2-Homework about reading an article and write summary
( h ttp ://w ww.a cce ssscie nce .c o m .e zp ro xy2 .lib ra ry .d re xe l. e du/) H id e S ubw ay e ngin eerin g A rtic le b y:
M oh, Z aC hie h M oh & A sso cia te s, In c., O rie nta l T e ch nopolis e s T o w er, T a ip ei, T a iw an. H wang, R ic hard N . M oh & A sso cia te s, In c., O rie nta l T e ch nopolis e s T o w er, T a ip ei, T a iw an. L ast u pdate d: 2 014 D OI: h ttp s://d oi o rg .e zp ro xy2 .lib ra ry .d re xe l.e du/1 0.1 036/1 0978 542.6 64750 ( h ttp s://d oi o rg .e zp ro xy2 .lib ra ry .d re xe l.e du/1 0.1 036/1 097 8 542.6 64750) C onte nt F easib ilit y s tu dy P la nnin g D esig n C onstr u ctio n O pera tio n L in ks to P rim ary L it e ra tu re A ddit io nal R eadin gs T he b ra n ch o f t ra n sp orta tio n e n gin eerin g t h at d eals w it h f e asib ilit y s tu dy, p la n nin g, d esig n, c o nstru ctio n, a n d o pera tio n o f s u bw ay ( u nderg ro und r a ilw ay) s yste m s. In a ddit io n to p ro vid in g r a pid a nd c o m fo rta ble s e rv ic e , s u bw ays c o nsu m e le ss e nerg y p er p asse nger c a rrie d in c o m paris o n w it h o th er m odes o f tr a nsp orta tio n s u ch a s a uto m obile s a nd b use s. T hey h ave b een a dopte d in m any c it ie s a s a p rim ary m ode o f tr a nsp orta tio n to r e duce tr a ff ic c o ngestio n a nd a ir p ollu tio n.
T he fir s t s u bw ay o pened in L ondon in 1 863 u sin g s te am lo co m otiv e s fu ele d b y c o al. In 1 896, th e fir s t s u bw ay o n th e E uro pean c o ntin ent w as p la ce d in s e rv ic e in B udapest. In th e U nit e d S ta te s, th e fir s t s u bw ay lin e w as c o m ple te d in B osto n i n 1 895, a nd s in ce th en s u bw ays h ave b een c o nstr u cte d in c it ie s s u ch a s N ew Y o rk , C hic a go, W ash in gto n, B alt im ore , H ousto n, S an F ra ncis co , L os A ngele s, P hila delp hia , P it ts b urg h, a nd A tla nta . S ubw ays a re fo und in n um ero us c it ie s w orld w id e, in clu din g T o kyo , S in gapore , H ong K ong, S eoul, T a ip ei, S hanghai, B eijin g, C air o , T o ro nto , S yd ney, M osco w , P aris , B ra silia , S antia go, a nd C ara ca s.
M odern s u bw ay s yste m s a re e le ctr if ie d, w it h tr a in s p ow ere d b y d ir e ct c u rre nt th at c ru is e a t s p eeds u p to 8 0 k m ( 5 0 m i) p er h our. S om e tr a in s a re fu lly a uto m ate d, w it h d riv e rs o n b oard o nly fo r h andlin g u nexp ecte d in cid ents . C ars a re a ir c o ndit io ned fo r p asse ngers c o m fo rt, a nd m ost o f th e u nderg ro und s ta tio ns a re a ir c o ndit io ned a s w ell. It is b eco m in g p opula r to in sta ll d oors a lo ng th e tr a cksid e e dges o f p la tfo rm s in a ir c o ndit io ned s ta tio ns to p ro te ct p asse ngers a s w ell a s c o nse rv e e nerg y. S ee a ls o : A ir c o ndit io nin g ( /c o nte n t/a ir c o ndit io nin g/0 17000) ; E le ctric d is trib utio n s yste m s ( /c o nte n t/e le ctric d is trib utio ns yste m s/2 15800) ; R ailr o ad c o ntro l s yste m s ( /c o nte n t/r a ilr o ad c o ntro l s yste m s/5 71900) F easib ilit y s tu dy S ubw ays a re d esig ned fo r s h ort tr ip s w it h fr e quent s to ps, c o m pare d to a bove g ro und, in te rc it y r a ilw ays. M any fa cto rs c o nsid ere d in th e p la nnin g p ro ce ss o f s u bw ay s yste m s a re q uit e s im ila r to th ose fo r r a ilw ay s yste m s. S ubw ay s yste m p la nnin g s ta rts w it h a c o rrid or s tu dy, w hic h in clu des a fo re ca st o f r id ers h ip a nd r e ve nues, a n e stim atio n o f c o nstr u ctio n a nd o pera tio nal c o sts , a nd a p ro je ctio n o f th e p ote ntia l b enefit s fr o m la nd d eve lo pm ent. T he fe asib ilit y o f c o nstr u ctin g a s u bw ay s yste m is o fte n g ove rn ed b y e co nom ic a l, s o cia l, a nd p olit ic a l fa cto rs .
I t is im porta nt to in te gra te a s u bw ay s yste m w it h o th er m odes o f tr a nsp orta tio n to m axim iz e it s e ff e ctiv e ness. In m ass t r a nsp orta tio n, a ir tr a nsp ort a nd r a ilw ay s yste m s a re u se d fo r lo ngd is ta nce tr a ve l, s u bw ays fo r in te rm edia te d is ta nce tr a ve l w it h in in div id ual m etr o polit a n a re as, a nd b use s a s fe eders to th e o th ers . A ll th ese s yste m s s h ould fo rm a n etw ork to p ro vid e m axim um c o nve nie nce fo r tr a ve le rs . In m any c it ie s, s u bw ay a nd b us s yste m s h ave a lr e ady b een c o m bin ed s o th at t h ey a re m anaged b y th e s a m e a gency. In s o m e c it ie s, u nif ie d fa re c o lle ctio n s yste m s h ave b een a dopte d fo r th e tw o s yste m s s o th at r id ers d o n ot h ave to p urc h ase s e para te tic ke ts fo r d if f e re nt s e gm ents o f th e s a m e tr ip . S ee a ls o : R ailw ay e n gin eerin g ( /c o nte n t/r a ilw aye n gin eerin g/5 72000) ; T ra n sp orta tio n e n gin eerin g ( /c o nte n t/t ra n sp orta tio n e n gin eerin g/7 06700) P la n nin g A ll s u bw ay s yste m s h ave th re e m ajo r ty p es o f s tr u ctu re s: s ta tio ns, tu nnels , a nd d epots . T he m ost im porta nt ta sk in p la nnin g a n ew s u bw ay s yste m o r a n ew s u bw ay lin e is to lo ca te s ta tio ns a nd d epots a nd to d ete rm in e th e tr a ck a lig nm ent.
S ubw ay lin es a re n orm ally lo ca te d w it h in th e r ig ht o f w ay o f p ublic r o ads a nd a s fa r a w ay a s p ossib le fr o m p riv a te p ro pertie s a nd s it e s o f im porta nce . P ro te ctio n o f h is to ric a l s it e s a nd m onum ents h as o fte n b een a r e aso n fo r th e r e alig nin g r o ute s. B eca use s ta tio ns a nd e ntr a nce s a re u su ally lo ca te d in d ense ly p opula te d a re as, la nd a cq uis it io n is o fte n a m ajo r p ro ble m . O ne s o lu tio n is to in te gra te e ntr a nce s in to n earb y d eve lo pm ents s u ch a s p ark s, d epartm ent s to re s, a nd p ublic b uild in gs, w hic h le sse ns th e v is u al im pact o f th e e ntr a nce s a nd r e duce s th eir im pedim ent to p edestr ia n flo w . S in ce u nderg ro und s tr u ctu re s a re m ore c o stly a nd ta ke lo nger to c o nstr u ct, s u bw ay s yste m s in s u burb s a nd th e c o untr y sid e a re u su ally la id a bove g ro und a nd, if n ece ssa ry , e le va te d.
T he e nvir o nm enta l im pact d ue to c o nstr u ctio n is a m ajo r c o nce rn in te rm s o f d is tu rb ance to tr a ff ic , v ib ra tio n, a nd n ois e . In a ddit io n, d um pin g s it e s a re u su ally d if f ic u lt to fin d in u rb an a re as, m akin g d um pin g o f c o nstr u ctio n w aste a p ro ble m .
O ff s h ore d um pin g is a n o ptio n, b ut th e e ff e cts o f s u ch a n a ctio n m ust b e c a re fu lly a sse sse d a nd m in im iz e d.
D esig n D esig n o f th e p erm anent w ork s in clu des s tr u ctu ra l a nd a rc h it e ctu ra l e le m ents a nd e le ctr ic a l a nd m ech anic a l fa cilit ie s.
T here a re tw o ty p es o f s tr u ctu re s: s ta tio ns a nd tu nnels . F or s ta tio ns, s p ace o ptim iz a tio n a nd p asse nger flo w a re im porta nt.
F ig ure 1 s h ow s th e C KS M em oria l H all S ta tio n o f th e T a ip ei ( T a iw an) R apid T ra nsit S yste m s a nd th e m ajo r e le m ents in a t y p ic a l s ta tio n, s u ch a s r a ils , p la tfo rm , s ta ir c a se s, a nd e sca la to rs . F or h andic a pped p asse ngers , p ro vis io ns s h ould b e m ade f o r th e m ove m ent o f w heelc h air s in e le va to rs a nd a t fa re g ate s, a nd s p ecia l tile s s h ould b e a va ila ble to g uid e th e b lin d to p la tfo rm s. In S in gapore , s e le cte d s ta tio ns h ave b een d esig ned a s s h elt e rs , w it h s tr u ctu re s s tr e ngth ened fo r c iv il d efe nse p urp ose s. I n b oth s ta tio ns a nd tu nnels , v e ntila tio n is e sse ntia l fo r th e c o m fo rt o f th e p asse ngers a nd fo r r e m ovin g s m oke d urin g a fir e .
S uff ic ie nt s ta ir c a se s a re r e quir e d fo r p asse ngers to e sca pe fr o m th e s ta tio n p la tfo rm to a p oin t o f s a fe ty in c a se o f a fir e .
T he p la stic c u rta in s s h ow n a t th e to p o f F ig . 1 a re r e quir e d b y th e fir e c o de to p re ve nt s m oke fr o m s p re adin g. S ee a ls o : V en tila tio n ( /c o nte n t/v en tila tio n/7 29900) T he e le ctr ic a l a nd m ech anic a l fa cilit ie s in clu de th e r o llin g s to ck ( tr a in s), s ig nalin g, c o m munic a tio n, p ow er s u pply , a uto m ate d f a re c o lle ctio n, a nd e nvir o nm enta l c o ntr o l ( a ir c o ndit io nin g) s yste m s. In a ddit io n, th ere a re d epot, s ta tio n, a nd tu nnel s e rv ic e fa cilit ie s. F or s ta tio ns d esig ned a ls o a s c iv il d efe nse s h elt e rs , e xtr a a ir , w ate r, a nd p ow er s u pplie s a re p ro vid ed.
A rc h it e ctu ra l d esig n o f s ta tio n e ntr a nce s is im porta nt in te rm s o f fu nctio n a nd e sth etic s. L andsca pin g a nd a rt e xh ib it io ns c a n r e duce th e im pact o f th e e ntr a nce s o n th e e nvir o nm ent. P ark in g lo ts a nd b us b ays s h ould b e p ro perly lo ca te d to a vo id t r a ff ic c o ngestio n.
C orro sio n h as c a use d p ro ble m s to s tr u ctu re s in s o m e s u bw ays; th ere fo re , c o rro sio nre sis ta nt c o atin gs m ay b e r e quir e d.
S ee a ls o : P ain t a n d c o atin gs ( /c o nte n t/p ain ta n dc o atin gs/4 82300) T o m in im iz e n ois e a nd v ib ra tio n fr o m r u nnin g tr a in s, flo atin g s la bs c a n b e u se d u nder r a ils o r b uild in g fo undatio ns in s e ctio ns o f r o ute s c ro ssin g d ense ly p opula te d a re as a nd in c o m merc ia l d is tr ic ts w here v ib ra tio n a nd s e co ndary a ir b orn e n ois e in sid e b uild in gs a re u nacce pta ble . F lo atin g s la bs c o nta in v ib ra tio na bso rb in g m ate ria ls , s u ch a s r u bber p ads, s a ndw ic h ed b etw een c o ncre te s la bs.
G ro und c o ndit io ns a re im porta nt fo r b oth d esig n a nd c o nstr u ctio n o f u nderg ro und s tr u ctu re s a nd s h ould b e th oro ughly i n ve stig ate d. G ro und w ate r h as b een r e sp onsib le fo r m any m ajo r in cid ents a nd s h ould n ot b e o ve rlo oke d. C onstr u ctio n o f s u bw ay s yste m s u su ally is c o m plic a te d b y p ro ble m s in vo lv in g tr a ff ic , u tilit ie s, a nd b uild in gs. T hese p ro ble m s a re u su ally r e sp onsib le fo r d ela ys a nd a ccid ents . T he c o ndit io ns o f n earb y b uild in gs s h ould b e in sp ecte d a nd r e co rd ed, a nd th e c o nstr u ctio n im pact o n th ese b uild in gs s h ould b e e stim ate d. E xce ssiv e g ro und m ove m ents r e su lt in g fr o m in adequate F ig . 1 T a ip ei R apid T ra nsit S yste m s' C KS M em oria l H all s ta tio n. r e ta in in g s yste m s d urin g e xca va tio ns h ave b een r e sp onsib le fo r m ost o f th e c a ta str o phic in cid ents in vo lv in g c o lla pse o f b uild in gs, e xp lo sio ns d ue to le akin g g as p ip es, flo odin g o f p it s d ue to d is lo ca te d w ate r m ain s, a nd s o o n. P ro gra m s s h ould b e p re pare d to m onit o r g ro und m ove m ents to e nsu re th e s a fe ty o f th e b uild in gs th at m ost lik e ly w ill b e a ff e cte d.
W it h th e r a pid a dva nce m ent o f c o m pute r te ch nolo gy, g eogra phic in fo rm atio n s yste m s ( G IS ) h ave b een w id ely a dopte d in t h e c o nstr u ctio n in dustr y . S uch s yste m s c a n b e u se d to c o m pile in fo rm atio n r e le va nt to th e g eolo gy a nd g ro und c o ndit io ns, u tilit ie s, a nd b uild in gs. It is d esir a ble to e sta blis h a d ata c e nte r to s to re a ll th e e le ctr o nic in fo rm atio n a nd to fa cilit a te s h arin g o f d ata v ia th e In te rn et. S ee a ls o : D ata b ase m an ag em en t s yste m ( /c o nte n t/d ata b asem an ag em en ts yste m /1 80980) ; G eo gra p hic in fo rm atio n s yste m s ( /c o nte n t/g eo gra p hic in fo rm atio ns yste m s/7 57430) ; I n te rn et ( /c o nte n t/in te rn et/7 57467) C onstr u ctio n U nderg ro und s ta tio ns a re n orm ally c o nstr u cte d b y u sin g a n o penc u t m eth od. F or o pen c u ts in s o ft g ro und, th e s id es o f th e p it s a re n orm ally r e ta in ed b y w all m em bers a nd b ra ce d u sin g s tr u ts . T he p it s a re fit te d w it h d ecks fo r m ain ta in in g tr a ff ic a t t h e s u rfa ce . F or n ew lin es th at p ass u nder e xis tin g lin es, it is n ot p ossib le to h ave o pen c u ts . In s u ch c a se s, s ta tio ns h ave t o b e c o nstr u cte d u sin g m in in g m eth ods ( u nderg ro und e xca va tio n).
T unnels lin kin g s ta tio ns c a n b e c o nstr u cte d b y e it h er th e o penc u t m eth od o r b y u nderg ro und e xca va tio n. O n s ta ble g ro und, u nderg ro und e xca va tio n c a n b e d one b y u sin g lig ht m ach in es o r tu nnel b orin g m ach in es w it h m in im um s u pport. In s o ft g ro und, it h as b eco m e p opula r to b ore tu nnels u sin g s h ie ld tu nnelin g m ach in es a nd th en lin e th e tu nnels w it h r e in fo rc e d c o ncre te s e gm ents . F ig ure 2 s h ow s a s h ie ld m ach in e w hic h ju st c o m ple te d a s e ctio n o f tu nnel a nd e nte re d th e s ta tio n w hic h w as s till u nder c o nstr u ctio n. F or tu nnels r u nnin g a cro ss w ate rs , s u bm erg ed tu bes a re fr e quently u se d, s u ch a s b etw een O akla nd a nd S an F ra ncis co ( B ay A re a R apid T ra nsit S yste m ) a nd a cro ss th e H ong K ong h arb or ( H ong K ong M ass T ra nsit R ailw ay).
W here ve r w ate rb earin g s tr a ta e xis t, c o nstr u ctio n s h ould p ro ce ed w it h g re at c a re . T his is p artic u la rly tr u e w hen o penin gs a re m ade o n s tr u ctu re s a t g re at d epth . If le aka ge o ccu rs , th e s o ils s u rro undin g th e w ate r p ath m ay q uic kly liq uefy d ue to t h e g re at h yd ra ulic g ra die nt, a nd th e flo w m ay b eco m e u nco ntr o lla ble in a s h ort tim e. G ro utin g is u su ally c a rrie d o ut to c u t o ff w ate r p ath , a lt h ough it s e ff e ctiv e ness is d if f ic u lt to a sce rta in . G ro und fr e ezin g h as b een a dopte d in m any c a se s, e it h er a s a p re ca utio nary m easu re o r a s a r e m edia l m easu re in r e habilit a tio n, a nd h as b een p ro ve d e ff e ctiv e in d ealin g w it h g ro undw ate r p ro ble m s. F re ezin g is c a rrie d o ut b y c ir c u la tin g c o ola nt th ro ugh lo oped p ip es in se rte d in d rille d h ole s fo r th e p urp ose o f b lo ckin g th e w ate r p ath b y s o lid if y in g a la rg e v o lu m e o f w et s o il. S ee a ls o : G ro ut ( /c o nte n t/g ro ut/3 01600) ; S oil m ech an ic s ( /c o nte n t/s o il m ech an ic s/6 31900) F ig . 2 S hie ld t u nnelin g m achin e. G ro und s e ttle m ent m ust b e m in im iz e d to p ro te ct s tr u ctu re s in z o nes a ff e cte d b y c o nstr u ctio n. G ro und s e ttle m ent is c lo se ly m onit o re d u sin g c o m pute riz e d in str u m enta tio n. W arn in g s yste m s h ave b een a dopte d in th e c o nstr u ctio n o f m any n ew s u bw ay lin es th at e nable c o ntr a cto rs , d esig ners , a nd c o nstr u ctio n m anagers to ta ke p re ve ntiv e a ctio ns in tim e a nd e ff e ctiv e ly e lim in ate p ote ntia l d angers , s u ch a s c o lla pse o f r e ta in in g w alls , flo odin g o f p it s , a nd b uild in g d am age.
O pera tio n M any m odern s u bw ay s yste m s a re fu lly a uto m ate d a nd r e quir e o nly a m in im al s ta ff . T ra in m ove m ents a re m onit o re d a nd r e gula te d b y c o m pute rs in a c o ntr o l c e nte r. T here fo re , e ngin eerin g is lim it e d to th e fu nctio n a nd m ain te nance o f th e e le ctr ic a l a nd m ech anic a l fa cilit ie s. T he e le ctr ic a l a nd m ech anic a l d evic e s r e quir in g c o nsta nt c a re in clu de th e r o llin g s to ck, s ig nalin g, c o m munic a tio n a nd b ro adca stin g s yste m s, p ow er s u pply , e le va to rs a nd e sca la to rs , a uto m ate d fa re c o lle ctio n, a nd e nvir o nm enta l c o ntr o l s yste m s. A ls o in clu ded a re d epot fa cilit ie s, a nd s ta tio n a nd tu nnel s e rv ic e fa cilit ie s. Z aC hie h M oh R ic hard N . H wang L in ks t o P rim ary L it e ra tu re C . W ang a nd Z . S u, F easib ilit y s tu dy o n s te p m eth od e xca va tio n o f tu nnels w it h la rg e c ro ss s e ctio n a nd s m all in te rv a l, P ro ce dia E nvir o n. S ci. , 1 2:5 50–554, 2 012 D O I: h ttp s://d oi o rg .e zp ro xy2 .lib ra ry .d re xe l. e du/1 0.1 016/j. p ro env.2 012.0 1.3 16 ( h ttp s://d oi o rg .e zp ro xy2 .lib ra ry .d re xe l. e du/1 0.1 016/j. p ro env.2 012.0 1.3 16) A ddit io nal R ead in gs J . P . C opse y e t a l. , P ro c. In st. C iv . E ng. , P art 1 , 8 6:6 67–707, 1 989 T . W . H ulm e, P . H . J . C hapm an, a nd P . S . F oo, S in gapore M ass R apid T ra nsit S yste m : P la nnin g a nd im ple m enta tio n, P ro c. I n st. C iv . E ng. , P art 1 , 8 6:6 27–665, 1 989 J . R . L am bre ch ts , R . N . H wang, a nd A . U rz u a, B ig D ig s A ro und th e W orld , G eol. S pec. P ubl. , n o. 8 6, A SC E, 1 998 S . Y . C hang, S . K . A . B ahar, a nd J . Z hao ( e ds.) , A dva nce s in C iv il E ngin eerin g a nd B uild in g M ate ria ls , C RC P re ss, B oca R ato n, F L, 2 013