Unit V Literature Review
5 /1 1 /2 017 E BSC Ohost h ttp ://w eb.b .e bscohost.c om .lib ra ry re sourc es.c olu m bia south ern .e du/e host/d eliv ery ?sid = abc123771 6e54 3d5a def 5 52390caa9f8 % 40sessio nm gr1 02& vid = 11 & hi … 1 /7 E B SC O P ublis h in g C it a tio n F orm at: A PA ( A m eric an P sych olo gic al A sso c.) : N OTE : Revie w th e in str u ctio ns at h ttp ://s u pport.e bsco .c o m .lib ra ry re so urc e s.c o lu m bia so uth ern .e du/h elp /? i n t= ehost& la ng= & fe atu re _id = A PA a nd m ake a ny n ece ssa ry c o rre ctio ns b efo re u sin g. P ay s p ecia l a tte n tio n to p ers o nal n am es, c ap it a liz a tio n, a n d d ate s. A lw ays c o nsu lt y o ur lib ra ry r e so urc e s fo r th e e xa ct fo rm attin g a nd p unctu atio n g uid elin es. R efe re n ces R oughto n, J . E ., & P ie rd om enic o , J . C . ( 1 998). C ry sta llin e s ilic a : T he n ew a sb esto s d o w e n eed a p erfo rm ance b ase d s ta ndard ?. P ro fe ssio nal S afe ty , 4 3 ( 5 ), 1 2. < ! A ddit io nal In fo rm atio n:
P ers is te nt lin k to th is re co rd (P erm alin k): h ttp s://lib ra ry re so urc e s.c o lu m bia so uth ern .e du/lo gin ? u rl= http ://s e arc h .e bsco host.c o m /lo gin .a sp x? dir e ct= tr u e& db= bth & AN =630218& sit e = ehost liv e & sco pe= sit e E nd o f c it a tio n> S ectio n:
R EG ULA TO RY N EW S C RYSTA LLIN E SIL IC A: TH E N EW A SB ESTO S D O W E N EED A PER FO RM ANCEB ASED S TA NDARD? S ilic a e xp osu re is a n a ncie nt h aza rd th at r e m ain s a s e rio us th re at to m any U .S . w ork e rs . T hose a ff e cte d t h e m ost c a n b e g ro uped in jo b c la ssif ic a tio ns s u ch a s th ose e m plo ye d a s s a ndbla ste rs , fo undry w ork e rs a nd s to ne c u tte rs , a s w ell a s th ose in vo lv e d in d rillin g, q uarry in g a nd tu nnelin g. D is e ase s a sso cia te d w it h i n hala tio n o f s ilic a c o nta in in g d usts in clu de s ilic o sis , c h ro nic a ir w ay o bstr u ctio n, b ro nch it is , tu berc u lo sis a nd lu ng c a nce r.
O SH A c u rre ntly h as a p erm is sib le e xp osu re lim it ( P EL) fo r s ilic a . H ow eve r, in cre a sin g e vid ence s u ggests t h at th e P EL m ay b e to o h ig h. T he la ck o f a sta ndard to o utlin e p ro vis io ns fo r p ro duct su bstit u tio n, e ngin eerin g co ntr o ls , re sp ir a to ry pro te ctio n and m edic a l scre enin g/s u rv e illa nce has co ntr ib ute d to i n adequate w ork e r p ro te ctio n. In O SH A's a tte m pt to im pro ve w ork e r p ro te ctio n , th e a gency h as p la ce d s ilic a o n it s p rio rit y lis t.
R EC EN T D EVELO PM EN TS O n M ay 2, 1996, O SH A is su ed a co m plia nce m em ora ndum th at pro vid ed sp ecif ic guid ance fo r i m ple m entin g a S pecia l E m phasis P ro gra m (S EP) to c o ntr o l s ilic o sis . T he in te nt is to p ro vid e in sp ectio n g uid ance , a nd th us re duce a nd/o r e lim in ate th e in cid ence s o f s ilic o sis . T his a ctio n m eans ta rg etin g a ll f a cilit ie s o r a ctiv it ie s w here a " re aso nable c h ance o f e xp osu re a bove th e P EL e xis ts ." I n a ddit io n, th e m em ora ndum id entif ie s re so urc e s to h elp a re a a nd re gio nal o ff ic e s ta rg et in sp ectio ns a t p artic u la r esta blis h m ents or sta ndard in dustr ia l co des (S IC ). These so urc e s m ay in clu de w ork e rs ' c o m pensa tio n d ata , v is u al o bse rv a tio ns, c h em ic a l in ve nto rie s, in ju ry a nd illn ess re co rd ke epin g d ata , a nd S EN SO R ( S entin el E ve nt N otif ic a tio n S yste m s fo r O ccu patio nal R is ks) d ata fr o m a ( N IO SH ) p ro gra m o f c o opera tiv e a gre em ents w it h s ta te h ealt h d epartm ents .
T he m em ora ndum a ddre sse s th e s te ps a c o m plia nce o ff ic e r c a n ta ke w hen in sp ectin g s it e s fo r p ote ntia l c ry sta llin e s ilic a d ust re la te d o ve re xp osu re . C om plia nce o ff ic e rs c o nductin g a n in sp ectio n u nder th e S EP 5 /1 1 /2 017 E BSC Ohost h ttp ://w eb.b .e bscohost.c om .lib ra ry re sourc es.c olu m bia south ern .e du/e host/d eliv ery ?sid = abc123771 6e54 3d5a def 5 52390caa9f8 % 40sessio nm gr1 02& vid = 11 & hi … 2 /7 c o uld in clu de re vie w of O SH A re gula tio ns and oth er re la te d in fo rm atio n (e .g ., re co rd ke epin g, air m onit o rin g, m edic a l su rv e illa nce , re sp ir a to ry pro te ctio n, engin eerin g and/o r w ork pra ctic e co ntr o ls , H azC om tr a in in g, s p ecif ic m ate ria l s a fe ty d ata s h eets a nd tr a in in g).
A s w it h fo cu se d in sp ectio ns in co nstr u ctio n, sit e s (ta rg ete d fo r in sp ectio n) th at h ave im ple m ente d a n e ff e ctiv e , o ngoin g s ilic o sis p re ve ntio n p ro gra m c a n b e e xe m pte d, p ro vid ed th e c o m plia nce o ff ic e r h as d ete rm in ed th at a ll e xis tin g p ro gra m e le m ents a re a ppro pria te . S EP s p ecif ie s th at th e c o m plia nce o ff ic e r c a n e xp and th e in sp ectio n s co pe b eyo nd c ry sta llin e s ilic a if h aza rd s o r v io la tio ns a re o bse rv e d.
C RYSTA LLIN E S IL IC A D EFIN ED C ry sta llin e s ilic a ( S iO 2) is th e b asic c o m ponent o f s a nd, q uartz a nd g ra nit e r o ck. C ry sta llin e r e fe rs to th e o rie nta tio n o f th e S iO 2 m ole cu le s in a fix e d p atte rn . E xp osu re to S iO 2 is n ot n ew to in dustr y it c a n b e t r a ce d th ro ughout h is to ry .
L it tle w as a ch ie ve d in th e fie ld o f in dustr ia l h yg ie ne u ntil 1 473, w hen U lr ic h E lle nbog, a G erm an s ch ola r, p ublis h ed a p am phle t o n o ccu patio nal d is e ase s. In 1 556, G eorg iu s A gric o la d escrib ed h aza rd s a sso cia te d w it h th e m in in g in dustr y . H is D e R e M eta llic a w as tr a nsla te d in to E nglis h in 1 912: b y H erb ert a nd L ou H enry H oove r. A gric o la 's 1 2s e ctio n tr e atm ent in clu ded s u ggestio ns fo r m in e v e ntila tio n a nd p ro te ctiv e m asks fo r m in ers , a nd a d is cu ssio n o f m in in g a ccid ents c a use d b y le ngth y e xp osu re to s ilic o sis .
T he fir s t co m pre hensiv e docu m enta tio n on occu patio nal dis e ase , D e M orb is A rtif ic u m D ia tr ib a by B ern ard o R am azzin i, an Ita lia n physic ia n, w as publis h ed in 1700. T he book describ ed silic o sis in p ath olo gic a l te rm s, a s o bse rv e d b y a uto psie s o n m in er's b odie s. H e p re se nte d c a utio ns h e fe lt w ould a lle via te in dustr ia l h aza rd s. U nfo rtu nate ly , h is w arn in gs w ere ig nore d.
T he w ors t e xp osu re in th e U .S . o ccu rre d in 1 930, a t th e tu nnel o f G aule y B rid ge in W est V ir g in ia . M any w ork e rs co ntr a cte d silic o sis . The in cid e nt re su lt e d in th e in it ia tio n of dust su ppre ssio n, re sp ir a to ry p ro te ctio n m eth ods a nd im pro ve d in dustr ia l h yg ie ne, a nd th e in tr o ductio n o f la w s fo r c o m pensa tio n o f s ilic o sis v ic tim s.
E xp osu re to c ry sta llin e s ilic a c a n o ccu r in m any ty p es o f m anufa ctu rin g in dustr ie s: g la ss a nd p otte ry ; a bra siv e s; P ortla nd c e m ent; m arit im e o pe ra tio ns; m in in g; a nd c o nstr u ctio n. T he m ost c o m mon e xp osu re i n c o nstr u ctio n m ay o ccu r d urin g a bra siv e b la stin g. T he r is k o f s ilic o sis is h ig her a m ong w ork e rs e xp ose d t o a bra siv e b la stin g w it h s ilic a c o nta in in g m edia .
I n 1 974, N IO SH re co m mended th at s ilic a s a nd (o r o th er s u bsta nce s c o nta in in g m ore th an o nep erc e nt c ry sta llin e silic a ) b e p ro hib it e d a s a bra siv e b la stin g m ate ria l. In 1 992, N IO SH p ublis h ed "P re ve ntin g S ilic o sis a n d D eath s fr o m S andbla stin g." In th is p ublic a tio n, th e a gency s p ecif ie d re co m mendatio ns to r e duce c ry sta llin e s ilic a e xp osu re s in th e w ork p la ce a nd r e queste d a ddit io nal in put.
H EA LT H H AZA RD D EFIN ED N IO SH e stim ate s th at o ne m illio n U .S . w ork e rs r is k d eve lo pin g s ilic o sis . T his in clu des 1 00,0 00 in h ig hris k o ccu patio ns su ch a s sa ndbla stin g, p ain te rs w ho p erfo rm sa ndbla stin g, ro ck d rille rs , ro of b olt e rs a nd f o undry w ork e rs . T he a gency e stim ate s th at 5 9,0 00 o f th ese w ork e rs w ill d eve lo p a dve rs e h ealt h e ff e cts f r o m c ry sta llin e e xp osu re .
S ilic o sis is a fib ro tic lu ng d is e ase c h ara cte riz e d b y th e fo rm atio n o f s m all n odule s o n th e lu ngs. S ym pto m s m ay in clu d e sh ortn e ss of bre ath , fe ve r and cya nosis (b lu is h skin ). In adva nce d ca se s, re sp ir a to ry i m pair m ent m ay deve lo p. T hose exp ose d m ay deve lo p silic o sis , bro nch it is , fib ro sis , gra nulo m ato sis 5 /1 1 /2 017 E BSC Ohost h ttp ://w eb.b .e bscohost.c om .lib ra ry re sourc es.c olu m bia south ern .e du/e host/d eliv ery ?sid = abc123771 6e54 3d5a def 5 52390caa9f8 % 40sessio nm gr1 02& vid = 11 & hi … 3 /7 i n fe ctio ns (e .g ., tu berc u lo sis ) a nd lu ng c a nce r. S ilic o sis is a d is a blin g, p ro gre ssiv e a nd s o m etim es fa ta l d is e ase th at s ca rs th e lu ngs.
N IO SH c la ssif ie s th re e ty p es o f s ilic o sis :
A cu te . A n a cu te re sp onse c a n o ccu r w hen e xp osu re c o nce ntr a tio ns a re a t th e h ig hest. T his c a n c a use s ym pto m s to d eve lo p fr o m w it h in a fe w w eeks to fiv e y e ars a fte r th e in it ia l e xp osu re .
A cce le ra te d. A n o ccu ra nce w here th e r e su lt o f h ig h e xp osu re s to c ry sta llin e s ilic a m ay d eve lo p fiv e to 1 0 y e ars a fte r th e in it ia l e xp osu re .
C hro nic . T his lo ngte rm e ff e ct c a n re su lt fr o m p ro lo nged e xp osu re s to lo w c o nce ntr a tio ns o f c ry sta llin e s ilic a . S ym pto m s m ay n ot d eve lo p u ntil 1 0 y e ars a fte r in it ia l e xp osu re .
C URREN T S TA TU S O SH A c u rre ntly h as a P EL g ove rn in g r e sp ir a ble c ry sta llin e s ilic a fo r th e c o nstr u ctio n in dustr y . T he P EL is m easu re d b y m illio ns o f p artic le s p er c u bic fo ot (m ppcf) , b ase d o n th e p erc e nt q uartz (S iO [2 ]) u sin g th e f o rm ula p ro vid ed in th e s ta ndard ( 2 9 C FR 1 926.5 5). N IO SH s e ts a r e co m mended e xp osu re lim it ( R EL) o f 0 .0 5 m g/m [3 ] fo r re sp ir a ble quartz , as does th e A m eric a n C onfe re nce of G ove rn m enta l In dustr ia l H yg ie nis ts ( A C GIH ), w it h a n e sta blis h ed th re sh old lim it v a lu e ( T LV ) o f 0 .1 m g/m [3 ].
O SH A's in d ustr y s ta n dard (2 9 C FR 1 910.1 000) is th e s a m e a s th e a gency's c o nstr u ctio n s ta ndard , b ut p ro vid es fo rm ula s fo r m easu rin g P EL in m ppcf a nd m g/m [3 ]. W hen u sin g th e m g/m [3 ] fo rm ula (1 0 m g/m [3 ]/% SiO [2 ] + 2 ), a nd u sin g 1 00 p e rc e nt S iO [2 ], th e r e su lt in g v a lu e is c lo se to th e A C GIH T LV o f 0 .1 m g/m [3 ]. T he N IO SH R EL is a bout h alf th e T LV (0 .0 5 m g/m [3 ]) . T here fo re , th e N IO SH a nd A C GIH e xp osu re lim it s a re m ore c o nse rv a tiv e th an O SH A's .
C ASE H IS TO RIE S T he fo llo w in g c a se h is to rie s a re s u m mariz e d in th e C ente rs fo r D is e ase C ontr o l a nd P re ve ntio n (C DC) a le rt, " P re ve ntin g S ilic o sis a nd D eath in C onstr u ctio n W ork e rs ." T he c a se s d esc rib e c o nstr u ctio n w ork e rs w ho d ie d o f e xp osu re to s ilic a o r a re s u ff e rin g fr o m s ilic o sis .
C ase 1. A 39y e aro ld sa ndbla ste r w as dia gnose d w it h silic o sis (p ro gre ssiv e m assiv e fib ro sis ) and t u berc u lo sis in A pril 1 993 a fte r w ork in g 2 2 y e ars a s a s a ndbla ste r. H e h ad n otic e d a g ra dual in cre ase in s h ortn ess o f b re ath , w heezin g a nd d is co m fo rt fr o m m in im al e xe rtio n. T is su e ta ke n fr o m h is lu ngs s h ow ed e xte nsiv e fib ro sis .
T he s a ndbla ste r w as fir s t d ia gnose d w it h s ilic o sis in 1 991, a fte r a c o w ork e r d eve lo ped tu berc u lo sis a nd t h e s ta te h ealt h d epartm ent a dm in is te re d c h est x ra ys a nd s kin te stin g to th e e ntir e c re w . H e w as o ne o f 2 0 w ork e rs w ho s a ndbla ste d w eld s d urin g w ate r ta nk c o nstr u ctio n. W hile s a ndbla stin g, th is w ork e r w ore a c h arc o al filt e r r e sp ir a to r. D urin g a 1 0 to 1 1 h our d ay, h e ty p ic a lly s p ent s ix h ours s a ndbla stin g.
C ase 2 . A m ale n ons m oke r w as d ia gnose d' w it h a dva nce d s ilic o sis , e m physe m a a nd a sth m a a t a ge 4 9 a fte r w ork in g 2 3 y e ars a s a tile in sta lle r. H is w ork in clu ded p olis h in g a nd d rillin g tile , a nd h e w as e xp ose d t o g ro ut d ust a nd s a ndbla stin g. H e d id n ot u se a r e sp ir a to r. In fo rm atio n a bout d ust c o ntr o l r e porte dly w as n ot m ade a va ila ble to w ork e rs .
C ase 3 . A m ale n ons m oke r w as d ia gnose d w it h s ilic o sis , e m physe m a a nd lu ng c a nce r a t a ge 7 0 a fte r w ork in g. 4 1 y e ars a s a b ric k m aso n. T he d ia gnosis w as m ade a fte r a n o penlu ng b io psy (a c h est x ra y h ad s h ow n n o e vid ence o f s ilic o sis ). T his w ork e r s p ent tim e a ro und c o ke o ve ns d oin g fir e b ric k w ork . H e w ore a r e sp ir a to r w hile w ork in g in d usty c o ndit io ns. In fo rm atio n a bout d ust c o ntr o i w as n ot a va ila ble . 5 /1 1 /2 017 E BSC Ohost h ttp ://w eb.b .e bscohost.c om .lib ra ry re sourc es.c olu m bia south ern .e du/e host/d eliv ery ?sid = abc123771 6e54 3d5a def 5 52390caa9f8 % 40sessio nm gr1 02& vid = 11 & hi … 4 /7 C ase 4 . A 4 7y e aro ld m ale w as d ia gnose d w it h s e ve re s ilic o sis a fte r w ork in g 2 2 y e ars a s a ro ck d rille r.
H e w as d ia gnose d in 1 992 a fte r su ff e rin g re sp ir a to ry a nd h eart fa ilu re . In sp rin g 1 994, w hile o n a v e ntila to r, th e m an die d of re sp ir a to ry fa ilu re . H is auto psy co nfir m ed adva nce d silic o sis . B efo re his d ia gnosis , th is w ork e r h ad n eve r h ad a c h est x ra y. D rills h e u se d w ere e quip ped w it h d ust c o ntr o ls , w hic h w ere u su ally in opera ble .
C ase 5 . A m ale d ie d o f s ilic o sis a t a ge 6 9 a fte r w ork in g tw o y e ars a s a tu nnel c o nstr u ctio n w ork e r a nd 4 0 y e ars a s a n urs e . H e h ad b een e xp ose d to s ilic a d urin g h is tw o y e ars in tu nnel c o nstr u ctio n. In fo rm atio n a bout r e sp ir a to r u se a nd d ust c o ntr o l w as n ot m ade a va ila ble .
O SH A S TA NDARDS O SH A h as n ot is su ed a s p ecif ic p erfo rm ance b ase d s ta ndard fo r c ry sta llin e s ilic a . H ow eve r, c ry sta llin e s ilic a is r e gula te d u nder s e ve ra l o th er O SH A s ta ndard s ( T a ble 1 ).
E M PLO YEE P R OTE C TIO N P R OGRAM O SH A 2 9 C FR 1 926 .5 5 s ta te s, "... to a ch ie ve c o m plia nce w it h th e e sta blis h ed P EL, th e e m plo ye r m ust f ir s t im ple m ent e ngin eerin g c o ntr o ls o r a dm in is tr a tiv e c o ntr o ls w heneve r fe asib le ." E ngin eerin g c o ntr o ls i n clu de: d ust s u ppre ssio n, s u bstit u tio n a nd v e ntila tio n. W hen v e ntila tio n is u se d, v e ntila tio n s yste m s m ust b e in sp ecte d o n a r e gula r b asis . A dm in is tr a tiv e c o ntr o ls in clu de jo b r o ta tio n, w hic h r e duce s tim e e xp ose d t o th e haza rd . W hen su ch co ntr o ls are not fe asib le , pers o nal pro te ctiv e equip m ent (P PE) or oth er m easu re s m ust b e u se d to k e ep e m plo ye e e xp osu re b elo w P EL.
A IR M ONIT O RIN G I t is th e em plo ye r's re sp onsib ilit y to fir s t dete rm in e w heth er exp osu re exis ts at any le ve l, and th en d ete rm in e w hat th e e xp osu re le ve l m ay b e. T his n eed m ay b e d ete rm in ed b y:
k n ow le dge o f th e p re se nce o f c ry sta llin e s ilic a in th e w ork p la ce ; r e aso n to s u sp ect th at a ir b orn e c o nce ntr a tio ns o f c ry sta llin e s ilic a e xis t; o bse rv a tio ns in dic a tin g e xp osu re to c ry sta llin e s ilic a s u ch a s e m plo ye e c o m pla in ts o r s ym pto m s; a ny ch ange in p ro du ctio n o r p ro ce sse s th at m ay re su lt in a n in cre ase o f a ir b orn e co nce ntr a tio ns o f c ry sta llin e s ilic a ; r e su lt s o f p ers o nal a ir m onit o rin g o f th e e m plo ye e b re ath in g z o ne.
N ote : T o ta l d ust s a m ple s a re ty p ic a lly u se d in a re a s a m plin g. T o d ete rm in e e m plo ye e e xp osu re , r e sp ir a ble s a m plin g m ust b e p erfo rm ed. T his s a m plin g s e para te s (b y s iz e ) S iO [2 ] p artic le s c a pable o f e nte rin g th e l u ngs a nd c a usin g s ilic o sis .
P ER SO NAL H YG IE N E F A CIL IT IE S A ND P R ACTIC ES T o a dequate ly p ro te ct w ork e rs , s e ve ra l p ro vis io ns m ust b e ta ke n in to a cco unt, a nd th e fo llo w in g ty p es o f f a cilit ie s p ro vid ed:
h andw ash fa cilit ie s; l a va to rie s s to cke d w it h s o ap, to w els ; s h ow ers ; c h ange a re as w it h p ro vis io ns fo r s to rin g c le an a nd c o nta m in ate d c lo th in g; s e para te e atin g/lu nch fa cilit ie s lo ca te d a w ay fr o m th e e xp osu re .
I n a dd it io n, w ork c lo th es m ay n ot b e c le aned b y b lo w in g o r s h akin g. T hey m ust b e v a cu um ed w it h a h ig h e ff ic ie ncy p artic u la te a ir filt e r ( H EPA ) v a cu um b efo re r e m ova l.
P ER SO NAL P R OTE C tiV E E Q UIP M EN T 5 /1 1 /2 017 E BSC Ohost h ttp ://w eb.b .e bscohost.c om .lib ra ry re sourc es.c olu m bia south ern .e du/e host/d eliv ery ?sid = abc123771 6e54 3d5a def 5 52390caa9f8 % 40sessio nm gr1 02& vid = 11 & hi … 5 /7 T he e m plo ye r m ust p ro vid e P PE th at p ro te cts th e e ye s a nd fa ce , h ead a nd e xtr e m it ie s, h and, fo ot, h earin g, fu ll b ody a nd re sp ir a to ry s yste m . E m plo ye rs m ust p ro vid e w ork e rs w it h d is p osa ble o r w ash able c lo th es a t th e w ork sit e . E m plo ye es m ust c h ange in to c le an c lo th es b efo re le avin g th e w ork sit e .
R ESPIR ATO RY P R OTE C TIO N B ase d o n b est m ana gem ent p ra ctic e , re sp ir a to ry p ro te ctio n is to b e u se d o nly a fte r a ll o th er fe asib le e ngin eerin g a nd a dm in is tr a tiv e co ntr o ls h ave b een e xh auste d. W hen re sp ir a to rs a re u se d, e m plo ye rs m ust e sta blis h a re sp ir a to ry p ro te ctio n p ro gra m a s o utlin ed in 2 9 C FR 1 910.1 34 , 2 9 C FR 1 926.1 03 a nd N IO SH 's " G uid e to R esp ir a to ry P ro te ctio n." M ED IC AL S U RVEIL LA NCE N IO SH re co m mends m edic a l e xa m in atio ns b e m ade a va ila ble to e m plo ye es w ho m ay b e e xp ose d to c ry sta llin e b efo re jo b p la ce m ent ( a nd a t le ast e ve ry th re e m onth s th ere afte r). E xa m s s h ould b e p erfo rm ed u nder th e s u perv is io n o f a lic e nse d p hysic ia n, b e c o nducte d d urin g n orm al w ork in g h ours a nd a t n o c o st to e m plo ye es. E xa m s s h ould in clu de a c o m ple te m edic a l a nd o ccu patio nal h is to ry ; a n a nnual c h est x ra y; p ulm onary fu nctio n te sts ; a nd a n a nnual e va lu atio n fo r tu berc u lo sis .
T R AIN IN G T ra in in g is re quir e d b y 2 9 C FR 1 926.2 1 (S afe ty T ra in in g a nd E duca tio n) a nd 2 9 C FR 1 926.5 9 (H aza rd C om munic a tio n). It m ust in clu de:
i n str u ctio n in th e r e co gnit io n a nd a vo id ance o f u nsa fe c o ndit io ns c o nce rn in g c ry sta llin e s ilic a ; i n fo rm atio n c o nce rn in g p ote ntia l p hysic a l/ h ealt h h aza rd s a nd a dve rs e h ealt h e ff e cts o f c ry sta llin e s ilic a ; i n fo rm atio n o n p ers o nal h yg ie ne a nd r e quir e d p ers o nal p ro te ctiv e m easu re s; d eta ils o f th e e m plo ye r's h aza rd c o m munic a tio n a nd c ry sta llin e s ilic a p ro gra m s, in clu din g in fo rm atio n o n l a belin g a nd m ate ria l s a fe ty d ata s h eets ; i n str u ctio n o n th e e m plo ye r's P PE a nd r e sp ir a to ry p ro te ctio n p ro gra m s, in clu din g s e le ctio n, in sp ectio n, u se a nd m ain te nance o f r e sp ir a to rs .
H OUSEK EEPIN G T o m in im iz e th e s p re ad o f s ilic a , c o nsis te nt h ouse ke epin g is r e quir e d. H ere a re a fe w ( c it e d) e xa m ple s.
E xp ose d s u rfa ce s m ust b e m ain ta in ed fr e e o f th e a ccu m ula tio n o f s ilic a d ust.
D ry s w eepin g a nd u se o f c o m pre sse d a ir fo r c le anin g w ork s u rfa ce s is s tr ic tly p ro hib it e d.
V acu um s u rfa ce s a nd c lo th in g o nly w it h a H EPA filt e re quip ped v a cu um .
S U M MARY S ilic a m eets th e c rit e ria o f th e p rio rit y p la nnin g p ro ce ss. C ry sta llin e s ilic a re pre se nts a s e rio us h ealt h h aza rd , as in dic a te d by co ntin uin g de ath s fr o m acce le ra te d silic o sis . Furth erm ore , re ce nt stu die s d em onstr a te a sta tis tic a lly sig nif ic a nt in cre ase in lu ng ca nce r am ong silic a exp ose d w ork e rs . S tu die s i n dic a te th at s o m e w ork e rs a re s till e xp ose d to h ig h le ve ls o f s ilic a , a nd s u ggest th at th e c u rre nt O SH A s ta ndard is in su ff ic ie nt to p ro te ct a gain st s ilic o sis .
I t is n ot c le arly d efin ed w hy a d if f e re nt te stin g p ro ce dure e xis ts fo r m easu rin g (e stim atin g) th e re sp ir a ble c ry sta llin e s ilic a w it h in th e c o nstr u ctio n in dustr y . In c o ntr a st, g enera l in dustr y h as a m eth od fo r a ctu ally m easu rin g p ers o nal re sp ir a ble d ust fr o m th e w ork e r's b re ath in g z o ne. A s w it h a ny p erfo rm ance b ase d s ta ndard , th e la nguage o f th e p ro pose d r u le s h ould fo cu s o n th e p re ve ntio n o f s ilic o sis , th ere by ta rg etin g f a cilit ie s o r a ctiv it ie s th at p ose a r e aso nable c h ance o f e xp osu re a bove P EL. ( N ote : T he p re se nce o f s ilic a s h ould b e th e is su e a nd tr ig ger p oin t fo r te stin g.) I n th e auth ors ' opin io n, O SH A sh ould pro vid e m ore guid ance (to em plo ye rs ) co nce rn in g m in im al r e quir e m ents fo r silic a s p ecif ic sa fe ty and healt h pro gra m s. This guid ance sh ould co m bin e th e 5 /1 1 /2 017 E BSC Ohost h ttp ://w eb.b .e bscohost.c om .lib ra ry re sourc es.c olu m bia south ern .e du/e host/d eliv ery ?sid = abc123771 6e54 3d5a def 5 52390caa9f8 % 40sessio nm gr1 02& vid = 11 & hi … 6 /7 r e quir e m ents o f th e c it e d s ta ndard s ta ke n fr o m A ppendix B in th e S EE P la cin g c o m bin ed re quir e m ents i n to a p erfo rm ance b ase d s ta ndard ( s p ecif ic to c ry sta llin e s ilic a ) w ould c la rif y th e a gency's r e quir e m ents .
M ore in fo rm atio n on th is is su e is ava ila ble on OSH A's websit e :
w ww.O SH ASLC /s tc /S ilic a C ry sta llin e/in de x.h tm l.
R EFE R EN CES C la yto n, G eorg e D . and Flo re nce E . C la yto n. P atty 's In dustr ia l H yg ie ne and To xic o lo gy, G enera l P rin cip le s. 4 th e d. V ol 1 . N ew Y ork : J o hn W ile y & S ons In c., 1 991.
" C ry sta llin e Silic a ." OSH A Com plia nce Dir e ctiv e CPL 22 .7 . W ash in gto n, DC: Dept. of Labor, O ccu patio nal S afe ty a nd H ealt h A dm in is tr a tio n, 1 978.
" O SH A L aunch es A N atio nal S pecia l E m phasis P ro gra m to R educe W ork e r S ilic a D ust E xp osu re s th at C an C ause S ilic o sis ." O SH A N ew s R ele ase , M ay 1 996.
" P re ve ntin g S ilic o sis a nd D eath s fr o m S andbla stin g." N IO SH A le rt, P ublic a tio n N o. 9 21 02. W ash in gto n, D C: N atio nal In stit u te fo r O ccu patio nal S afe ty a nd H ealt h , 1 992.
" P re ve ntin g Silic o sis & D eath s in C onstr u ctio n W ork e rs ." N IO SH Ale rt, Public a tio n N o. 961 1 2.
W ash in gto n, D C: N atio nal In stit u te fo r O ccu patio nal S afe ty a nd H ealt h , 1 996.
" P re ve ntin g S ilic o sis a nd D eath s in R ock D rille rs ." N IO SH A le rt, P ublic a tio n N o. 9 2107. W ash in gto n, D C:
N atio nal In stit u te fo r O ccu patio nal S afe ty a nd H ealt h , 1 992.
" S ilic a D ust E xp osu re C an C ause S ilic o sis ." O SH A F act S heet. W ash in gto n, D C: D ept. of Labor, O ccu patio nal S afe ty a nd H ealt h A dm in is tr a tio n, 1 996.
" S ilic o sis : C lu ste r in S andbla ste rs T e xa s a nd O ccu patio nal S urv e illa nce fo r S ilic o sis ." A tla nta : C ente rs fo r D is e ase C ontr o l a nd P re ve ntio n, 1 990.
" W ork R ela te d L ung D is e ase S urv e illa nce R eport, 1 994." D HHS (N IO SH ) N o. 9 41 20. A tla nta : C ente rs f o r D is e ase C ontr o l a nd P re ve ntio n, 1 994.
TABLE 1 O SHA STANDARD REFERENCE 1 926.21 Safety Training and Education 1 926.23 First Aid and Medical Attention 1 926.27, 1926.51 Sanitation (hygiene) 1 926.28 Personal Protective Equipment 1 926.100 Head Protection 1 926.101 Hearing Protection 1 926.102 Eye and Face Protection 1 926.103, 1910.134 Respiratory Protection 1 926.55 Gases, Vapors, Fumes, Dust and Mists (PELs) 1 926.57 Ventilation 1 926.59, 1910.1200 Hazard communication ~ ~~~~~~~ 5 /1 1 /2 017 E BSC Ohost h ttp ://w eb.b .e bscohost.c om .lib ra ry re sourc es.c olu m bia south ern .e du/e host/d eliv ery ?sid = abc123771 6e54 3d5a def 5 52390caa9f8 % 40sessio nm gr1 02& vid = 11 & hi … 7 /7 B y James E. Roughton J ames E. Roughton, CSP, CHMM, is district health and safety m anager, Atlantic Coast, Florida Region, for Fluor Daniel GTI, M arietta, GA. Roughton is a member of ASSE's Georgia Chapter. B y John C. Pierdomenico J ohn C. Pierdomenico, CIH, is a health and safety manager for Fluor D aniel GTI, based in Marlton, NJ. He is a professional member of A SSE's Philadelphia Chapter, a member of the American Industrial H ygiene Assn. (AIHA) and a member of AIHA's Gas and Vapor Detection S ystems Committee. He holds a B.S. in Environmental Resource M anagement and an M.S. in Environmental Health. C opyrig ht o f P ro fe ssio nal S afe ty is th e p ro perty o f A m eric a n S ocie ty o f S afe ty E ngin eers a nd it s c o nte nt m ay n ot b e c o pie d o r e m aile d to m ult ip le s it e s o r p oste d to a lis ts e rv w it h out th e c o pyrig ht h old er's e xp re ss w rit te n p erm is sio n. H ow eve r, u se rs m ay p rin t, d ow nlo ad, o r e m ail a rtic le s fo r in div id ual u se .