Annotated BIBLIOGRAPHY & RESEARCH PAPER

RESEARCH ASSIGNMENT with ANNOTATED BIBLIORGRAPHY 1. RESEARCH PAPER

2. BIBLIORGRAPHY

BIBLIORGRAPHY

A. Annotated Bibliography - must include review of 6 different journals, websites, books and/or articles

B. A brief summary of 3-5 sentences for each source with details of assessment, including some criticism in it.

C. In a separate sentence or two, explain how the review of different sources has helped you prepare for the upcoming research paper.

Review the links below for examples and more details.

http://olinuris.library.cornell.edu/ref/research/skill28.htm           Annotated Bibliography

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/614/01/                   Annotated Bibliography

RESEARCH PAPER INSTRUCTIONS & RUBRIK

Rubric Name: For Research Paper

FOLLOWING IS THE RESEARCH TOPIC PROPOSAL that include and must be continued, 1. powerful points of entry to the topic, 2. Offering analogies of the problems or issue, 3. Conveying key ideas.

Please continue the use all of the sub topic titles to define the areas relevance to the content?

The social and Cultural Dis-connection with society on Age Discrimination!

Introduction

Age discrimination is experienced across all disciplines and cultures and it involves unfavorable treatment to someone who may be an inspiring employee or applicant with regards to their age from dual layers of perspectives.. In many societies and cultures, age discrimination is considered unlawful. Social discrimination mainly occurs at workplaces and come in so many aspects including promotions, hiring, benefits, laying off, firing, pay and job assignments among many others. Cultural discrimination and stereotypes associated with aging largely depend on the customs, norms and opportunities provided in a particular culture. (Stephan, Sutin, & Terracciano, 2015)

The modern society on the other hand holds up key principles regarding discrimination such as unjustifiable age discrimination and unfair treatment based on age have no place in the society, services should be differentiated by age only when its beneficial and should demonstrate beneficial values for all people, meeting individual needs should be based on their conditions and circumstances and not their age. These different views have created a disconnection between social and cultural stands on age discrimination as established by the following points of entry;

Points of entry to age discrimination

Social and cultural age discrimination/ageism

This largely entails attitudes, actions and/or vocabularies directed to people to accord them a diminished social status solely by reference to the chronological age. Social discrimination can operate at interpersonal and institutional levels. This could be experienced at a personal levels in the social context such as bullying in schools for the younger students by the older students. It holds dire effects as it could lead to low self-esteem issues to the victimized bullied students, poor academic performance and poor sociability of the affected. (Australian Human Rights Commission, 2010)

Age discrimination in employment

It is evident that age discrimination is prevalent in the professional context such as workplaces, and in employment where managers use age proxies as a basis for hiring, promotion, firing, mandatory retirement, demotion, training and remuneration. This is purported to the following reasons;

Age discrimination is dependent on the type of job and the industry. For instance, some job specifications especially the upper/top management jobs, will demand significant experience which by default is found in the older generation. Therefore, it would be inappropriate to give the position to younger inexperienced person as experience is viewed as a crucial ingredient to the success of any organization. On the other hand, jobs that would require intense physical capability are given to the younger generations rather than the older generation. (Kunze, Boehm, & Bruch, 2013)

In cultural age discrimination, some cultures clearly stipulated the boundaries and extents of what people of certain ages should and/or should not engage into purely with regards to their ages. This was done without consideration and it was pure to fulfil the customary values of that particular culture. This made discrimination a barrier to accessing the necessities of life including access to health, social security, income through employment as well as impacting negatively on a person’s self-worth.

Age discrimination in the provision and distribution of goods and services

This is unfair, unfavorable or prejudiced treatment in the distribution of public or personal services to a person solely in reference to their chronological or perceived age. This discrimination has since been there but has entered the public agenda only recently. For instance, the old age has been discriminated against such areas as motor insurance, health care. This could lead to feelings of isolation to the elder people which may lead to poor quality of life.

Analogies of age discrimination

There is a comparison in the social and cultural disconnection with society on age discrimination in that, ageism is experienced by the young and the old in the society. Additionally, ageism can happen at interpersonal and institutional level where a person is treated unfairly purely based on their chronological or perceived age.

Age discrimination, whether social, in employment or in provision of services can have the effects of feelings of low social status, isolation, unproductivity and low self-worth among others. The effects of age discrimination cut across all ages and all societies as well. These feelings of disenfranchisement can affect the whole society in all scopes as it has become a significant subject in matters of many societies.

Key ideas

To be able to deal with any problem, having an understanding of the origin or sources of the problems is key. Likewise, for governments to be able to come up with adequate policies to curb the challenges of age discrimination, they must explore the origin of ageism. There are three major sources of age discrimination which include;

Psychological, sociobiological or human capital origin

These are the sources of our internalized fears of our own aging, weaknesses and death. For instance, sociobiologists relate youth with energy, resilience, fertility and therefore, we accord the elder generation of the society a low social status in regards to these highlighted factors and their nearness to end life. This makes it crucial to eliminate the psychological notions about the young age and the old age in the society.

Cultural origin

Ever since the industrial age, there has slow marginalization of the old age when they attain the retirement age. The elder worker and employees were moved away from industrialized areas to the farms when they retired or were not productive enough courtesy of their old age. They were replaced by the energetic young generation who were deemed energetic and more productive.

Economic origins

The economic value of the elder generation is considered a fiscal burden because of their pension, health and social care costs. This is a negative perception that came along with the spread of male retirement of the past 120 years. (Hayes, Jones, Lievesley, & Crosby, 2010)

PART TWO

My research involves collection of data and information on how age discrimination has found its way in the social makeup of cultures, employment and age in the provision of goods and services. I will perform a qualitative research on the above key entry points that will include a review of literature to convey a pattern of meaning on age discrimination. My approach will apply great flexibility on age discrimination at interpersonal and institutional levels.

My research on age discrimination is also relevant in both young and old age in peculiarity. Therefore, my theory proposal will largely dwell on age discrimination of both young and old age at interpersonal and institutional levels in all the three key entry points. Consideration will be given to known professional to attest to the development of my proposed theory.

My proposal will also keenly research on the key factors including psychological, sociobiological, cultural and economic, which are suggested to be the origins of age discrimination since time in memorial. Their influences and effects on level of age discrimination in the societies will also be researched. My approach applies for great flexibility without reliance on number results of the research.

References

Hayes, R., Jones, K., Lievesley, N., & Crosby, G. (2010). Ageism and age discrimination in social care in the United Kingdom A review from the literature commissioned by the department of health centre for policy on Ageing. Retrieved from http://www.cpa.org.uk/information/reviews/CPA-%20ageism_and_age_discrimination_in_social_care-report.pdf

Kunze, F., Boehm, S., & Bruch, H. (2013). Organizational performance consequences of age diversity: Inspecting the role of diversity-friendly HR policies and top managers’ negative age stereotypes. Journal of Management Studies, 50(3), 413–442. doi:10.1111/joms.12016

Stephan, Y., Sutin, A. R., & Terracciano, A. (2015). How old do you feel? The role of age discrimination and biological aging in subjective age. , 10(3), Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4349738/

Australian Human Rights Commission. (2010). Age discrimination – exposing the hidden barrier for mature age workers Australian human rights commission. Retrieved from http://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/document/publication/hiddenbarrier2010.pdf