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Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 0

Literature Review: Womanism, Feminism, and Feminist Theory

Introduction

Womanism, feminism, and intersectionality are the “daughters” of feminist theory. I will attempt to synthesize and reconcile the three positionalities using critical race theory which purports that race plays an integral part in how theories are shaped and used in academia; and that race is unavoidable as it is embedded in the very fabric of how we perceive and act. Race is unavoidable. Womanism was developed due to some feeling that feminism was more of a privileged theory developed and dominated by those who did not have to face racial hegemonies in their work. Also, Black women did not see the reason why they had to give up being Black and a woman as the same time.

While women of color have had the same or similar experiences as “white” women, these women have had altogether different experiences as well which feminist theory failed to account for from its formation. All women are/were not the same and are not subjected or objectified as in Western societies. In many indigenous societies, women are held places of esteem and power and were included in all decision making. In fact, in many cultures, women had the ultimate or even equal say. Feminism, which accounted for all “women” to having been under the same treatment due to White male patriarchy, did not take into account the fact that advancement for one group of women (White women) did not mean that all women had made progress. For instance, Women’s Suffrage allowed for White women to gain the right to vote, but that did not mean that women of color were afforded the same opportunity. In particular, Black women did not gain the right to vote until it was given to Blacks as a group, including Black men. Such was the same with Native American women. Women of color, historically, have saw advancement only when it was inclusive of their male counterpart, and at no time do we see any deviation from this.

It is presumptuous sign of White privilege for White women to see themselves as the standard bearers of femininity, feminism, or on the forefront of such when women of color have been relegated to a far less position or status in American society far below that of White women and have had to endure far worse. It is/was their struggle that is overlooked, recognized, or exalted due to their race and socioeconomic status. The consciousness of this was failed to be addressed in the development of feminism and to this day its effects are still being felt by women of color who have not, to-this-day, separated themselves from their male counterpart. When things such as the wage gap is talked about, often the fact that women of color have an even wider gap than White women when compared to White men is not brought up. The failure to disaggregate women and the disparities they all face, and how complex that looks, is a failure which some would like to keep in place.

References

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Use these articles to find newest materials by using citations of them to find related material. There is an interaction with legal changes and policy that you may need to note and relate. Also be careful in covering the history of these viewpoints not to take for granted which ideas came first and later. You may be able to develop a review that could lead to further theory building.