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CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](1(White&Flight&in&Networked&Publics?&How&Race&and&Class&Shaped&American&Teen&Engagement&with&MySpace&and&Facebook&(danah(boyd(Microsoft(Research(and(Harvard(Berkman(Center(for(Internet(and(Society(http://www.danah.org/((In(a(historic(small(town(outside(Boston,(I(interviewed(a(group(of(teens(at(a(small(charter(school(that(included(middlePclass(students(seeking(an(alternative(to(the(public(school(and(poorer(students(who(were(struggling(in(traditional(schools.((There,(I(met(Kat,(a(white(14PyearPold(from(a(comfortable(background.((We(were(talking(about(the(social(media(practices(of(her(classmates(when(I(asked(her(why(most(of(her(friends(were(moving(from(MySpace(to(Facebook.(Kat(grew(noticeably(uncomfortable.((She(began(simply,(noting(that(“MySpace%is%just%old%now%and%it’s%boring.”((But(then(she(paused,(looked(down(at(the(table,(and(continued.(((“It’s%not%really%racist,%but%I%guess%you%could%say%that.%I’m%not%really%into%racism,%but%I%think%that%MySpace%now%is%more%like%ghetto%or%whatever.”%–(Kat(((On(that(spring(day(in(2007,(Kat(helped(me(finally(understand(a(pattern(that(I(had(been(noticing(throughout(that(school(year.((Teen(preference(for(MySpace(or( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](2(Facebook(went(beyond(simple(consumer(choice;(it(reflected(a(reproduction(of(social(categories(that(exist(in(schools(throughout(the(United(States.(Because(race,(ethnicity,(and(socioPeconomic(status(shape(social(categories((Eckert,(1989),(the(choice(between(MySpace(and(Facebook(became(racialized.(This(got(reinforced(as(teens(chose(to(selfPsegregate(across(the(two(sites,(just(as(they(do(in(schools.((((After(Kat(told(me(that(MySpace(was(“like%ghetto,”(I(asked(her(if(people(at(her(school(were(still(using(MySpace(and(she(hesitantly(said(yes.(Her(discomfort(in(discussing(the(topic(was(palpable(and(it(became(clear(that(she(didn’t(know(how(to(talk(about(race(or(the(social(divisions(she(recognized(in(her(school.(“The%people%who%use%MySpace%DD%again,%not%in%a%racist%way%DD%but%are%usually%more%like%ghetto%and%hip%hop%rap%lovers%group.”(–(Kat((((In(trying(to(distinguish(those(who(use(MySpace(from(those(who(use(Facebook,(Kat(uses(a(combination(of(spatial(referents(and(taste(markers(that(she(knows(have(racial(overtones.((While(Kat(does(not(identify(as(a(racist,(her(life(and(social(world(are(shaped(by(race.(Her(small(school(is(divided,(with(poorer(students(and(teens(of(color(in(different(classes(than(the(white(students(from(wealthier(backgrounds.(Kat’s(friends(are(primarily(white(and(her(classes(and(activities(are(primarily(filled(with(white(students.((( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](3(Kat’s(use(of(the(term(“ghetto”(simultaneously(references(spatial(and(tastePbased(connotations.((On(the(one(hand,(the(ghetto(is(a(part(of(a(city(historically(defined(by(race(and(class((Wacquant,(1997).((On(the(other(hand,(being%ghetto(refers(to(a(set(of(tastes(that(emerged(as(poor(people(of(color(developed(fashion(and(cultural(artifacts(that(proudly(expressed(their(identity.(Just(as(physical(spaces(and(tastes(are(organized(around(and(shaped(by(race(and(class,(so(too(are(digital(environments.(((This(article(explores(a(division(that(emerged(between(MySpace(and(Facebook(among(American(teens(during(the(2006P2007(school(year.((At(the(beginning(of(the(year,(a(common(question(in(American(schools(was:(“Are(you(on(MySpace?”((By(the(end(of(the(year,(the(question(had(shifted(to(“MySpace(or(Facebook?”((As(Facebook(started(gaining(momentum,(some(teenagers(switched(from(MySpace(to(Facebook.(Others(joined(Facebook(without(having(ever(been(on(MySpace.(Still(others(chose(to(adopt(both.((During(this(period,(MySpace(did(not(lose(traction.(Teens(continued(to(flock(to(the(site,(opting(for(MySpace(in(lieu(of(or(in(addition(to(Facebook.(To(complicate(matters(more,(some(teens(who(had(initially(adopted(MySpace(began(to(switch(to(Facebook.(((Slowly,(a(distinction(emerged.((Those(who(adopted(MySpace(were(from(different(backgrounds(and(had(different(norms(and(values(than(those(who(adopted(Facebook.(White(and(more(affluent(individuals(were(more(likely(to(choose(and(move(to(Facebook.(Even(before(statistical(data(was(available,(the(language(teens(used(to( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](4(describe(each(site(and(its(users(revealed(how(the(division(had(a(race(and(class(dimension(to(it.((Given(these(dynamics(and(Kat’s(notion(of(MySpace(as(ghetto,(one(way(to(conceptualize(the(division(that(unfolded(is(through(the(lens(of(white(flight.(In(essence,(many(of(the(same(underlying(factors(that(shaped(white(city(dwellers’(exodus(to(the(suburbs(–(institutional(incentives(and(restrictions,(fear(and(anxiety,(social(networks,(and(racism(–(also(contribute(to(why(some(teens(were(more(likely(to(depart(than(others.((What(distinguishes(adoption(of(MySpace(and(Facebook(among(American(teens(is(not(cleanly(about(race(or(class,(although(both(are(implicated(in(the(story(at(every(level.((The(division(can(be(seen(through(the(lens(of(taste(and(aesthetics,(two(valuePladen(elements(that(are(deeply(entwined(with(race(and(class.((It(can(also(be(seen(through(the(network(structures(of(teen(friendship,(which(are(also(directly(connected(to(race(and(class.((And(it(can(be(seen(through(the(language(that(teens(–(and(adults(–(use(to(describe(these(sites,(language(like(Kat’s(that(rely(on(racial(tropes(to(distinguish(the(sites(and(their(users.(The(notion(that(MySpace(may(be(understood(as(a(digital(ghetto(introduces(an(analytic(opportunity(to(explore(the(divisions(between(MySpace(and(Facebook(–(and(namely,(the(movement(of(some(teens(from(MySpace(to(Facebook(–(in(light(of(the(historic(urban(tragedy(produced(by(white(flight.((Drawing(parallels(between(these(two(events(sheds(light(on(how(people’s(engagement(with(technology(reveals(social(divisions(and(the(persistence(of(racism.(( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](5(The(data(and(analysis(used(in(this(article(stems(from(four(years(of(ethnographic(fieldwork(examining(the(role(that(social(media(play(in(the(everyday(lives(of(American(teens((boyd,(2008).(From(2004P2009,(I(interviewed(and(observed(teens(in(diverse(communities(across(17(different(states,(spent(over(2,000(hours(observing(online(practices,(and(analyzed(10,000(randomly(selected(MySpace(profiles.(The(quotes(in(this(article(stem(from(both(online(data(and(a(subset(of(the(103(formal(semiPstructured(interviews(I(conducted.(I(also(use(online(commentary(about(this(division,(including(blog(comments(and(news(articles.(My(argument(is(not(a(statistical(one,(although(Hargittai((this(volume)(documented(that(a(division(is(visible(in(statistical(data.(Rather,(I(illustrate(how(distinctions(in(social(network(site(adoption(and(the(perceptions(teens(–(and(adults(–(have(about(these(sites(and(their(users(reflect(broader(narratives(of(race(and(class(in(American(society.(((Teen&Adoption&of&MySpace&and&Facebook&(The(first(social(network(site(was(neither(MySpace(nor(Facebook((boyd(and(Ellison,(2007),(but(these(sites(emerged(as(the(two(most(popular(social(network(sites(in(the(United(States.((MySpace(launched(in(2003(on(the(heels(of(Friendster,(an(earlier(social(network(site(that(was(notably(popular(among(20P30Psomething(urban(dwellers(in(major(urban(U.S.(cities.(Although(individual(teenagers(joined(MySpace(early(on,(teens(became(a(visible(demographic(on(the(site(in(2004.(Most(early(adopter( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](6(teens(learned(about(MySpace(through(one(of(two(paths:(bands(or(older(family(members.((Teens(who(learned(of(MySpace(through(bands(primarily(followed(indie(rock(music(or(hipPhop,(the(two(genres(most(popular(on(MySpace(early(on.(MySpace(allowed(teens(to(connect(with(and(follow(their(favorite(bands.(Early(adopter(teens(who(were(not(into(music(primarily(learned(about(the(site(from(a(revered(older(sibling(or(cousin(who(was(active(in(latePnight(culture.(For(these(teens,(MySpace(was(cool(because(cool(elders(thought(so.(((Teenagers(who(joined(MySpace(began(proselytizing(the(site(to(their(friends.(Given(its(popularity(among(musicians(and(latePnight(socialites,(joining(MySpace(became(a(form(of((sub)cultural(capital.(Teens,(especially(those(in(urban(settings,(tend(to(look(to(the(20(to(30Psomething(crowd(for(practices(that(they(can(emulate.(MySpace’s(early(popularity(among(teens(was(tightly(entwined(with(its(symbolic(reference(to(maturity,(status,(and(freedom(in(the(manner(espoused(by(urban(latePnight(culture.(While(teens(often(revere(the(risky(practices(of(a(slightly(older(cohort,(many(adults(work(to(actively(dissuade(them(from(doing(so.(By(propagating(and(glorifying(20Psomething(urban(cultural(practices(and(values,(MySpace(managed(to(alienate(parents(early(on.(( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](7(With(little(mass(media(coverage(of(MySpace(before(News(Corporation(acquired(the(company(in(midP2005,(many(teens(learned(of(the(site(through(wordPofPmouth(networks,(namely(friends(at(school,(church,(activities,(and(summer(camp,(as(well(as(from(older(family(members.(Given(its(inception(in(the(Los(Angeles(region,(West(Coast(teens(found(MySpace(before(East(Coast(teens,(and(urban(teens(joined(before(suburban(or(rural(teens.(The(media(coverage(that(followed(the(acquisition(further(escalated(growth(among(teens.(((Immediately(after(News(Corporation(bought(MySpace,(much(of(the(media(coverage(focused(on(the(bands.(After(adults(began(realizing(how(popular(MySpace(was(with(teens,(news(media(became(obsessed(with(teen(participation(and(the(potential(dangers(they(faced((Marwick,(2008).(This(media(coverage(was(both(a(blessing(and(a(curse(for(MySpace.(On(one(hand,(some(teens(joined(the(site(because(media(sold(it(as(both(fashionable(among(teens(and(despised(by(parents.(On(the(other(hand,(some(teens(avoided(joining(because(of(the(perceived(risks(and(parents(began(publicly(demonizing(the(site.(((As(MySpace(simultaneously(appealed(to(and(scared(off(U.S.(teens,(other(social(network(sites(started(gaining(traction(with(different(demographics.(Most(did(not(appeal(to(teenagers(en(masse,(although(niche(groups(of(teens(did(join(many(different(sites.(In(2004,(Facebook(launched,(targeting(college(students.(Originally,(access(to(Facebook(was(intentionally(limited.(Facebook(started(as(a(HarvardPonly( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](8(social(network(site(before(expanding(to(support(all(Ivy(League(schools(and(then(topPtier(colleges(and(then(a(wider(array(of(colleges.(Because(of(its(background,(some(saw(Facebook(as(an(“elite”(social(network(site.(The(“highbrow”(aura(of(Facebook(appealed(to(some(potential(participants(while(repelling(others.((The(collegePcentered(nature(of(Facebook(quickly(appealed(to(those(teenagers(who(saw(college,(and(thus(Facebook(access,(as(a(rite(of(passage.(They(were(aware(of(the(site(through(older(family(members(and(friends(who(had(already(graduated(high(school(and(gone(off(to(college.(Before(access(became(readily(available,(collegePbound(teens(began(coveting(entrance.(For(many,(access(to(the(social(world(of(college(became(a(marker(of(status(and(maturity.(Even(those(who(had(MySpace(accounts(relished(the(opportunity(to(gain(access(to(the(collegePonly(Facebook(as(a(rite(of(passage.((In(September(2005,(Facebook(began(slowly(supporting(high(schools.(While(this(gave(some(teens(access,(the(processes(in(place(for(teens(to(join(and(be(validated(were(challenging,(creating(a(barrier(to(entry(for(many(potential(participants.(Those(who(managed(to(join(were(often(from(wealthier(schools(where(the(validation(process(was(more(solidified(or(quite(motivated(–(typically(because(they(wanted(to(communicate(with(close(friends(in(college.(( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](9(Facebook(finally(opened(access(to(all(in(September(2006.(Sparking(a(wave(of(teen(adoption,(this(is(the(origin(point(of(teens(selfPsorting(into(MySpace(and(Facebook.((The(segment(of(teens(that(initially(flocked(to(Facebook(was(quite(different(from(those(who(were(early(adopters(of(MySpace.(Yet,(in(both(cases,(the(older(early(adopters(shaped(early(teen(engagement,(both(in(terms(of(influencing(adoption(and(defining(the(norms.((As(teens(engaged,(they(developed(their(own(norms(stemming(from(those(set(forth(by(the(people(they(already(knew(on(the(site.((While(plenty(of(teens(chose(to(participate(on(both(sites,(I(began(noticing(that(those(teens(who(chose(one(or(the(other(appeared(to(come(from(different(backgrounds.(Subculturally(identified(teens(appeared(more(frequently(drawn(to(MySpace(while(more(mainstream(teens(tended(towards(Facebook.(Teens(from(lessPprivileged(backgrounds(seemed(likely(to(be(drawn(to(MySpace(while(those(headed(towards(elite(universities(appeared(to(be(head(towards(Facebook.(Racial(and(ethnic(divisions(looked(messier,(tied(strongly(to(socioPeconomic(factors,(but(I(observed(that(black(and(Latino(teens(appeared(to(preference(MySpace(while(white(and(Asian(teens(seemed(to(privilege(Facebook.(((In(observing(these(patterns(in(multiple(communities(in(the(US,(I(found(myself(uncertain(as(to(whether(or(not(they(could(be(generalized.(Certainly,(there(were(exceptions(to(each(pattern.(Still,(I(felt(as(the(pattern(was(significant.(This(prompted(me(to(write(an(essay(on(my(blog(where(I(mapped(out(what(I(observed((boyd,( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](10(2007a).(Thanks(to(coverage(from(the(BBC(and(many(popular(bloggers,(my(essay(went(viral,(sparking(debate,(outrage,(and(controversy.(It(also(sparked(researchers(who(were(seeing(similar(patterns(to(approach(me(to(share(their(unpublished(findings.(((Analysts(at(two(unnamed(marketing(research(firms(contacted(me(to(say(that(they(witnessed(similar(patterns(with(youth(at(a(national(level(but(they(were(unable(to(publicly(discuss(or(publish(their(finding,(but(scholars(and(bloggers(were(more(willing(to(share(their(findings.(In(a(parallel(study,(Eszter(Hargittai((2007)(found(that(parental(education(as(well(as(race(and(ethnicity(were(significant(predictors(of(social(network(site(choice(when(analyzing(survey(data(collected(from(a(freshman(class(at(a(diverse(Midwest(college.(White(and(Asian(students(as(well(as(those(whose(parents(had(higher(levels(of(education(were(overrepresented(on(Facebook(while(Hispanic(students(and(those(whose(parents(did(not(have(a(high(school(degree(were(more(likely(to(use(MySpace.((AfricanPAmerican(college(students(were(not(more(likely(to(use(Facebook(or(MySpace.(While(Hargittai’s(findings(with(college(freshman(reflect(a(similar(trend(to(my(observations(with(high(schoolPage(teens,(it(is(important(to(note(that(college(participation(itself(is(shaped(by(racial(and(socioPeconomic(inequalities(and(that(Facebook(was(initially(a(tool(for(college(students.(Thus,(Facebook(may(well(be(overrepresented(in(Hargittai’s(data(and(collegePage(populations(not(attending(college(may(have(different(preferences.(Taking(a(different(approach,(blogger(Chuck(Lam((2007a;(2007b)(examined(the(social(network(site(habits(of(students(from(15( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](11(schools(in(San(Francisco(based(on(their(rating(at(GreatSchools,(finding(that(students(from(higher(ranked(schools(were(more(active(on(Facebook(while(those(from(lower(ranked(schools(were(more(active(on(MySpace.(((Two(years(later,(marketing(research(firm(Nielsen(Claritas(reported(that(wealthy(individuals(are(25%(more(likely(to(use(Facebook(while(less(affluent(individuals(are(37%(more(likely(to(be(on(MySpace((Hare,(2009).(In(the(same(year,(S.(Craig(Watkins((2009)(published(his(qualitative(and(survey(data(with(college(students,(revealing(a(racial(and(ethnic(division(in(preference(as(well(as(antiPMySpace(attitudes(by(collegiate(Facebook(users(that(parallel(those(of(high(school(students.((While(there(is(no(definitive(longitudinal(statistical(data(tracking(the(division(amongst(teens,(these(studies(provide(a(valuable(backdrop(to(the(perceptions(teens(have(about(the(sites(and(their(users.((The&Organization&of&Teen&Friendship&(There’s(an(old(saying(that(“birds(of(a(feather(flock(together.”((Personal(networks(tend(to(be(rather(homogeneous,(as(people(are(more(likely(to(befriend(those(like(them.((Sociologists(refer(to(the(practice(of(connecting(with(likePminded(individuals(as(“homophily.”((Studies(have(accounted(for(homophily(in(sex(and(gender,(age,(religion,(educationPlevel,(occupation,(and(social(class,(but(nowhere(is(homophily(more(strongly(visible(in(the(U.S.(than(in(the(divides(along(racial(and(ethnic(lines( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](12((McPherson,(SmithPLovin,(and(Cook,(2001).(The(reasons(behind(the(practice(of(homophily(and(the(resultant(social(divisions(are(complex,(rooted(in(a(history(of(inequality,(bigotry,(and(oppression(and(stemming(from(the(complexity(of(the(political(economy(and(structural(constraints(in(American(life.((((Youth(often(selfPsegregate(by(race,(even(in(diverse(schools((Moody,(2001;(Thorne(2008).(While(it(is(easy(to(lament(racial(segregation(in(friendships,(there(are(also(social(and(psychological(benefits(to(racial(and(ethnic(clustering.(Tatum((1997)(argues(that(selfPsegregation(is(a(logical(response(to(the(systematized(costs(of(racism;(connecting(along(lines(of(race(and(ethnicity(can(help(youth(feel(a(sense(of(belonging,(enhance(identity(development,(and(help(youth(navigate(systematic(racism.(Still,(as(BonillaPSilva((2003)(has(highlighted,(people’s(willingness(to(accept(and,(thus(expect,(selfPsegregation(may(have(problematic(roots(and(contribute(to(ongoing(racial(inequality.(((When(I(asked(teens(why(race(defines(their(friendships,(they(typically(shrugged(and(told(me(that(it’s(just(the(way(it(is.(As(Traviesa,(a(Hispanic(15PyearPold(from(Los(Angeles,(explained,(%“If%it%comes%down%to%it,%we%have%to%supposedly%stick%with%our%own%races.%…%That’s%just%the%unwritten%code%of%high%school%nowadays.”(–(Traviesa((Race(was(not(an(issue(only(in(major(metropolitan(communities.(Heather,(a(white(16PyearPold(in(Iowa,(told(me(that(her(school(was(not(segregated,(but(then(she(went(on( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](13(to(mark(people(by(race,(noting(that,(“the%black%kids%are%such%troublemakers.”(This(conflicting(message(–refusing(to(talk(about(race(explicitly(while(employing(racial(language(in(conversation(–(was(common(in(my(interviews(as(well(as(those(of(other(scholars((Pollock,(2005).(While(there(was(no(formal(segregation(in(Heather’s(school,(like(the(de(facto(residential(segregation(that(continues(to(operate(in(many(American(cities,(the(black(teens(in(her(predominantly(white(school(stuck(together(socially(and(were(stereotyped(by(the(white(teens.(((Another(way(of(looking(at(teen(friendships(is(through(the(lens(of(social(categories(and(group(labels.(Many(of(the(teens(I(interviewed(had(language(to(demarcate(outcasts((e.g.,(“gothics,”%“nerds,”%“Dirty%Kids,”(etc.)(and(identify(groups(of(peers(by(shared(activity((e.g.,(“band%kids,”%“art%kids,”%“cheerleaders,”(etc.).(Often,(labels(come(with(a(set(of(stereotypes.(For(example,(Heather(explained:((“You’ve%got%the%pretties,%which%are%the%girls%that%tan%all%the%time.%They%put%on%excessive%makeup.%They%wear%the%short%skirts,%the%revealing%shirts,%that%kind%of%things.%Then%you’ve%got%the%guys%who%are%kind%of%like%that,%dumb%as%rocks%by%the%way.”(–(Heather((((Youth(subcultures(can(be(seen(as(an(extension(of(social(categories;(what(differentiates(them(typically(concerns(identification.(While(teens(often(identify(with(particular(subcultures,(social(categories(are(more(frequently(marked(by(others.(( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](14(Social(categories(serve(to(mark(groups(and(individuals(based(on(shared(identities.(In(her(seminal(text(on(the(topic,(Penelope(Eckert((1989)(highlighted(that(membership(in(social(groups(is(not(random.(Social(categories(develop(in(ways(that(reproduce(social(distinctions.(While(Eckert(focuses(her(analysis(on(the(class(distinctions(embedded(in(the(labels(“jocks”(and(“burnouts,”(work(on(children(and(youth(in(schools(also(reveals(that(racial(divisions(in(schools(are(also(marked(through(labels(and(social(categories((Thorne(2008).(Unlike(class,(race(and(ethnicity(are(often(made(visible(–(albeit,(blurred(–(in(the(labels(youth(use.(In(my(fieldwork,(I(found(that(clearly(dominant(racial(groups(went(unmarked,(but(labels(like(“the%blacks,”%“the%Chinese%people,”%“the%Hispanics,”%“the%Mexicans,”%“the%white%people,”%and(so(forth(were(regularly(employed(to(define(social(groupings.(In(other(cases,(and(in(part(because(they(are(aware(that(using(such(categories(could(be(perceived(as(racist,(teens(used(substitutes(that(more(implicitly(mark(race(and(classPbased(difference.(For(example,(the(word(“urban”%signals(“black”%when(referring(to(a(set(of(tastes(or(practices.(Similarly,(some(of(the(labels(teens(use(have(racial(implications,(such(as(“Dirty%Kids”,(“gangstas”,(and(“terrorists”.(While(not(all(Dirty(Kids(are(white,(not(all(gangstas(are(black,(and(not(all(terrorists(are(of(Middle(Eastern(descent,(they(are(overwhelmingly(linked(in(teens’(minds.(Race(and(class(are(also(often(blurred,(especially(in(situations(where(the(logic(of(stratification(may(not(be(understood(by(teens(but(appears(visible(through(skin(color.((( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](15(As(much(of(the(literature(on(youth(in(educational(contexts(has(revealed((Thorne,(1993;(Eckert,(1989;(Perry,(2002),(social(categories(and(racePbased(labels(are(also(used(to(mark(physical(turf(in(the(lunchroom(and(beyond.(Often,(this(becomes(a(way(in(which(youth(selfPsegregate.(Keke,(a(16PyearPold(black(girl(in(Los(Angeles,(described(in(detail(where(students(in(her(racially(diverse(school(physically(gathered(during(lunch(and(between(classes:((“The%hallways%is%full%of%the%Indians,%and%the%people%of%Middle%Eastern%decent.%They%in%the%hallways%and%by%the%classrooms.%The%Latinos,%they%all%lined%up%on%this%side.%The%blacks%is%by%the%cafeteria%and%the%quad.%...%Then%the%outcasts,%like%the%uncool%Latinos%or%uncool%Indians,%the%uncool%whites,%they%scattered.”(–(Keke((Each(ethnic(and(racial(group(had(its(gathering(spot,(but(only(one(had(a(name:(“Disneyland”%is(an(area(in(the(public(yard(where(“the%white%people”(gathered.(While(Keke(is(probably(unaware(that(Disneyland(is,(as(Avila((2004:(3)(puts(it,(“the(archetypical(example(of(a(postwar(suburban(order,”(the(notion(that(students(in(an(urban(Los(Angeles(school(label(the(turf(where(white(people(gather(by(referencing(the(Orange(County(suburban(theme(park(known(for(its(racial(and(ethnic(caricatures(is(nonetheless(poignant.((((Like(the(school(yard,(online(environments(are(often(organized(by(identity(and(social(categories.(In(some(cases,(this(is(explicit.(Social(network(sites(like(Black(Planet,(Asian(Avenue,(and(MiGente(explicitly(target(audiences(based(on(race(and(ethnicity.(Many(who(participate(in(these(communities(struggle(with(what(it(means(to(be(in(a( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](16(public(space(driven(by(race,(what(boundaries(should(exist,(how(to(manage(racism,(and(other(race(and(ethnicityPdriven(dialogues((Byrne,(2008).((While(neither(MySpace(nor(Facebook(are(explicitly(defined(in(terms(of(race,(they(too(are(organized(by(race.((Most(participants(selfPsegregate(when(connecting(with(their(prePexisting(networks(without(been(fully(aware(of(the(social(divisions(that(unfold.(Yet,(when(teens(are(asked(explicitly(about(who(participates(where,(racial(terms(emerge.((The&Network&Effects&of&MySpace&and&Facebook&Adoption&(Like(school(lunchrooms(and(malls,(social(network(sites(are(another(space(where(youth(gather(to(socialize(with(peers((boyd,(2007b).(Teens(joined(social(network(sites(to(be(with(their(friends.(Given(social(divisions(in(both(friendship(patterns(and(social(spaces,(it(is(unsurprising(that(online(communities(reflect(everyday(social(divisions.(Yet,(unlike(prior(genres(where(teens(collectively(used(similar(tools(but(segmented(their(interactions,(their(engagement(with(social(network(sites(spanned(two(sites(–(MySpace(and(Facebook.((((Teens(provide(a(variety(of(different(explanations(for(why(they(chose(MySpace(or(Facebook.((Some(argued(that(it(was(a(matter(of(personal(preference(having(to(do(with(the(features(or(functionality.((For(example,(Jordan,(a(biracial(MexicanPwhite(15PyearPold(from(Austin(prefers(Facebook(because(it(allows(unlimited(photos.(( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](17(Conversely,(Anindita,(an(IndianPAmerican(17PyearPold(from(Los(Angeles(values(MySpace’s(creative(features:((“Facebook’s%easier%than%MySpace%but%MySpace%is%more%complex…%You%can%add%music,%make%backgrounds%and%layouts,%but%Facebook%is%just%plain%white%and%that’s%it.”(P(Anindita((((Teens(also(talked(about(their(perception(of(the(two(sites(in(relation(to(their(values(and(goals.((Cachi,(an(18PyearPold(Puerto(Rican(girl(from(Iowa(uses(both(MySpace(and(Facebook,(but(she(sees(them(differently:((“Facebook%is%less%competitive%than%MySpace.%It%doesn’t%have%the%Top%8%thing%or%anything%like%that,%or%the%background%thing.”(–(Cachi(((Safety(–(or(rather(the(perception(of(safety(–(also(emerged(as(a(central(factor(in(teen(preference.((While(teens(believed(Facebook(was(safer,(they(struggled(to(explain(why.(Tara,(a(Vietnamese–American(16PyearPold(from(Michigan(said,((“[Facebook]%kind%of%seemed%safer,%but%I%don't%know%like%what%would%make%it%safer,%like%what%main%thing.%But%like,%I%don't%know,%it%just%seems%like%everything%that%people%say,%it%seems%safer.”(–(Tara((((Teens’(fear(of(MySpace(as(‘unsafe’(undoubtedly(stems(from(the(image(portrayed(by(the(media,(but(it(also(suggests(a(fear(of(the(‘other.’((( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](18(By(far,(the(most(prominent(explanation(teens(gave(for(choosing(one(or(the(other(is(the(presence(of(their(friends.((Teens(choose(to(use(the(social(network(site(that(their(friends(use.(Kevin,(a(white(15PyearPold(in(Seattle,(explains:((“I’m%not%big%on%Facebook;%I’m%a%MySpace%guy.%I%have%a%Facebook%and%I%have%some%friends%on%it,%but%most%of%my%friends%don’t%check%it%that%often%so%I%don’t%check%it%that%often.”(–(Kevin((((When(teens(choose(to(adopt(both,(what(distinguishes(one(from(the(other(often(reflects(distinct(segments(of(their(social(network.((For(example,(Red,(a(white(17PyearPold(from(Iowa(has(a(profile(on(both(sites,(but((“the%only%reason%I%still%have%my%MySpace%is%because%my%brother’s%on%there.”(–(Red(((Even(teens(who(prefer(the(features(and(functionality(of(one(site(use(the(other(when(that’s(where(their(friends(are.(Connor,(a(white(17PyearPold(from(Atlanta,(says(that(he(personally(prefers(MySpace(because(there’s(“too%much%going%on”(on(Facebook.((“It’s%like%hug%me%and%poke%me…%what%does%that%even%mean?”(–(Connor((Yet,(Connor(signs(into(Facebook(much(more(frequently(than(MySpace(“because%everybody’s%on%Facebook.”((((Social(network(site(adoption(took(the(form(of(a(social(contagion(spreading(through(prePexisting(peer(networks.((For(some(teens,(the(presence(of(just(one(friend(was(enough(of(an(incentive(to(participate;(others(only(joined(once(many(of(their(friends(were(present.(Once(inside,(teens(encouraged(their(friends(to(participate.(MySpace(and(Facebook(have(network(effects:(they(are(more(valuable(when(more(friends( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](19(participate.(Some(teens(went(so(far(as(to(create(accounts(for(resistant(friends(in(order(to(move(the(process(along((boyd,(2008).((As(word(of(each(site(spread,(adoption(hopped(from(social(group(to(social(group(through(prePexisting(networks(for(teens.((In(choosing(to(go(where(their(friends(were,(teens(began(to(selfPsegregate(along(the(same(lines(that(shape(their(social(relations(more(broadly:(race(and(ethnicity,(socioPeconomic(status,(education(goals,(lifestyle,(subcultural(affiliation,(social(categories,(etc.((((Tastes,&Aesthetics,&and&Social&Status&(For(many(teens,(embracing(MySpace(or(Facebook(is(seen(as(a(social(necessity.((Which(site(is(“cool”(depends(on(one’s(cohort.((Milo,(an(Egyptian(15PyearPold(from(Los(Angeles,(joined(MySpace(because(it(was(“the%thing”(in(his(peer(group(but(another(girl(from(the(same(school,(Korean(17PyearPold(Seong,(told(me(that(Facebook(was(the(preferred(site(among(her(friends.(((What(is(socially(acceptable(and(desirable(differs(across(social(groups.((One’s(values(and(norms(are(strongly(linked(with(one’s(identity(membership.(When(working(class(individuals(eschew(middle(class(norms(in(preference(for(the(norms(and(expectations(of(their(community,(they(reproduce(social(class((Willis,(1981;(Gaines,(1998).(The(idea(that(working(class(individuals(should(adopt(middle(class(norms(is(fundamentally(a(middle(class(notion;(for(many(working(class(individuals,(the( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](20(community(and(its(support(trump(potential(upwards(mobility.(Norms(also(differ(across(racial(and(ethnic(groups(and(are(reinforced(as(people(of(color(seek(to(identify(with(their(racial(and(ethnic(background((Tatum,(1997).(((While(what(is(seen(as(cool(can(be(differentiated(by(group,(there(is(also(a(faddish(nature(to(the(process.((Seong(preferred(Facebook(because(it(was(“exclusive.”(((She(moved(from(Xanga(to(MySpace(to(Facebook(as(each(new(site(emerged,(preferring(to(adopt(what(was(new(rather(than(stay(on(a(site(as(it(became(widely(embraced.(Conversely,(white(15PyearPold(Summer(from(Michigan(rejected(the(idea(of(switching(to(Facebook(simply(because(it(was(new.(She(preferred(to(be(where(her(peers(were,(but(she(noted(that(the(“designer%class%of%people”(in(her(school(joined(Facebook(because(they(felt(the(need(to(have(“the%latest%thing.”((In(this(way,(subcultural(capital(influenced(the(early(adoption(of(Facebook;(it(was(fashionable(to(some(simply(because(of(its(newness.(((The(construction(of(“cool”(is(fundamentally(about(social(status(among(youth((Milner,(2004).(Teenagers(both(distinguish(themselves(through(practices(of(consumption,(fashion,(and(attitudes(and(assess(others(through(these(markers((Shankar,(2008;(Hebdige(1979).((Yet,(neither(tastes(nor(attitudes(nor(cultural(consumption(practices(are(adopted(randomly.(Race(and(class(shape(practices(and(the(social(agendas(around(race(and(class(also(drive(them((Crane,(2000).(Taste(also( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](21(serves(as(a(mechanism(and(marker(of(distinction,(and(people’s(tastes(are(rooted(in(class(distinctions((Bourdieu,(1984).((((While(both(Bourdieu(and(Hebdige(argue(that(those(from(lower(social(positions(are(defining(their(tastes(in(opposition(to(hegemonic(structures,(what(constitutes(“cool”(is(also(localized,(differing(across(social(categories,(geography,(and(groups.(Consumption(practices(and(fashion(that(denote(high(status(in(some(groups(may(be(meaningless(elsewhere.(In(this(way,(teens(often(traffic(in(what(Sarah(Thornton((1995)(calls(“subcultural(capital”(even(when(they(themselves(are(not(subculturally(identified.(Markers(of(status(can(be(locally(defined(and(may(have(more(to(do(with(information(access(or(media(consumption(than(consumption(of(physical(goods.(Furthermore,(discussions(of(and(connection(to(those(with(access(to(valued(consumer(objects(may(also(be(valuable(in(and(of(itself,(resulting(with(what(Shankar((2008)(calls(“metaconsumption.”(Online,(status(markers(take(on(new(form(but(in(ways(that(are(reminiscent(of(offline(practices.(For(example,(the(public(articulation(of(connections(on(social(network(sites(is(a(way(of(visibly(marking(oneself(in(relation(to(others(and(their(status((Donath(and(boyd,(2004).(((In(an(environment(where(profiles(serve(as(“digital(bodies”((boyd,(2008),(profile(personalization(can(be(seen(a(form(of(digital(fashion.(Teens’(Facebook(and(MySpace(profiles(reflect(their(taste,(identity,(and(values((Donath,(2007).((Through(the(use(of(imagery(and(textual(selfPexpressions,(teens(make(race,(class,(and(other(identity( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](22(markers(visible.(As(Nakamura((2008)(has(argued,(even(in(the(most(constrained(online(environments,(participants(will(use(what’s(available(to(them(to(reveal(identity(information(in(ways(that(make(race(and(other(identity(elements(visible.(((In(describing(what(was(desirable(about(the(specific(sites,(teens(often(turned(to(talk(about(aesthetics(and(profile(personalization.(Teens’(aesthetics(shaped(their(attitudes(towards(each(site.(In(essence,(the(“glitter”(produced(by(those(who(“pimp%out”%their(MySpaces(is(seen(by(some(in(a(positive(light(while(others(see(it(as(“gaudy,”(“tacky,”(and(“cluttered.”(While(Facebook(fans(loved(the(site’s(aesthetic(minimalism,(others(viewed(this(tone(as(“boring,”%“lame,”(and(“elitist.”(Catalina,(a(white(15PyearPold(from(Austin,(told(me(that(Facebook(is(better(because((“Facebook%just%seems%more%clean%to%me.”(–(Catalina(((What(Catalina(sees(as(cleanliness,(IndianPAmerican(17PyearPold(Anindita(from(Los(Angeles,(labels(simplicity;(she(recognizes(the(value(of(simplicity,(but(she(prefers(the(“bling”%of(MySpace(because(it(allows(her(to(express(herself.((The(extensive(options(for(selfPexpression(are(precisely(what(annoy(some(teens.(Craig(Pelletier,(a(17PyearPold(from(California,(complained(that,((“these%tools%gave%MySpacers%the%freedom%to%annoy%as%much%as%they%pleased.%Facebook%was%nice%because%it%stymied%such%annoyance,%by%limiting%individuality.%Everyone’s%page%looked%pretty%much%the%same,%but%you%could%still%look%at%pictures% CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](23(of%each%other.%The%MySpace%crowd%felt%caged%and%held%back%because%they%weren’t%able%to%make%their%page%unique.”(–(Craig((Craig(believes(the(desire(to(personalize(contributed(to(his(peers’(division(between(MySpace(and(Facebook.(((In(choosing(how(to(express(themselves,(teens(must(account(for(what(they(wish(to(signal.(Teens(are(drawn(to(styles(that(signal(their(identities(and(social(groups.(Due(to(a(technical(glitch,(MySpace(enabled(users(to(radically(shape(the(look(and(feel(of(their(profiles(while(Facebook(enforced(a(strict(minimalism.(To(the(degree(that(each(site(supports(profile(personalization(in(different(ways,(identity(and(selfPpresentation(are(affected.((While(some(are(drawn(to(the(ability(to(radically(shape(their(profiles(to(their(liking,(others(prefer(an(enforced(cleanness.(((((Teens(who(preferred(MySpace(lamented(the(limited(opportunities(for(creative(selfPexpression(on(Facebook,(but(those(who(preferred(Facebook(were(much(more(derogatory(about(the(style(of(profiles(in(MySpace.(Not(only(did(Facebook(users(not(find(MySpace(profiles(attractive,(they(argued(that(the(styles(produced(by(MySpace(users(were(universally(ugly.(While(Facebook’s(minimalism(is(not(inherently(better,(conscientious(restraint(has(been(one(marker(of(bourgeois(fashion((Arnold(2001).(On(the(contrary,(the(flashy(style(that(is(popular(on(MySpace(is(often(marked(in(relation(to(“blingPbling,”(a(style(of(conspicuous(consumption(that(is(associated(with(urban(black(culture(and(hipPhop.(To(some,(bling(and(flashy(MySpace(profiles(are(beautiful( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](24(and(creative;(to(others,(these(styles(are(garish.(While(style(preference(is(not(inherently(about(race(and(class,(the(specific(styles(referenced(have(racial(overtones(and(socioPeconomic(implications.(In(essence,(although(teens(are(talking(about(style,(they(are(functionally(navigating(race(and(class.(((Taste(is(also(performed(directly(through(profiles;(an(analysis(of(“taste(statements”(in(MySpace(combined(with(the(friend(network(reveals(that(distinctions(are(visible(there((Liu,(2007).((The(importance(of(music(to(MySpace(made(it(a(visible(vector(of(taste(culture.(Youth(listed(their(musical(tastes(on(their(profiles(and(attached(songs(to(their(pages.(While(many(genres(of(music(were(present(on(MySpace,(hipPhop(stood(out,(both(because(of(its(salience(amongst(youth(and(because(of(its(racial(connotations.(Although(youth(of(all(races(and(ethnicities(listen(to(hipPhop,(it(is(most(commonly(seen(as(a(genre(that(stems(from(black(culture(inside(urban(settings.(Narratives(of(the(ghetto(and(black(life(dominate(the(lyrics(of(hipPhop(and(the(genre(also(serves(as(a(source(of(pride(and(authenticity(in(communities(that(are(struggling(for(agency(in(American(society((Forman,(2002).(For(some,(participating(in(this(taste(culture(is(a(point(of(pride;(for(others,(this(genre(and(the(perceived(attitudes(that(go(with(it(are(viewed(as(offensive.(Although(MySpace(was(never(about(hipPhop,(its(mere(presence(became(one(way(in(which(detractors(marked(the(site.(((Taste(and(aesthetics(are(not(universal,(but(deeply(linked(to(identity(and(values.(The(choice(of(certain(cultural(signals(or(aesthetics(appeals(to(some(while(repelling( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](25(others.(Often,(these(taste(distinctions(are(shaped(by(class(and(race(and,(thus,(the(choice(to(mark(Facebook(and(MySpace(through(the(language(of(taste(and(aesthetics(reflect(race(and(class.((((A&Networked&Exodus&(After(posting(my(controversial(blog(essay(about(the(distinction(between(MySpace(and(Facebook,(teens(began(to(contact(me(with(their(own(stories.(Anastasia,(a(17PyearPold(from(New(York,(emailed(me(to(explain(that(it(wasn’t(simply(a(matter(of(choice(between(the(two(sites;(many(of(her(peers(simply(moved(from(MySpace(to(Facebook.(Until(now,(I(have(focused(on(the(choice(that(teens(make(to(adopt(MySpace(or(Facebook.((But(Anastasia’s(right:(there(is(also(movement(as(teens(choose(to(leave(one(social(network(site(and(go(to(the(other.((By(and(large,(teens(did(not(leave(Facebook(and(go(to(MySpace.((Rather,(a(subset(of(teens(left(MySpace(to(go(to(Facebook.((This(can(be(partially(explained(as(an(issue(of(fads,(with(teens(leaving(MySpace(to(go(to(the(“new”(thing.((But(even(if(this(alone(could(explain(the(transition,(it(does(not(explain(why(some(teens(were(more(likely(to(switch(than(others.(Anastasia(argues(that,(at(least(in(her(school,(who(participated(can(be(understood(in(terms(of(social(categories:((“My%school%is%divided%into%the%'honors%kids,'%(I%think%that%is%selfDexplanatory),%the%'good%notDsoDhonors%kids,'%'wangstas,'%(they%pretend%to%be%tough%and%black%but%when%you%live%in%a%suburb%in%Westchester%you%can't%claim%much%hood),%the% CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](26('latinos/hispanics,'%(they%tend%to%band%together%even%though%they%could%fit%into%any%other%groups)%and%the%'emo%kids'%(whose%lives%are%allllllways%filled%with%woe).%We%were%all%in%MySpace%with%our%own%little%social%networks%but%when%Facebook%opened%its%doors%to%high%schoolers,%guess%who%moved%and%guess%who%stayed%behind…%The%first%two%groups%were%the%first%to%go%and%then%the%'wangstas'%split%with%half%of%them%on%Facebook%and%the%rest%on%MySpace...%I%shifted%with%the%rest%of%my%school%to%Facebook%and%it%became%the%place%where%the%'honors%kids'%got%together%and%discussed%how%they%were%procrastinating%over%their%next%AP%English%essay.”(–(Anastasia((((The(social(categories(Anastasia(uses(reflect(racial,(ethnic,(and(class(divisions(in(her(school.((Anastasia’s(description(highlights(how(structural(divisions(in(her(school(define(what(plays(out(on(MySpace(and(Facebook.((Movement(from(MySpace(to(Facebook(further(magnifies(already(existing(distinctions.(In(California,(17PyearPold(Craig(blogged(about(the(movement(in(his(school,(using(the(language(of(taste,(class,(and(hierarchy.(((“The%higher%castes%of%high%school%moved%to%Facebook.%It%was%more%cultured,%and%less%cheesy.%The%lower%class%usually%were%content%to%stick%to%MySpace.%Any%high%school%student%who%has%a%Facebook%will%tell%you%that%MySpace%users%are%more%likely%to%be%barely%educated%and%obnoxious.%Like%Peet’s%is%more%cultured%than% CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](27(Starbucks,%and%Jazz%is%more%cultured%than%bubblegum%pop,%and%like%Macs%are%more%cultured%than%PC’s,%Facebook%is%of%a%cooler%caliber%than%MySpace.”((–(Craig(((In(his(description,(Craig(distinguishes(between(what(he(sees(as(highbrow(and(lowbrow(cultural(tastes,(using(consumption(patterns(to(differentiate(classes(of(people(and(describe(them(in(terms(of(a(hierarchy.(By(employing(the(term(“caste,”(Craig(uses(a(multicultural(metaphor(with(ethnic(and(racial(connotations(that(runs(counter(to(the(supposed(class(mobility(available(in(U.S.(society.((In(doing(so,(he’s(locating(his(peers(in(immutable(categories(and(tying(tastes(to(them.((While(Craig(may(not(have(intended(to(imply(this,(his(choice(of(the(term(“caste”(is(nonetheless(interesting.((These(two(accounts(provide(insight(into(who(left,(but(they(don’t(account(for(why.(To(get(at(why,(we(must(start(by(considering(how(MySpace’s(cultural(position(shifted(during(this(period.(The(following(is(a(descriptive(portrait(of(a(series(of(relevant(events(that(contributed(to(teen(departure.(It(is(an(oversimplified(account(based(on(my(fieldnotes(during(that(period.((MySpace(was(once(a(cultural(center(for(youth(culture.((As(it(grew(increasingly(popular,(a(moral(panic(emerged(over(the(potential(risks(of(sexual(predators((Marwick,(2008).((While(the(risks(were(overblown((Shrock(and(boyd,(2009),(fear(spread.(Involved(parents(–(typically(from(more(educated(and(wealthier(communities( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](28(–(began(looking(closer(and(they(didn’t(like(what(they(saw.(While(my(examination(of(MySpace(profiles(revealed(that(more(teens(referenced(God,(Jesus,(bible(quotes,(and(other(religious(symbols(than(uploaded(scantily(clad(selfPimages,(parents(typically(assumed(that(the(latter(dominated(MySpace(and(this(upset(them.(Furthermore,(these(parents(were(often(horrified(by(the(practices(of(the(urban(20somethings,(especially(those(from(different(cultural(backgrounds(who(appeared(to(have(different(moral(codes.((The(media(helped(produced(a(technoPpanic,(often(by(leveraging(adult(fears(of(urban(black(signals(such(as(bling(and(hipPhop.(((Even(though(most(teens(were(primarily(socializing(with(their(peers,(some(parents(feared(that(the(presence(of(and(potential(exposure(to(different(and,(presumably,(deviant(practices(might(corrupt(their(children.(In(short,(they(did(not(see(MySpace(as(“safe”(and(they(did(not(want(their(children(communing(with(people(they(would(not(approve(of(them(associating(with(elsewhere.(Fear(drove(some(parents(to(banish(MySpace.(Teens(who(were(forced(to(leave(were(more(likely(to(come(from(households(where(their(parents(were(involved(in(monitoring(their(kids’(online(behaviors(but(were(not(themselves(on(MySpace.(They(were(less(likely(to(have(siblings,(cousins,(and(other(family(members(present(in(MySpace.(In(short,(the(teens(who(were(forced(to(leave(tended(to(come(from(more(privileged(backgrounds.(Their(disappearance(fractured(their(friends’(networks,(reducing(the(value(of(MySpace.((( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](29(Amidst(this,(MySpace(failed(to(address(the(problems(presented(by(spammers(and(scammers.((Teens(started(receiving(an(onslaught(of(friend(requests(from(scammers(and(their(accounts(started(getting(hacked(due(to(security(flaws(introduced(when(users(started(copying(and(pasting(layout(code(into(profile(forms.(Given(their(penchant(for(vibrant(profiles(and(willingness(to(track(down(code,(youth(were(especially(vulnerable.(Because(of(the(widespread(technopanic,(many(of(the(teens(I(interviewed(who(left(MySpace(read(these(security(attacks(as(proof(of(the(presence(of(sexual(predators(and(other(“creepy”(people.((Those(whose(friend(networks(on(MySpace(were(already(fractured(were(most(inclined(to(leave.(((The(emergence(of(Facebook(hastened(this(process.(Many(parents(saw(Facebook(as(a(“safe”(alternative(to(MySpace,(primarily(because(it(was(not(possible(to(make(a(profile(truly(public.((Arguably,(making(a(profile(visible(to(everyone(in(a(geographic(region(is(akin(to(being(public.)(Adults(did(not(see(the(same(signals(on(Facebook(that(frightened(them.(Many(reinforced(the(spatial(and(racial(distinctions(by(demonizing(MySpace(and(embracing(Facebook.(Countless(teens(who(were(not(allowed(on(MySpace(were(permitted(to(join(Facebook.(Teens(who(had(friends(in(college(were(especially(quick(to(join.(With(an(alternative(in(place,(many(who(were(doubtful(of(MySpace(or(whose(friends(had(departed(switched.((((Concerns(about(MySpace(and(safety(were(widespread,(but(how(people(responded(varied.(Many(teens(made(their(profiles(private(or(friendsPonly,(but(others(left(or( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](30(were(forced(to(leave(because(of(the(fear.(As(they(departed,(their(friends(were(more(likely(to(go(as(well(because(of(the(importance(of(social(cohesion.(Many(of(those(who(left(joined(Facebook.(The(same(network(effects(that(motivated(teens(to(join(MySpace(hastened(their(departure.((The(early(departers(were(not(evenly(distributed(across(the(network.((The(factors(that(prompted(or(forced(some(teens(to(leave(and(the(factors(that(minimized(their(incentives(to(stay(affected(certain(groups(of(teen(more(than(others.(In(short,(teens(from(privileged(backgrounds(were(more(likely(to(defect.(This(helped(create(the(impressions(that(Anastasia(and(Craig(described.((MySpace:&A&Digital&Ghetto?&(One(provocative(way(of(reflecting(on(the(networked(movement(from(MySpace(to(Facebook(is(through(the(lens(of(“white(flight.”((The(term(“white(flight”(refers(to(the(exodus(of(white(people(from(urban(American(centers(to(the(suburbs(during(the(20th(century.(This(simplistic(definition(obscures(the(racial(motivations(of(those(who(left,(the(institutionalized(discrimination(that(restricted(others(from(leaving,(and(the(ramifications(for(cities(and(race(relations((Kruse,(2005).((Many(who(left(did(so(to(avoid(racial(integration(in(communities(and(schools.(Not(everyone(could(leave.(Although(the(suburbs(were(touted(as(part(of(the(“American(Dream,”(families(of(color(were(often(barred(directly(explicitly(by(ethnically(exclusive(restrictions(on(housing(developments(or(indirectly(by(discriminatory(lending(practices((Massey(&(Denton,(1998).(Suburbs(were(zoned(to(limit(lowPincome(housing(and(rentals,(thereby( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](31(limiting(who(could(afford(to(move(there.(What(followed(was(urban(decay.(Governmental(agencies(reduced(investments(in(urban(communities,(depopulation(lowered(property(values(and(shrunk(tax(bases,(and(unemployment(rose(as(jobs(moved(to(the(suburbs.((The(resultant(cities(were(left(in(disrepair(and(the(power(of(street(gangs(increased.(Through(“white(flight,”(racial(identities(were(reworked(as(spaces(were(reconfigured((Harris,(2007;(Avila,(2004;(Massey(&(Denton,(1998).(((Given(the(formalized(racism(and(institutionalized(restrictions(involved(in(urban(white(flight,(labeling(teen(movement(from(MySpace(to(Facebook(as(“digital(white(flight”(may(appear(to(be(a(problematic(overstatement.(My(goal(is(not(to(dismiss(or(devalue(the(historic(tragedy(that(white(racism(brought(to(many(cities,(but(to(offer(a(stark(framework(for(seeing(the(reproduction(of(social(divisions(in(a(society(still(shaped(by(racism.((Consider(the(parallels.(In(some(senses,(the(first(teens(to(move(to(the(“suburbs”(were(those(who(bought(into(a(Teen(Dream(of(collegiate(maturity,(namely(those(who(were(expressly(headed(towards(dormPbased(universities(and(colleges.(They(were(the(elite(who(were(given(land(in(the(new(suburbs(before(plots(were(broadly(available.(The(suburbs(of(Facebook(signaled(more(mature(living,(complete(with(digital(fences(to(keep(out(strangers.(The(narrative(that(these(digital(suburbs(were(safer(than(the(city(enhanced(its(desirability,(particularly(for(those(who(had(no(interest(in(interacting(with(people(who(were(different.((Some(teens(were(moved(because(of(the(policies(of( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](32(their(parents.(Early(settlers(incentivized(their(friends(to(join(them.((While(formal(restrictions(on(who(could(move(lifted(in(September(2006,(the(more(subtle(networkPbased(disincentives(did(not.((Those(teens(whose(family(and(friends(were(deeply(enmeshed(in(the(city(of(MySpace(were(less(inclined(to(leave(for(the(suburbs.(((Those(who(left(the(city(often(left(their(profiles(untended(and(they(often(fell(into(disrepair,(covered(in(spam,(a(form(of(digital(graffiti.(This(contributed(to(a(sense(of(eeriness,(but(also(hastened(the(departure(of(their(neighbors.((As(MySpace(failed(to(address(these(issues,(spammers(took(over(like(street(gangs.((What(resulted(can(be(understood(as(a(digital(ghetto.((Needless(to(say,(the(frame(of(“white(flight”(only(partially(works,(but(the(metaphor(provides(a(fertile(backdrop(to(address(the(kinds(of(language(I(heard(by(youth.(It(also(provides(a(fruitful(framework(for(thinking(of(the(fear(and(moral(panic(surrounding(MySpace.(Fear(of(risk(and(perception(of(safety(are(salient(in(discussions(of(ghettos.((Many(whites(fled(the(city,(believing(it(crimePridden,(immoral,(and(generally(unsafe.(While(outsiders(are(rarely(targets(of(violence(in(the(innerPcity,(the(perception(of(danger(is(widespread(and(the(suburbs(are(commonly(narrated(as(the(safe(alternative.((The(same(holds(for(MySpace.((Fears(concerning(risks(on(MySpace(are(overstated(at(best(and(more(often(outright(misunderstood.(Yet,(they(are(undoubtedly(widespread.(In(contrast,(Facebook’s(origin(as(a(gated(community(and( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](33(parents’(belief(that(the(site(is(private(and(highly(monitored(reflect(the(same(values(signaled(by(the(suburbs.(((The(network(segmentation(implied(by(a(“digital(white(flight”(also(helps(explain(why,(two(years(later,(news(media(behaved(as(though(MySpace(was(dead.(Quite(simply,(white(middlePclass(journalists(didn’t(know(anyone(who(still(used(MySpace.(On(May(4,(2009,(the(New(York(Times(ran(a(story(showing(that(MySpace(and(Facebook(usage(in(the(U.S.(had(nearly(converged((with(Facebook(lagging(slightly(behind(MySpace);(the(title(for(this(article(was(“Do(You(Know(Anyone(Still(on(MySpace?”((Although(the(article(clearly(stated(that(the(unique(visitors(were(roughly(equal,(the(headline(signaled(the(cultural(divide.((The(New(York(Times(staff(was(on(Facebook(and(assumed(their(readers(were(too.(This(article(generated(154(comments(from(presumably(adult(readers.(Some(defended(MySpace,(primarily(by(pointing(to(its(features,(the(opportunity(for(connecting,(and(the(cultural(relevance(of(musicians(and(bands.((Many(more(condemned(MySpace,(bemoaning(its(user(interface,(spam,(and(outdatedPness.((Yet,(while(only(two(MySpace(fans(used(condescending(language(to(describe(Facebook((“Facebook%is%very%childish”(and(“Facebook%is%for%those%who%live%in%the%past”),(dozens(of(MySpace(critics(demeaned(MySpace(and(its(users.((Some(focused(on(the(perception(that(MySpace(was(filled(with(risky(behavior:(((“MySpace%become%synonymous%with%hyperDsexual,%out%of%control%teens,%wild%partying%20Dsomethings,%30D40somethings%craving%attention,%sexual%predators%on% CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](34(the%hunt,%and%generally%unDcool%personal%behavior%from%a%relatively%small,%but%highly%visible%number%of%users.”%(Others(used(labels,(stereotypes,(and(dismissive(language(to(other(those(who(preferred(MySpace,(often(suggesting(a(class(based(distinction:(((“My%impression%is%that%Myspace%is%for%the%riffraff%and%Facebook%is%for%the%landed%gentry.”%%“Compared%to%Facebook,%MySpace%just%seems%like%the%other%side%of%the%tracks%–%I’ll%go%there%for%fun,%but%I%wouldn’t%want%to%live%there.”%%“my%impression%is%[MySpace%is]%for%tweens,%high%school%kids%that%write%emo%poetry,%and%the%proletariat.%%once%the%younger%demo%goes%to%college,%they%shift%to%facebook.%the%proletariat?%everyone%knows%they%never%go%to%college!”%%%(Just(as(those(who(moved(to(the(suburbs(looked(down(upon(those(who(remained(in(the(cities,(so(too(did(Facebook(users(demean(those(on(MySpace.((This(can(be(seen(in(the(attitudes(of(teens(I(interviewed,(the(words(of(these(commenters,(and(the(adjectives(used(by(the(college(students(Watkins((2009)(interviewed.(The(language(used(in(these(remarks(resembles(the(same(language(used(throughout(the(1980s(to(describe(city(dwellers:(dysfunctional(families,(perverts(and(deviants,(freaks(and( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](35(outcasts,(thieves,(and(the(working(class.(Implied(in(this(is(that(no(decent(person(could(possibly(have(a(reason(to(dwell(in(the(city(or(on(MySpace.((While(some(who(didn’t(use(MySpace(were(harshly(critical(of(the(site,(others(simply(forgot(that(it(existed.(They(thought(it(to(be(irrelevant,(believing(that(no(one(lived(there(anymore(simply(because(no(one(they(knew(did.(((To(the(degree(that(some(viewed(MySpace(as(a(digital(ghetto(or(as(being(home(to(the(cultural(practices(that(are(labeled(as(ghetto,(the(same(fear(and(racism(that(underpinned(much(of(white(flight(in(urban(settings(is(also(present(in(the(perception(of(MySpace.(The(fact(that(many(teens(who(left(MySpace(for(Facebook(explained(their(departure(as(being(about(features,(aesthetics,(or(friendship(networks(does(not(disconnect(their(departure(from(issues(of(race(and(class.(Rather,(their(attitude(towards(specific(aesthetic(markers(and(features(is(shaped(by(their(experiences(with(race(and(class.((Likewise,(friendship(networks(certainly(drove(the(selfPsegmentation,(but(these(too(are(shaped(by(race(such(that(departure(logically(played(out(along(race(lines.((The(explanations(teens(gave(for(their(decisions(may(not(be(explicitly(about(race,(ethnicity,(or(class,(but(they(cannot(be(untangled(from(them,(just(as(fearPbased(narratives(about(the(“ghetto”(cannot(be(considered(without(also(accounting(for(race,(ethnicity,(and(class.((In(some(senses,(the(division(in(the(perception(and(use(of(MySpace(and(Facebook(seems(obvious(given(that(we(know(that(online(environments(are(a(reflection(of( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](36(everyday(life.(Yet,(the(fact(that(such(statements(are(controversial(highlights(a(widespread(technoPutopian(belief(that(the(internet(will(once(and(for(all(eradicate(inequality(and(social(divisions.(What(unfolded(as(teens(adopted(MySpace(and(Facebook(suggests(that(this(is(not(the(case.((Neither(social(media(nor(its(users(are(colorblind(simply(because(technology(is(present.(The(internet(mirrors(and(magnifies(everyday(life,(making(visible(many(of(the(issues(we(hoped(would(disappear,(including(race(and(classPbased(social(divisions(in(American(society.((Bibliography&(Arnold,(Rebecca.(2001.(Fashion,%Desire%and%Anxiety:%Image%and%Morality%in%the%20th%Century.(Rutgers,(NJ:(Rutgers(University(Press.((Avila,(Eric.(2004.(“Popular(Culture(in(the(Age(of(White(Flight:(Film(Noir,(Disneyland,(and(the(Cold(War((Sub)Urban(Imaginary.”(Journal%of%Urban%History,(31(1):(3P22.((BonillaPSilva,(Eduardo.(2003.(Racism%Without%Racists:%ColorDblind%Racism%and%the%Persistence%of%Racial%Inequality%in%the%United%States.(Lanham,(MD:(Rowman(and(Littlefield.((boyd,(danah.(2008.(Taken%Out%of%Context:%American%Teen%Sociality%in%Networked%Publics.%PhD(Dissertation,(University(of(CaliforniaPBerkeley.(( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](37((boyd,(danah.(2007b.("Why(Youth((Heart)(Social(Network(Sites:(The(Role(of(Networked(Publics(in(Teenage(Social(Life."(MacArthur%Foundation%Series%on%Digital%Learning%D%Youth,%Identity,%and%Digital%Media%Volume((ed.(David(Buckingham).(Cambridge,(MA:(MIT(Press,(pp.(119P142.((boyd,(danah.(2007a.(“Viewing(American(Class(Divisions(Through(Facebook(and(MySpace.”(Apophenia,(June(24.(http://www.danah.org/papers/essays/ClassDivisions.html((boyd,(danah(and(Nicole(Ellison.(2007.(“Social(network(sites:(Definition,(history,(and(scholarship.”(Journal%of%ComputerDMediated%Communication,(13(1),(article(11.(http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue1/boyd.ellison.html((Bourdieu,(Pierre.(1987.(Distinction:%A%Social%Critique%of%the%Judgment%of%Taste.(Harvard(University(Press.(((Byrne,(Dara.(2008.(“The(Future(of((the)(‘Race’:(Identity,(Discourse,(and(the(Rise(of(ComputerPmediated(Public(Spheres.”(MacArthur%Foundation%Series%on%Digital%Learning%–%Learning%Race%and%Ethnicity%Volume((ed.(Anna(Everett).(Cambridge,(MA:(MIT(Press,(pp.(15P38.(( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](38(Crane,(Diana.(2000.(Fashion%and%Its%Social%Agendas:%Class,%Gender,%and%Identity%in%Clothing.(Chicago,(IL:(University(of(Chicago(Press.((Donath,(Judith.(2007.(“Signals(in(Social(Supernets.”(Journal%of%ComputerDMediated%Communication,%13(1):(article(12.(http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue1/donath.html(((Donath,(Judith(and(danah(boyd.(2004.(“Public(Displays(of(Connection.”(BT%Technology%Journal,(22(4):(71P82.((Eckert,(Penelope.(1989.(Jocks%&%Burnouts:%Social%Categories%and%Identity%in%the%High%School.(New(York:(Teacher(College(Press.((Forman,(Murray.(2002.(The%‘Hood%Comes%First:%Race,%Space,%and%Place%in%Rap%and%HipDHop.(Middleton,(CT:(Wesleyan(University(Press.(((Gaines,(Donna.(1998.(Teenage%Wasteland:%Suburbia‘s%Dead%End%Kids.%Chicago,(IL:(University(of(Chicago(Press.((Hare,(Breanna.(2009.(“Does(class(decide(online(social(networks?”(CNN,(October(24.(http://www.cnn.com/2009/TECH/10/24/tech.networking.class/(( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](39(Hargittai,(Eszter.(2007.(“Whose(space?(Differences(among(users(and(nonPusers(of(social(network(sites.”(Journal%of%ComputerDMediated%Communication,(13(1),(article(14.(http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue1/hargittai.html((Harris,(Dianne.(2007.(“Clean(and(White(and(Everyone(White.”(Sites%Unseen:%Landscape%and%Vision%(Eds.(Dianne(Harris(and(D.(Fairchild(Ruggles).(Pittsburgh,(PA:(University(of(Pittsburgh(Press.(((Hebdige,(Dick.(1979.(Subculture:%The%Meaning%of%Style.%London:(Routledge.((Kruse,(Kevin.(White%Flight:%Atlanta%and%the%Making%of%Modern%Conservativism.(Princeton,(NY:(Princeton(University(Press.((Lam,(Chuck.(2007b.(“Examining(MySpace(Usage(by(High(School.”(Data%Strategy,(September(19.(http://datastrategy.wordpress.com/2007/09/19/examiningPmyspacePusagePbyPhighPschool/((Lam,(Chuck.(2007a.(“Analyzing(Facebook(Usage(by(High(School(Demographic.”(Data%Strategy,%September(14.(http://datastrategy.wordpress.com/2007/09/14/analyzingPfacebookPusagePbyPhighPschoolPdemographic/(( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](40(Liu,(Hugo.(2007.(“Social(Network(Profiles(as(Taste(Performances.”(Journal%of%ComputerDMediated%Communication,%13(1),(article(13.(http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol13/issue1/liu.html((Marwick,(Alice.(2008.(“To(Catch(a(Predator?(The(MySpace(Moral(Panic.”(First%Monday,(13(6):(article(3.((Massey,(Douglas(and(Nancy(Denton.(1998.(American%Apartheid:%Segregation%and%the%Making%of%the%Underclass.(Cambridge,(MA:(Harvard(University(Press.((McPherson,(Miller,(Lynn(SmithPLovin,(and(James(Cook.(2001.(“Birds(of(a(Feather:(Homophily(in(Social(Networks.”(Annual%Review%of%Sociology,(27:(415P444.((Milner,(Murray,(Jr.(2004.(Freaks,%Geeks,%and%Cool%Kids:%American%Teenagers,%Schools,%and%the%Culture%of%Consumption.(New(York:(Routledge.((Moody,(James.(2001.(“Race,(School(Integration,(and(Friendship(Segregation(in(America.”(American%Journal%of%Sociology(107((3),(679P716.((Nakamura,(Lisa.(2008.(Digitizing%Race:%Visual%Cultures%of%the%Internet.(Minneapolis:(University(of(Minnesota(Press.((( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](41(Perry,(Pamela.(2002.(Shades%of%White:%White%Kids%and%Racial%Identities%in%High%School.(Durham,(NC:(Duke(University(Press.((Pollock,(Mica.(2005.(“Race(Bending:(‘Mixed’(Youth(Practicing(Strategic(Racialization(in(California.”(YouthScapes:%The%Popular,%the%National,%the%Global((eds.(Sunaina(Maira(and(Elisabeth(Soep).(Philadelphia,(PA:(University(of(Pennsylvania(Press.((Shankar,(Shalini.(2008.(Desi%Land:%Teen%Culture,%Class,%and%Success%in%Silicon%Valley.%Durham,(NC:(Duke(University(Press.((Shrock,(Andrew(and(danah(boyd.(2009.(“Online(Threats(to(Youth:(Solicitation,(Harassment,(and(Problematic(Content.”(Enhancing%Child%Safety%&%Online%Technologies%(eds.(John(Palfrey,(Dena(Sacco,(danah(boyd).%Carolina(Academic(Press.(((Tatum,(Beverly.(1997.('Why%Are%All%the%Black%Kids%Sitting%Together%in%the%Cafeteria’%and%other%Conversations%About%Race.(New(York:(Basic(Books.((Thorne,(Barrie.(2008.(“‘The(Chinese(Girls’(and(‘The(Pokémon(Kids’:(Children(Negotiating(Differences(in(Urban(California.”(Figuring%the%Future:%Globalization%and%the%Temporalities%of%Children%and%Youth.((Santa(Fe,(NM:(SAR(Press.(((Thorne,(Barrie.(1993.(Gender%Play:%Girls%and%Boys%in%School.(Rutgers(University(Press.( CITATION:(boyd,(danah.((2011).(“White(Flight(in(Networked(Publics?(How(Race(and(Class(Shaped(American(Teen(Engagement(with(MySpace(and(Facebook.”(In(Race%After%the%Internet((eds.(Lisa(Nakamura(and(Peter(A.(ChowPWhite).(Routledge,(pp.(203P222.(((!Feedback(welcome!(([email protected](42((Thornton,(Sarah.(1995.(Club%Cultures:%Music,%Media,%and%Subcultural%Capital.(Cambridge:(Polity(Press.((Wacquant,(Loic(J.D.(1997.(“Three(Pernicious(Premises(in(the(Study(of(the(American(Ghetto.”(International%Journal%of%Urban%and%Regional%Research,(21(2):(341P353.((Watkins,(S.(Craig.(2009.(The%Young%&%the%Digital:%What%the%Migration%to%SocialDNetwork%Sites,%Games,%and%Anytime,%Anywhere%Media%Means%for%Our%Future.%Boston,(MA:(Beacon(Press.((Willis,(Paul.(1981.(Learning%to%Labor:%How%Working%Class%Kids%Get%Working%Class%Jobs.%New(York:(Columbia(University(Press.(((