) use categories that don’t cover all possible respondents X What are your religious beliefs? O Christian O Muslim O Atheist Do not (5) use leading items, which suggest that one response is better X Do you think that the food in the hotel made you sick?

X Did the hotel staff seem unfriendly to you? Do not (6) use “check all that apply” X What were your reasons for visiting Amsterdam? Tick all the boxes that apply to you X You may select more than one reason Design for order; helps participants answer openly Easy Difficult General Specific Relevant to main topic of study Demographic/ personal Closed-ended Open-ended Intro General instructions Content questions Demographic Thanks beginning end Design for clarity to make it short, simple, and neat _______ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ Attractive, clear and short in length Items grouped by topic Color or shading for attractiveness Give clear instructions about how to answer the questions Use filter questions, if necessary Check questionnaire for good writing and grammar Avoid jargon (incomprehensible to the average person) Should travel organizations use dynamic packaging?

Catch any typographical / spelling errors Questionaire x Questionnaire √ Comittee x Committee √ Acommodation x Accommodation √ To ensure a good response rate, introduce yourself and explain the study Include a brief cover letter / e- mail – Who you are – Who you work for – Why you are investigating/researching – Where you obtained the respondent’s name – How and where you can be contacted – Absolute guarantee of confidentiality – Self-addressed postpaid envelope! Dear participant, ___________ ___________ ________________ ______ Signed, John Researcher Thank you! Testing and revising your questionnaire is essential Similar group of people to your intended subjects _________ __________ _____ Pilot test Data collection Questionnaire Focus on respondents and interviewers overall impressions Revise wording Final polishing after several versions to boost response rate A couple references for personality questionnaire items (find more yourself) Rammstedt, B., & John, O. P. (2007). Measuring personality in one minute or less: A 10-item short version of the Big Five Inventory in English and German. Journal of research in Personality, 41(1), 203-212.

Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann Jr, W. B. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big -Five personality domains. Journal of Research in personality , 37(6), 504 -528. And the software NHTV provides for the questionnaire… https://nhtv.eu.qualtrics.com