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1 INTRODUCTION TO AMERICAN GOVERN MENT TAKE -HOME FINAL EXAM DAVID L. HORNE, PH.D SPRING, 2017 PART I: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. The State of California has ______ Constitutional Officers, and was incorporated as a state in ________ A. 9, 1846 C . 15, 1879 E. 10, 1901 B. 12, 1850 D. 25, 1856 2. All but which of the following are California state constitutional officers? A. State Superintendent C. Minister of Defense E. Governor B. State Controller D. Board of Equalization 3. California has _____cities and ______counties. A. 850, 98 C. 1000, 50 E. 78, 90 B. 480, 58 D. 35, 45 4. There are two basic kinds of cities in California : A. Legal and Unincorporated C. General Law and Charter E. Big & Small B. Municipalities and urban areas D. Mayoral and City Council 5. The ______Neighborhood Empowerment Councils are part of L.A. City government be cause of A. 67, State Law C. 5, Mayoral Proclamation E. 56,County Law B. 15, City Council Legislation D. 91, Citizen Votes on a new City Charter 6. The ___ ___ ____ became a national law the same year California joined the U.S., but California was a ___ ____ ____ from its outset, which meant that slavery was illegal by state constitutional law. A. Nullification Law, Civil War state C. Kansas -Nebraska Act, self -made state 2 B. Fugitive Slave Law , non -slave state D. Missouri Compromise, No -Nothing State 7. ____ ______ and ____ _____ are the two best known former slaves in California, who won their freedom in court, by simply challenging the right of their so -called masters to hold them in bondage. A. Harriet T ubman and Frederick Douglass C. Nat Turner & John Horse B. Biddy Mason & Archy Lee D. Harriet Jacobs & Mary E. Pleasant 8. California, like the national government, has a ________legislature. There are _____members of the State Assembly and _____ members of the State Senate. A. Fractured, 75, 35 C. Unicameral, 50, 50 E. Single Unit, 68, 95 B. Bicameral, 80, 40 D. Big, 15, 79 9. California has had African Americans in all but which of the following executive government jobs? A. Governor of the State C. Speaker of the Assembly E. State Attorney General B. Lieutenant Governor D. State Schools Superintendent 10. California has by far the largest number of electoral votes in the presidential election every four years . California currently has _____electoral votes, and ______, the next largest, has ________. A. 55, Texas, 38 C. 65, Florida. 54 E. 59, Massachusetts, 60 B. 53, New York, 45 D. 38, Ohio, 28 11. To become President of the U.S. (POTUS), a candidate needs to achieve ______ electoral college votes. A. 300 C. 195 E. 1237 B. 245 D. 270 12. Recidivism, in the American system, means A. Getting a receipt for welfare payments C. Being elected repeatedly B. Keeping current with national news D. Going to prison repeatedly 13. Michelle Alexander’s, The New Jim Crow , is about 3 A. Rap music being the new Minstrel Show C. A new national dance craze B. Mass incarceration of African Americans D. Slavery by another name E. Getting more African Americans elected into office 14. The “Rockefeller Laws ” were and are important in America’s A. Attempts to police New York City B. Attempts to stop police from shooting unarmed civilians C. War on Drugs D. Divestment project against the privatization of prisons E. Electoral politics 15. According to the text, the most significant part of the U.S. governmental operation affecting the African American quest for legal/political equality has been and is: A. The Civil Rights M ovement C. The election of 45 presidents B. The Civil War D. The 3/5 compromise to the U.S Constitution E. Fede ralism and States’ Rights 16. Beginning in the 18 th century, the continuing attempt to achieve and maintain the political -economic equality and respected participation of African Americans in America’s operations has been called in this class A. Full integration C. The Black Political Process B. The Assimilation of African Americans D. The Civil rights Movement E. Oh, Happy Day ! 17. The D red Scott v. Sanford case essentially held that A. slaves could not give testimony in court B. African Americans at all levels were not citizens of the U.S. C. The Fugitive Slave Law was legal D. Black Americans were not protected by the U.S. Constitution 4 E. Once a slave, always a slave 18. What overturned the Dred Scott decision? A. Th e U.S. Constitution C. The 14 th Amendment E. The Civil Rights Law s, 1875 B. Maryland v. McC ullo ch D. Plessy v. Ferguson 19. What nullified the 3/5 Compromise in the U.S. Constitution? A. A presidential Executive Order C. The 14 th Amendment E. The 13 th Amendment B. The Judiciary Act, 1789 D. Plessy v. Fe rguson 20. The President of the U.S. can do all but which of the following? A. Commander -in-chief of the U.S. military C. Issue legally enforceable Executive Orders B. Pardon an impeachment conviction D. Call Congress back into session E. Serve two consecutive terms in office 21. Reverse Discrimination is a concept A. Mainly used to deal with gay and lesbian issues B. No longer used in this country C. Mainly used in affirmative action situations D. Mainly concerns student loan programs E. Usually applied in mixed marriage divorces 22. The signature ‘reverse discrimination’ case was A. Miranda v. U.S. C. Bakke v. U.C. Davis E. Mapp v. Ohio B. Marbury v. Madison D. Lille Ledbetter v. Comstock 23 . The primary difference between civil rights and civil liberties, according to class lect ures, is that A. The former is mainly about African Americans B. The latter is mainly about the LBGT community 5 C. There is no difference D. The former is about prison, the latter is about jail. E. The former is about group rights, while the latter is about individual rights 24 . The common denominator for civil rights and civil liberties is A. The 14 th Amendment C. The 3 rd Amendment e. The Electoral College B. The 10 th Amendment D. Presidential involvement 25 . Selective Incorporation in American jurisprudence generally means A. Use of preferred or fundamental freedoms in civil rights/civil liberties cases B. The Supremacy Clause C. The Full Faith and Credit Clause D. Being drafted into the U.S. military E. Legalizing certain American corporations 26 . The primary difference between human rights and civil rights is A. One is for people, the other is for animals, guns, corporations, etc. B. Natural r ights versus congressionally legislated rights C. Rights one is born with, and rights determined by a country’s laws D. There is no difference E. One is permanent, the other temporary 27 . President Obama cannot run for a third term in office because? 6 A. He’s tired, and his hair is turning white B. The Republican -controlled Congress wants him out C. The 22 nd Amendment D. The Civil rights Act of 1914 E. He has been impeach ed 28 . According to class lectures, the majority of African Americans were at first fully immersed in the Republican Party, but left that party for the Democratic Party mainly because I. The Republican Party became the party of white business intere sts by the 1930s II. African American major migration from the South to the North and Northe ast III. The activities of Franklin Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt IV. WWI and WWII V. The Republican Party united with the KKK and the John Birch Society A. I, IV and V B. II and III C. All of the Above D. Mainly V only E. III, IV, V 29 . What overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson case? A. Engel v. Vitale B. Lemon v. Kurtzman C. Dred Scott v. Sanford D. Brown v. Board E. Miranda v. Arizona 30 . The current California State Attorney General is: 7 A. Xavier Becerra B. Loretta Sanchez C. Kamala Harris D. Jackie Lacey E. The Good Wife 0BPART II. Answer th e following 15 ANALOGY QUESTIONS 1B31. Ratification is to Re -Approval as A. Presidential veto is to Congressional Override B. Consent of the Governed (Popular Sovereignty) is to Majority Rule C. Proportionate Representation is to size of population D. Tripartite Government is to Federalism E. Marble Cake Federalism is to Layer Cake Federalism 32. Judicial Review is to the U.S. federal court as A. Concurrent Power is to Reserve Power B. Executive Orders are to the President C. Congress is to State L egislatures D. Federalism is to Confederalism E. Statism is to Confederalism 33. Majority Rule is to Plurality as A. Specific Percentages Ahead are to Whoever Gets the Most Votes 8 B. 51% is to 66% C. 66% is to 75 % D. The greatest good is to the greatest n umber of winning votes cast E. States’ Rights are to Grants -in-Aid 34. Federalism is to Unfunded Mandates as A. The Supremacy Clause is to States’ Rights B. The organization of partnership is to federal controls C. Preemption is to block Grants D. Unitary is to Confederalism E. Tripartite Government is to the Articles of Confederation 35. Philadelphia is to Washington, D.C. as A. Miami is to Florida B. Sacramento is to Los Angeles C. New York City is to New York State D. San Diego is to San Fran cisco E. First capital is to Second capital 36. Article I of the U.S. Constitution is to Congressional Authority as A. Article III is to Presidential Authority B. Article II is to Judicial Discretion C. The Bill of Rights is to American citizens 9 D. The 13 th, 14 th and 15 th Amendments are to Black Americans E. Governmental rules of authority are to Operating Rules of government 37. The Necessary and Proper (Elastic ) Clause is to Implied Power as A. Marbury v. Madison is to Maryland v. McCulloch B. Virginia Plan is to the New Jersey plan C. Establishment Clause is to Freedom of Religion D. Reserve Clause is to the supremacy Clause E. Full Faith and Credit Clause is to Gay marriage 38. Writ of Certiorari is to the Supreme Court’ s Original Jurisdiction as A. Certificates of Appeal are to Cases Starting in the S.C. B. State Election laws are to Federal election laws C. Unfunded Mandates are to Dual Federalism D. Horizontal is to Vertical Federalism E. None of the Above 39. Centra l Government is to Unitary and Federalism as A. National government is to confederalism B. Federalists are to Antifederalists and Puritans C. Constitutionists are to those still believing in the A.O.C. D. Parliament is to District towns and villages E. Nig eria is to Ghana and Benin 10 40. Habeas Corpus is to Mandamus as A. One writ is to another one B. Mandamus is to Certiorari C. Equal Protection is to Due Process D. Elastic Clause is to Supremacy Clause E. Presidential Veto is to Congressional Passage of Le gislation 41. Constitutionalism is to American Democracy as A. Parliament is to Great Britain B. Federalism is to Nigeria C. The Mayflower Compact is to Pilgrim government D. Theocracy is to the Puritans E. The Articles of Confederation are to the Virginia Plan 42. The Supremacy Clause’, in Article I, Section 8 , is to Federal Government Powers as A. Judicial Review is to the Supreme Court B. Executive Orders are to the President C. Inherent Powers are to the national conduct of foreign affairs D. Impeachment is to the House of Representatives E. Reservation Clause is to the States 43. Impoundment is to 2/3 Override as A. Presidential power is to Congressional a uthority B. Express powers are to enumerated powers C. Impeachment is to the Senate D. The Presidential budget proposal is to the House Ways and Means Committee E. Veto is to Congressional passage of legislation 44. The Articles of Confederation are to the U.S. Constitution as A. Confederation is to federalism B. Parliament is to Congress C. Weak is to strong 11 D. A state -centered contract is to a federal -state partnership c ontract E. Constitutional amendments are to the U.S. Constitution 45. Interest group politics are to American democracy as A. The framework is to a house D. A man is to a woman B. Cheese is to a piz za E. A mother is to a child C. An engine is to an automobile 2BPart III: CONSTI TUTIONAL MULTIPLE CHOICE 46. The number of justices of the U.S. Supreme Court (currently 9) is a. Determined by the Supreme Court itself (specifically, the Chief Justice) b. Determined by the President with the approval of the Senate c. Dependent on the ce nsus every ten years d. Not mentioned in the Constitution e. Not subject to change 47. Unless it shall by law appoint a different day, Congress shall assemble itself at noon on (begin a new session of Congress): a. January 10th b. December 25th c. January 3rd d. December 15th e. January 20 th 48. In the next presidential election, A. Votes of presidential electors shall be counted in the presence of the Incumbent (or outgoing) U.S. President B. The President might be chosen by national referendum C. Ele ctoral ballots will be directed to and opened by the President of the Senate (the U.S. Vice President) 12 D. The President will be chosen by popular vote regardless of the electoral vote E. All of the electors will meet in Washington, D.C. and cast their ballots 49 . When the President addresses Congress on the state of the union and recommends to them a legislative program, it is A. Because he/she is the leader of the majority party in C ongress at that time B. At the request of Congress C. Because he/she must see that his/her party platform is implemented D. The only way he/she can carry out the campaign promises made E. Because the Constitution authorizes him/her to do so 50. A privileg e or right of the people not mentioned in the first 10 amendments is A. Freedom of religion B. Freedom to peaceably assemble and protest the government C. Freedom to run for and hold public office D. Freedom from cruel and unusual punishment E. Freedom to keep and carry arms (guns, etc.) 51. The 22nd amendment concerns A. The Presidency B. The U.S. budget C. Prohibition D. The U.S. Income Tax E. Counterfeiting 13 52. The 19th amendment concerns A. Prohibition B. Child Labor C. Women’s suffrage D. The election of U.S. Senators E. Freedom of Speech and what it really means in the Constitution 53. A privilege or right of the people also not mentioned in the first 10 amendments is A. The right to vote B. The right speak freely C. Freedom from exces sive bail D. Fair compensation for private property taken for governmental use E. To petition the government for redress of grievances 54. Members of Congress, while in office, may A. Hold no other elective U.S. offices B. Be held responsible for libel an d slander in U.S. courts for speeches made in Congress C. Not be compelled to attend sessions of Congress when they want to be absent D. Be arrested in Congress while Congress is in session E. Not be expelled by their fellow members of Congress 14 55. To b e a member of the House of Representatives, one must be A. At least 25 years old B. At least 18 years old and registered to vote C. At least 30 years old D. At least 35 years old E. Any age (No specific age required) 56. The oath of office of the Presiden t provides that he or she shall A. Not leave the boundaries of the U.S. except in its interest B. From time to time inform the Congress of the state of the Union C. Not serve more than two terms D. Hold no other U.S. office at the same time E. Faithfully execute the office of the presidency 57. When the electors fail to choose a President, one is chosen by A. Congress in special session B. The House of Representatives alone C. The legislatures of each state D. The Senate alone E. The Sup reme Court, with the advice of the U.S. Senate 58. The times, place and manner of holding elections for members of the House of Representatives shall be prescribed by the A. Congress of the U.S. 15 B. Legislatures of the states C. President D. Voters in each state E. Executive authority in each state 59. The writ of habeas corpus may be suspended A. Whenever the President may desire it B. Automatically by a U.S. declaration of war C. At the desire of Congress D. By the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, wi th other justices concurring E. When the public safety demands it in times of invasion or rebellion 60. Congress may A. Make an ex -post facto law B. Create titles of nobility C. Issue letters of marque and reprisal D. Pass a bill of Attainder E. Lay a tariff on articles exported from any state 61. The court the Constitution specifically named and established is A. The Circuit Court of Appeals B. The U.S. District Court C. The U.S. Supreme Court 16 D. The U.S. Customs Court E. The U.S. Court of C laims 62. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures A. May be violated if the people are known criminals B. May be set aside if the people are known Communists C. May be violated if the U.S. is at war D Shall not be violated E May be violated by the F.B.I. 63. U.S. Senators are now chosen by: A. The legislatures of the states B. State primary elections C. Party conventions in the states D. Voters in regular state electio ns E. Party caucuses 64. All of the following are important clauses contained in the U.S. Constitution, except A. Extradition and Rendition B. Interstate Commerce C. The Establishment Clause D. Right to Have Votes Counted Clause E. Necessary and Proper Clause 17 65. On being impeached and found guilty, one may A. Be imprisoned for life B. Never become an elected member of Congress C. T hen be tried in the regular courts for the same offense D. Be executed for his/her impeachment crim es E. Appeal to the Supreme Court 66. Black Americans are in the American Constitution in each of the following places, except: I. The 3/5 compromise clause in Article I II. The 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments III. Article III, Section 7 IV. Amendment 19, Women’s Right to Vote V. The 1964 and 1965 civil rights amendments A. I, III, V only B. I. IV only C. III, IV and V D. I, II only E. Contained in All of the Above Items 67. Chicano and Latino Americans, in their quest for full political participation, will best be served by which of the following Constitutional features? A. Ratification of Constitutional Amendments B. Presidential Impeachment, Impoundment, and Pardons C. Proportionate Representation D. Congressional control of the national budgetary process E. Bicameralism, Term Limits, Judicial Review and the Writ of Habeas Corpus PART IV : GENERAL QUESTIONS 68. For the American Court System, which Writ below is considered the most 18 important? A. Writ of Certiorari B. Writ of Mandamus C. Writ of Habeas Corpus D. W rit of Right E. Writ of Prohibition 69. Stare Decisis is to the American Court System as: A. Executive Orders are to the President of the U.S. B. The Elastic Clause (aka, the “Necessary and Proper Clause”) is to Congress C. Political Parties are to American Democracy D. Voting is to Republican Democracy E. Partisanship is to Congressional Elections 70. The Supreme Court can overturn an Executive Order of the President (and Congress can pass resolutions or bills) to nullify an Executive Order ONLY WHEN: A. The President is a Rep ublican and the Supreme Court ( and Congress) are dominat ed by Democrats B. The President has tried to declare war on another country C. Congress is in regular session during the year D. The President has issued an order outside of his/her constitutional authority E. All of t he Above 71. All of the following are considered Supreme Court principles or tests (used to determine whether or not the government will be allowed to violate the civil rights of its citizens), except: A. Compelling Interest, Bad Tendency, Clear a nd Present Danger B. Literacy Tests, Implied Powers, Sunshine Laws and the Reserve Clause C. Expressive Conduct, the O’Brien Test, Rational Basis Test D. The Lemon Test, Preferred Position, Pornography Test E. Strict and Heightened Scrutiny, Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses 72. All of the following court cases are examples of the judiciary’s interpretations of American civil rights, except: A. Gitlow vs. New York B. Roe vs. Wade C. Gideon vs. Wainwright D. Marbury vs. Madison 19 E. Escobedo vs. Illinois 73. The court case that resulted in the status quo arrangement of ‘no prayer allowed in American public schools’ was A. Brown vs. Board of Education, Topeka, Kansas B. Dred Scott vs. Sanford C. Mapp vs. Ohio D. Gibbons vs. Ogden E. Engel vs. Vitale 74. The three court cases that provided the current interpretation of citizens’ rights to counsel (to an attorney) when poor but prosecuted in co urt, when under suspicion, and when placed under arrest are: A. Marbury vs. Madison, Maryland vs. McCulloch, and Near vs. Minnesota B. Plessy vs. Ferguson, Brown vs. Boa rd, and Engel vs. Vitale C. Gideon vs. Wainwright, Escobedo vs. Illinois, and Miranda vs. Arizona D. Roe vs. Wade, Lemon vs. Kurtzman, and Gitlow vs. New York E. Bakke vs. UC Davis, Mapp vs. Ohio, and Gibbons vs. Ogden 75. The three cou rt cases that we re crucial in establishing how we currently view the connection between the Bill of Rights and protection against both the federal and state goverment; how we view the government’s establishment of religion; and how we interpret reverse dis crimination, are: A. Miranda vs. Arizona, Escobedo vs. Illinois, Near vs. Minnesota B. Gitlow vs. New York, Lemon vs. Kurtzman, and Bakke vs. UC Davis C. Brown vs. Board, Dred Scott vs. Sanford, and Marbury vs. Madison D. Mapp vs. Ohio, Roe vs. Wade, Plessy vs. Ferguson E. None of the Above 76. The court case most usually associated with legalizing Jim Crowism in America (the doctrine of separate but equal), was A. Brown vs. Board of Education B. Plessy vs. Fergu son C. Gideon vs. Wainwright D. Near vs. Minnesota E. Maryland vs. McCulloch 77. The court case most usually associated with legalizing abortion in America was A. Brown vs. Board of Education B. Bakke vs. UC DAvis C. Dred Scott vs. Sanford 20 D. Roe vs. Wade E. Marbury vs. Madison 78. The primary court case for the establishment of the exclusionary rule was A. Mapp vs. Ohio B. Near vs. Minnesota C. Engel vs. Vitale D. Lemon vs. Kurtzman E. Gitlow vs. New York 79. All of the following are important clauses that are associated with the U.S.

Constitution, except: A. Clear and Present Danger, Comp elling Interest, and the Ex -Post Facto Clause B. Extradition and Rendition and Full Faith and Credit Clauses C. Interstate Commerce and Supremacy Clauses D. The Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses E. Due Process and E qual Protection Clauses 80. America currently has what kind of government? A. A government of the Democratic and Republican Parties B. A Dual Democracy (Republican and Constitutional) C. An Autocracy D. An Oligarchy E. A Confederation -Federation PART V . WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING POLITICAL ENTITIES IS UMOST U RESPONSIBLE FOR THE WORKINGS AND THE MAINTENANCE OF THE FOLLOWING POLITICAL CONCEPTS/ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM? A. CONGRESS D. BUREAUCRACY B. THE PRESIDENCY E. POLITICAL PARTIES/INTEREST GROUPS C. THE JUDICIARY ___81. STATE GOVERNMENT POWER 21 ___82. RATIFICATION ___83. MAJORITY RULE AND PLURALITIES ___84. BICAMERALISM ___85. IMPOUNDMENT ___86. IMPEACHMENT ___ 87. AMICUS CURIAE BRIEFS ___ 88. COALITIONS, PAC’S AND FACTIONAL POLITICS ___ 89. MAJOR AND MINOR POLITICAL PARTIES ___ 90. DEMOGRAPHICS AND METROPOLITAN AREA STATISTICS ___ 91. PRIMARIES AND CAUCUSES ___ 92. THE 1964, 1966, 1968 CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS AND THE 1965 VOTING RIGHTS ACT ___ 93. CIVIL RIGHTS ___ 94. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ___ 95. POLICE POWER ___ 96. STATUS QUO ___ 97. PROPORTIONATE REPRESENTATION __ _ 98. TERM LIMITS ___ 99. SEPARATION OF POWERS AND CHECKS AND BALANCES ___100. WRITS OF HABEAS CORPUS, MANDAMUS AND CERTIORI PART V. BELOW ARE THIRTY (30) NUMBERED MATCHING ITEMS. PLEASE MATCH EACH I TEM WITH ONE OF THE FIVE ANSWERS BELOW. OBVIOUSLY, YOU WILL USE EACH ANSWER SEVERAL TIMES. 22 A. Examples of how federalism works in the U.S. Government B. Elements of the Regula r Operation of U.S. Government C. Precursors to the Establishme nt of the CURRENT U.S. Gove rnment D. Important Elements of Enhancing African American Participation in U.S. Democracy E. Major Problems or Challenges in African American Participation in U.S. Democrac y ___ ____ 101. Popular Consent, Majority Rule , Compromise, Equality of Opportunity _______ 102. Reserve Clause Challenges _______ 103. Courts Striking Down Legality of Presidential Executive Orders __ _____ 104. “Sanctuary ” Cities, Sta tes passing statues legalizing marijuana . _______ 105 . States passing restrictions on citizen voting rights _______ 106. 19 th amendment _______ 107. 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments _______ 108. Dred Scott c ase; Plessy v. Fergu son _______ 109. 1st amendment _______ 110. Republican Democracy _______ 111 Enfranchisement, Suffrage _______ 112. Restricted franchise _______ 113. Consecutive sessions of the U.S. Congress ; House and Senate Intelligence C ommittees _______ 114. Factional Politics (extreme partisanship) _______ 115. The central aim of U.S. government --and an y other government — at all levels _______ 116. Democracy, oligarchy, theocracy, monarchy, autocracy ______ 117. Status quo; Quid pro quo 23 _______ 118. State -sponsored cha nges to the Electoral College System ______ 119. Normative and Objective Politics ______ 120. Prohibition against taxes, non -regulation of interstate commerce, weak central government, non -authority to issue national currency, etc. ______ 121. 3/5 compromise, Connecticut Pla n, State -centered federalism ______ 122. Annapolis Convention, Virginia Plan, Shay’s Rebellion, New Jersey Plan, Connecticut Compromise ______ 123. Executive Privilege, Veto Power, Judicial Review , Ratification, Term Limits, Regular Elections of Legislators ______ 124. The Articles of Confederation ______ 125. Sedition, Affirmative Action ______ 126. First locally elected assembly and beginnings of bicameralism ______ 127. KKK, Voter Intimidation, all -white juries and primaries, lack of equal justice ______ 128. 1st Continental Congress ______ 129. Seven articles, each with 1 -10 sections ______ 130. Triparti te, separation of equal governmental powers, checks and balances PART VI: COMPLETION Please use the following five answer options for each of the 15 questions below. A. Is Correct as is B. Is only partially Correct, and needs more information C. Is Wrong as is, and further information won't help it D. Is not about politics in America E. Besides #A above, this is also about maintaining the Status Quo and Quid Pro Quo 13 1. The California State and National Republican parties are political enemies of Black Americans and Latinos/Latinas and always have been such. 24 13 2. Gerrymandering, At -Large Voting, White Primaries, Poll Taxes, Grandfather Clauses and Literacy Tests have helped tremendously in increasing the number of Black and Latino/Latina voters in America. 13 3. Except for the Pre sident and Vice -President of the United States, every elected official in California and in the country itself, can be un -elected or recalled if the citizens decide those officials are not doing their jobs properly. 13 4. Initiatives, propositions, referendums and recall elections are classic examples of Direct Democracy and California does these more than any other state. 13 5. Political parties in California and in America were invented to make sure the poor and underrepresented had a consistent voice in government. 13 6. Public policy --that is, decision -making for the community --is best made for the public good ('the greatest good to the greatest number') when there is a balance between what the law says, and what society demands. 13 7. The first legal American political parties were the Federalists and the Anti - Federalists, who fought over the ratification of the U.S. Constitution. The Democratic Party was essentially created by Andrew Jackson and the Southern slaveholders in 1827 -28, and the Republican Party was created specifically as an Anti -Slavery party in 1854, after the Whig Party fell apart. 13 8. Thus far, Afri can Americans have had only two Speakers of the California Assembly, and thus far, Latinos have had two, and both groups have had a Lieutenant Governor. Only one group, howev er, has had a Senate President Pro Tem, and neither has had a governor of C alifornia yet (since California’s 1850 admission as a state in the USA). 13 9. Privileges and Immunities, the Establishment Clause, Extradition - Rendition -Sedition, the Elastic Clause, and the Original Jurisdiction of the U.S. Suprem e Court are in both the U.S. Constitution and the California State Constitution, since the federal and state governments are always parallel due to Intergovernmental Relations. 140. The Due Process clause is in the 5th and 14th amendmen ts; the 13th, 14th and 15th amendments are the most important ones for Black citizens; and the 1964 CRA and 1965 VRA are based on those three amendments (13th, 14th, 15th). 141. Chicano and Latino Americans, in their quest for full political participation, will best be served by proportionate representation rather than bicameralism, 25 term limits, judicial review or Congressional control of the budgetary process. 142. Black Americans are in the American Constitution through the 3/5 Compromise, the 13 th, 14 th, 15 th Amendments. and the Dred Scott decision. 143. Stare Decisis in American jurisprudence essentially means following court precedents in most court cases and is as important as judicial review to the American judiciary. 144. One thing for sure, American politics is based on group interests, majority rule, dual democracy, and political leverage/compromise as principle foundations. 145. Accordi ng to the U.S. Co nstitution and state constitutions, only state governors have the autho rity and power to “blue -line ” state budgets, i.e., take out portions of the budget they don ’t like. U.S. Presidents cannot do that. Th ey must either accept or reject (sign or veto) the entirety of the nation al budgets given to them by Congress.