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Running Head: RFID Transportation 6

RFID in Transportation Executive Summary

Pravallika Dubbakula

Wilmington University

Executive Summary

A study has been done on the use of radio frequency Identification and its commercial use in commercial industries. The aim of the study was to understand how the technology can help in providing information to a centralized control unit when the commodity transport vehicle or the items are being transported from one place to another. The study also undertook a detailed examination of the process that is used in the technology and the benefits of the Radio frequency identification technology in commercial industries.

It was found that the use of the technology reduced the losses in transit and made it simpler to use and tag the items for purchase or sale. It also helped to lower mal – practices when vehicles with goods were in transit from region to another. The radio frequency identification technology is the latest available technology in tracking systems using sensors. It has an electromagnetic field which is activated and increases the strength of the sensors when it apses by a reader which has sensors that picks up the data that has been micro chipped into the items or vehicles. These signals are transmitted to a centralized unit where it is transformed into readable information providing the whereabouts of the vehicles and the items.

A tag is attached and this tag is then further attached to the items. It was also found that there are 2 types of RFID tags one is passive and the other is active. The passive tags collect their energy resources from the readers that are installed close by and the active tag have their own power resources built into the tags such as small batteries that are powerful enough to transit information to a reader.

The data about the vehicles or the reader is sent using radio wave transmissions. It has also been found from the study that the radio frequency identification is one of the forms of automatic- Identification and data capture from tags known in short as – A.I.D.C. The most common method of radio frequency identification is implanting it into livestock, individuals and items. The tags have worked per their mechanisms even when they have been embedded into:

The radio frequency identification standards have been laid out in the ISO-IEC – 18000 and the ISO-IEC-29167. The standards specify the details of the methods that can be used for cryptographic encryption and reader authentication. It also includes standards for in the air – privacy concerns of interception. The third standard for the technology is the ISO-IEC-20248 which provides the guidelines for the digital – signature and bar code requirements.

The tags are simply labels, and the readers are two way transmitters for radio wave signals which transmit the signal to the tag and read the response that is sent by the tag. The tags that are mainly used are the active tags since they have their own power sources. The active tags have been found to be more expensive than the passive tags which do not have their own power supply system in their design.

A passive tag can have an on-board battery that activates when it passes a reader and then switches off till the next reader transmits to the tag. Such passive tags have to have power strength that is 100 times higher than the strength of the signal transmission. The tags come with different specifications. Some tags are read only tags and the information cannot be rewritten on them the other are read and write tags where the information can be read and new information can be written on them.

An RFID reader transmits an encoded radio signal to interrogate the tag. The RFID tag receives the message and then responds with its identification and other information. This may be only a unique tag serial number, or may be product-related information such as a stock number, lot or batch number, production date, or other specific information. Since tags have individual serial numbers, the RFID system design can discriminate among several tags that might be within the range of the RFID reader and read them simultaneously.

The study indicates that the classification of a reader and a tag as a pair is done by the type of tag and reader that the system makes up. A passive reader only receives information from active tags using radio signals. An example is the PRAT – system radio frequency identifications system which has a range of 1 to 2000 feet. This provides flexibility but also raises security concerns in the environment from remote penetration.

The second system is the ARPT system which is an active reader system that sends a transmission to at age and waits to receive a response which it authenticates.

The third type of system that has emerged from the study is the ARAT system where the readers and the tags are active components. This is an extended version of the battery Assisted Passive tag system where the tag is passive and can reply to a reader’s requests for information using the battery that it has on board.

Some readers are fixed and the other readers are mobile. The signaling process between readers and tags is dependent upon the strength of the signal frequency. When tags are on the LF or HF bands, the wavelength has been found to be close to the reader’s antenna.

In near fields regions, the tag is closely bonded with the electricity to the transmitter in the readers. The tag has the capability of field modulation that is created by the reader simply by changing the electrical load representation in the tag. Load switching helps the reader to detect the changes in the tag. When on higher frequencies or the UHF the tag has the capability of backscattering a signal.

The result of the study show that that this is the technology that is being used successfully in various forms and version to simplify tracking not only in commercial industries but in many other industries were tracking and surveillance are essential.