edit a search
70 BLUEBOOK 71 INTRODUCTION The Bluebook, a Uniform System of Citation , published by the Harvard Law Review, is the definitive style guide for the legal field. The Bluebook , as it is known in the legal field The Bluebook— in three sections 1 . Bluepages: A guide to basic non academic citation formats. 2 . Whitepages: rules and citation explanations for academic writing 3 . Tables: Provide proper legal abbreviations and citation authority. Any APUS course within the legal studies program designated with an LSTDXXX prefix uses The Bluebook as the approved style guide 72 THE PURPOSE OF CITATIONS There are three purposes of any citation method (including Bluebook) 1 . Show that your position is well researched. 2 . Give credit to sources. 3 . Allow the reader to identify and locate the source. BLUEBOOK CITATION BASICS With any citation method, it takes practice to learn the rules. Often, in the beginning, it is much easier to read a citation than to cite it. However, once broken down, you will find that legal citation is composed of three elements DID YOU KNOW . . . . Legal citation is about the art of persuasion Three Elements of a Legal Citation Signal Source Parenthetical Information See Mass. Bd. of Ret. v. Murgia, 427 U.S. 307 (1976) (per curiam) Signals will be covered in depth in a later section on page-- Keeping these three essential components in mind will make it easier when drafting citations. The Bluebook style guide covers citations in depth in a later section. If you have any questions on citations, you should contact the librarian on duty or your professor. 73 In many of your classes you will be required to write an analytical research paper after reviewing and analyzing the applicable literature. First and foremost, you must decide on a topic for your paper – that is, construct a thesis. In a research paper, a thesis statement should explain the topic you are researching. In formulating your thesis, you should first focus on deciding on a general topic (i.e. the Fourth Amendment). Then you must narrow your topic (i.e. search and seizure/exclusionary rule), and then restrict it even further (i.e. child pornography).
THESIS CONSTRUCTION RULES FOR THESIS CONSTRUCTION Title: should be limited to twelve (12) words and should provide the reader with a clear idea of the nature of your paper. • In the thesis example above your title may end up as: The good faith exception and seized evidence of child pornography. • YOU TITLE SHOULD NOT BE A GENERALIZATION such as: A Review of Serial Killers. Even if your topic is controversial in nature, the purpose of an analytical research paper is to Critically analyze the relevant literature Convince your audience of the correctness of your position N OT <----THIS THAT---- > 74 RESEARCHING Conducting effective legal research is central to supporting your position—finding all applicable • case law FOR BOTH SIDES OF • statutes and regulations THE ISSUE • The historical evolution the law In order to conduct effective research, you must first identify all relevant issues related to your thesis statement. Once accomplished, research can begin. There are a variety of legal search engines available. The Online Library provides a Legal Studies Portal that allows you access to several important research databases, as well as over 1,000 legal periodicals.
several important research databases, as well as over 1,000 legal periodicals. 75 LEGAL SEARCH ENGINES Westlaw and LexisNexis are the two most common search engines used in the legal profession. APUS makes LexisNexis database available to you free in the on-line library.
LexisNexis provides access to over 10,000 news, business, and legal sources, as well as Shepard’s Citations® from 1789 to present.
Other available legal databases in the library include Loislaw, and JSTOR. There are a variety of legal search engines available on the open web too. Examples include Lexisweb, Cornell Legal Information Institute (LII), and Findlaw. SOURCE LEVEL EXPLANATION PRIMARY Statutes (the U.S. Constitution and legislative laws), cases, and administrative agency materials/regulations. SECONDARY Legal encyclopedia and periodicals, treatises, and practice material. Generally, secondary sources are an excellent way to gain a background on the law and they often provide a plethora of references to primary law sources. The best research combines both Primary and Secondary sources. In order to find sources you will need to formulate search terms. Think of key words that directly relate to your issue (i.e. search and seizure, Fourth Amendment, etc..) and any synonyms and related words (for example, the word ”stop” can also mean “halt,” “terminate,” and “check”). It is helpful to use a legal dictionary and thesaurus as you devise your search. Query Keyword research tools like Google Suggest can be helpful. DID YOU KNOW . . . . If you are experiencing difficulty articulating search terms APUS librarians can help. E-mail them at [email protected] 76 SEARCH TERM EXAMPLES TERMS AND CONNECTORS UNIVERSAL SEARCH TERM CHARACTERS • ! litigat! = litigate, litigator, litigation, litigating, etc. • * wom*n = woman, women • bank*** = bank, banking, banker ( not bankrupt) Connectors • OR Finds one or both terms: doctor OR physician • w/n Finds two terms within a specified number of words: market w/5 share • w/s Finds two terms within the same sentence: sanction w/s frivolous • w/p Finds two terms within the same paragraph: rule 11 w/p sanction • AND Finds two terms in the same document: bank AND deregulate • Pre/n Finds two terms – first term must precede second by a specified number: cable PRE/2 television Lexis.com, Quick Reference Guide, http://www.lexisnexis.com/clients/doi/file_lo10033-1.pdf (last visited August 27, 2010).
A tutorial is available at Introduction to LexisNexis Academic 77 ACCESSING LEXIS NEXUS Once you have signed into the search engine via the on-line library, click on the “U.S. Legal” link on the left hand side of the screen. This will narrow the scope of your search. From the sub-link therein, chose the appropriate database for your search. Often it is helpful to search law review articles and / or landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases on your topic. A tutorial is available here Lexis Nexis Academic: Finding Landmark US Cases. It is often helpful conduct a search of the applicable case law. Click on the “Federal & State Cases”.sublink 78 INTEGRATING RESOURCES Once you familiarized yourself with the information contained within your sources, you should begin to formulate an outline for your paper to better enable you to organize your thoughts in a logical form. Your paper should be comprised of five (5) parts:
(1) Title page (2) Introduction (the issue(s) presented and purpose of your paper) (3) Findings of primary/secondary sources (4) Analysis (5) Conclusion You can integrate your sources into your paper by several ways: (1) paraphrasing, and/or (2) direct quotation (partial, short, or long quote). As a general rule, direct quotation, in papers should be kept to a minimum, and long quotes should be used sparingly. The preferred method is to paraphrase or summarize information from a source – put the information in your own words. (However, it is important to note that with both methods, you MUST cite your source! 79 The Legal Studies program uses 12 pt. Times New Roman font with one-inch margins as its standard. Do not right justify your document. All introductory signals, Latin legal phrases, explanatory phrases, case names, titles of articles, publications and speeches, and any punctuation within the citation should be italicized or underlined. In text citations should be used for all legal briefs and memoranda, as opposed to endnotes or footnotes. Footnotes should be used for all research papers. All papers should contain a title page with the title of the assignment, student’s name, course number, instructor name, and date:
FORMATTING Numbers Bluebook Rule 6.1 states that all numbers between zero (0) and ninety-nine (99) should be spelled out in text and footnotes. Numbers that begin a sentence must always be spelled out regardless of their numeric value.
Block Quotations Bluebook Rule 5.1 states that quotations of fifty (50) or more words single spaced, indented left & right, justified, without quotation marks. A citation following a block quotation should NOT be indented and begin at the left margin, double spaced below the block quote. 80 Title of Assignment Student Name Student ID Course ID Instructor TITLE PAGE EXAMPLE EVERY PAPER MUST HAVE A TITLE PAGE 81 During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, several new navigational tools were created, such as the compass, and improvements were made to pre-existing instruments, such as the astrolabe and cross-staff, each improving accuracy at sea. Nevertheless, these innovations were still very unreliable and limited to geographic or geophysical landmarks, such as the placement of Polaris in the northern sky or the horizon of the Earth. Even when charts and maps were available to mariners during this period, they were typically inaccurate and unreliable because such maps only contained latitudinal markings. Assuming that the charts were accurate, many other factors existed that would also result in inaccuracies. For example, a mariner would be unable to use an astrolabe or a cross- staff if the sky was overcast or if it was raining. Exacerbating these navigational problems was the fact that every navigational tool was operated from the heaving ship deck. At best, sailors in the Middle Ages or the Renaissance travelled inefficiently, and at worst, these inaccuracies would lead to catastrophes leading to the loss of life and cargo. John E. Woodard, Oops! My GPS made me do it! GPS Manufacturer Liability under a Strict Products Liability Paradigm when GPS fails to give accurate directions to GPS End-Users , 34 Dayton L. Rev. 429, 433 (2009). TITLE PAGE EXAMPLE Indenting the text on both the left and right sets the quote apart from the original text. 82 PAGE NUMBERS AND HEADERS Page Numbers: Page numbers should be flush top right starting on page two. There should be no page number on the first page. Headers: The running header should be flush left on every page starting with the second page of the document. The header should be capitalized. CAPITALIZATION Proper names of a specific person, place, or thing and should always be capitalized. When referring to the U.S. Supreme Court, the word “Court” should always be capitalized (i.e. The Court ruled in United States v. Smith, that school lunches posed an unacceptable hazard to the health of children . . . . ).
Similarly, when referencing the full name of any court in a document, make sure to capitalize it (i.e. the Supreme Court of Vermont). The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation R. 8, 84-86 (Columbia Law Review Ass’n et al. eds., 19th ed 2010).
PUNCTUATION Stylistically the Bluebook differs from other citation manuals by:
(1) requiring that periods and commas should always be placed inside of quotation marks. Id. R. 5.1(a).
(2) bracketing letters that are changed to either lower case or upper case. Id. R. 5.2.
(3) and indicating omission(s) in a paragraph or sentence by four periods “. . . . ”. Id. R. 5.3.
Example: “. . . [T]he Supreme Court held that prisoner’s rights were not violated . . . . ” SPACING Only use one space after a period at the end of a sentence. With the advent of proportional fonts current writing standards dictate the use of only one space after a period at the end of a sentence. 83 PAGE FORMAT EXAMPLE THE FOURTH AMENDMENT 2 [DOCUMENT TEXT] 84 INTRODUCTORY SIGNALS Introductory signals serve to alert the reader to the relationship between the proposition stated and the citation. Signals are always capitalized when used to begin a sentence. Signal Meaning [no signal] (1) Source directly states proposition; (2) source of a quotation; or (3) authority referred to in the preceding text. E.g. Used to introduce an authority that is one of multiple authorities directly stating same proposition See Used to introduce authority that clearly supports by does not directly state the proposition. See Also Cited authority constitutes additional source material that supports the proposition. Cf. Cited authority supports a proposition different from the main proposition but sufficiently analogous to lend support. 85 LATIN LEGAL TERMS LATIN TERM ENGLISH EQUIVALENT ab initio from the beginning ad hoc for this purpose alibi at another place assuming arguendo for the sake of argument bona fide in good faith certiorari a writ from a lower court to a higher court de facto in fact ex post facto by reason of a subsequent fact inter alia among other things ipso facto by the very fact nexus connection non sequitur it does not follow per curiam in the opinion of the court prima facie on the face of it pro bono for the public good quid pro quo something for something res gestae the thing done res ispa loquitur the thing speaks for itself DID YOU KNOW . . . . LATIN TERMS SHOULD ALWAYS BE ITALICIZED OR UNDERLINED 86 CASE BRIEFS A brief should summarize the ruling in a legal case. It should contain the following elements:
1 . Citation to the case itself (i.e. United States v. Smith, 25 U.S. 249 (1971).) 2 . The full name of the parties involved in the litigation. (Are they plaintiff/defendant? Appellant/appellee? Petitioner/respondent?) 3 . A summary of the original facts of the case 4 . The procedural history (the events leading up to litigation and lower court(s) ruling(s)) 5 . The issue(s) before the court 6 . The holding of the court 7 . The reasoning of the court 8 . The disposition of the case (the relief granted by the court, if any) 9 . Analysis of the ruling and its greater impact on society 87 Case Citation: Delahanty v. Hinckley, 564 A.2d 758 (D.C. 1989). Parties: Thomas and Jean Delahanty, Plaintiffs / Appellants John Hinckley, Defendant / AppelleeFacts: Thomas Delahanty was seriously injured when John Hinckley attempted to assassinate President Ronald Reagan. John Hinckley used a “Saturday Night Special” in the assassination attempt that was manufactured by R. G. Industries, a subsidiary of Roehm. Procedural History: Appellants filed suit in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia against John Hinkley, R.G. Industries, the gun manufacturer, Roehm, the manufacturer’s foreign parent company, and individual officers of Roehm, for injuries Appellant Thomas Delahanty suffered when Hinkley attempted to assassinate President Ronald Reagan. The District Court dismissed appellants’ complaint against R.G. Industries, Roehm, and individual officers of Roehm for failure to state a claim. On appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit certified the question of whether, in the District of Columbia, “manufacturers and distributors of Saturday Night Specials may be strictly liable for injuries arising from these guns’ criminal use” to the District of Columbia Court of Appeals.Issue: Whether established theories of tort law in the District of Columbia provide a cause of action against gun manufacturers and distributors for injuries arising from the guns’ criminal uses?Holding: No. There is no basis under the law of the District of Columbia for holding the gun manufacturer and its officers liable for John Hinckley’s criminal use of the gun.Reasoning: Appellants advanced the following three theories in support of their position: 1. Strict liability for sale of defective productThe court rejected this theory of liability because appellants put on no evidence that the weapon Hinkley purchased and later used in the assassination attempt was in any way defective. Rather, appellants argued that the manufacturers had a duty to warn of the dangers of criminal misuse of the gun. The court found this argument unpersuasive, pointing out that a manufacturer has no duty to warn because the dangerous nature of guns self-evident.2. Strict liability for abnormally dangerous activityAppellants argued that the manufacturer should be held liable because the Saturday Night Special is “inherently and abnormally dangerous with no social value. The “abnormally dangerous activity” doctrine had never been applied to gun manufacturers in the District of Columbia. The Court rejected this application of the doctrine, since selling weapons is not an abnormally dangerous activity “in and of itself.” In response to appellants’ reliance on Kelly v. R.G. Industries, 304 Md. 124, 497 A.2d 1143 (1985), the court stated that it is not just cheap guns that may potentially by used to commit crimes, and that the Maryland legislature had specifically overridden the Kelly decision. 3. NegligenceWhile the general rule is that no tort liability exists for harm resulting from the criminal acts of third parties, an exception sometimes comes in to play when a special relationship exists between parties. Examples of such “special” relationships include landlord / tenant, hospital / patient, and school / student relationships. The court declined to extend this special relationship status to gun manufacturers and sellers / gun purchaser, as Appellants neither argued that any special relationship existed, nor suggested any way that gun manufacturers could prevent their gun purchasers from misusing the purchased gun for criminal acts.Decision: The court certified the answer back to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia that there was no theory of liability in the District of Columbia under which the gun manufacturer and its officers could be held liable for Hinckley’s criminal misuse of the gun.Comment: This case gives a good example of how appellate courts may certify issues to other courts (either lower or in different jurisdictions) for opinions. In this case, the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia (federal appellate court) certified the issue to a Washington D.C. court because it presented a question of local law, not federal law CASE BRIEF SAMPE Remember that the format of your brief is as important as the substance 88 STATE OF VERMONTCOUNTY OF LAMOILLE, ss. ) Lamoille Superior CourtPlantiff (s) ) DOCKET NO: xxxxx )v. ) )Defendant (s) ) ) DISCOVERY STIPULATION AND ORDER The parties to the above-entitled cause stipulate that the Court may order the following ADR and Discovery Schedule:
All pretrial motions, except those based on circumstances that arise after the cut-off date or a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction shall be filed by (DATE). Motions in limine must be filed by the date of Jury Drawing on issues known to counsel at that time.
Third parties shall be brought into the action pursuant to V.R.C.P. 14 no later than (DATE).
All Written Discovery shall be sent to the opposing party no later than (DATE). Answers thereto shall be sent no later than as required by Rule.
Plaintiff shall disclose experts by (DATE) Defendant shall depose those experts, if it chooses to do so by (DATE).
Defendant shall disclose experts by (DATE). Plaintiff shall depose those experts, if it chooses to do so by (DATE).
Depositions of all witnesses other than expert witnesses shall be scheduled and taken no later than (DATE).
All compulsory medical examinations, if required, shall be scheduled and have been conducted by (DATE).
Discovery shall be complete and this case ready for trial by (DATE). Estimated length of trial X days or X hours.
_______________________________ _________________________________Attorney for Plaintiff (DATE) Attorney for Defendant (DATE) APPROVED AND ORDERED: _______________________________ Judge (DATE) SAMPLE COURT DOCUMENT 89 SAMPLE MEMORANDUM To: Mr. Plentibux, Senior PartnerFrom: I. M. Useful, Summer InternCase: Pain v. I. Make Guns, Inc.Date: 25 December 2010Re: Potential tort liability of our client, I. Make Guns, Inc. (IMG), for injuries and damage caused by a gun it manufactured during a criminal assault Statement of Assignment You have asked me to prepare a memorandum addressing the following questions: May IMG be held liable for damage and injury caused by a gun it manufactured in the commission of a crime under a negligence theory? Is IMG potentially liable under a theory of strict liability for damage or injury caused by a gun it manufactured in the commission of a crime? Issue Whether IMG is potentially liable in the District of Columbia under a negligence or a strict liability theory for injuries Mr. Imin Pain suffered when a previously convicted felon shot him in the chest during a robbery with a “Saturday Night Special” handgun manufactured and marketed by IMG? Brief Answer No. The Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act prohibits a civil liability action from being brought by a victim of a gun crime against a gun manufacturer in state or federal court for damages suffered as a result of improper use of a gun. Further, there is no basis under the law of the District of Columbia to hold a gun manufacturer liable under a negligence theory for injuries caused by a criminal’s use of a gun they manufactured. Facts On 29 December, 2007, Mr. Imin Pain was walking from his house to a liquor store on the corner of 14th Street and K Street when he was attacked by a masked woman carrying a “Saturday Night Special” handgun. The woman, who was later identified as convicted felon Mary Jane, pulled her gun on Mr. Pain, demanded that he hand over his wallet and his keys, and then shot him twice in the chest. One of the bullets lodged in Mr. Pain’s spinal column, causing permanent paralysis from the chest down. The handgun was manufactured by IMG in 2004. It is not known when, where, or how Ms. Jane obtained the gun. The gun was not registered and was not reported as stolen. Analysis The Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act of 2005 § 3, 15 U.S.C. ch. 105, § 7902 (2005) prohibits federal and state lawsuits against gun manufacturers caused by improper or criminal use of guns they manufactured. In 1989, The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit certified the question of whether established theories of tort law in the District of Columbia provided a cause of action against gun manufacturers and distributors for injuries arising from the guns’ criminal uses to the District of Columbia Court of Appeals. Delahanty v. Hinckley, 564 A.2d 758 (D.C. 1989). The courts both found that selling weapons is not an inherently dangerous activity, and that this doctrine had never been applied to gun manufacturers in the District of Columbia, although it had been applied by the Maryland courts. Id. Further, it was pointed out that a negligence theory would not apply to a gun manufacturer the District of Columbia because there is no recognized “special relationship” between a gun manufacturer and a gun user. The general rule that not tort liability exists for harm resulting from criminal acts of third parties applies instead. Id. at 760. IMG is a legitimate corporation engaged in lawful manufacture and sale of weapons legal in the United States. It is beyond dispute that IMG manufactured the gun in question, that the gun was used in the commission of a felony in the District in Columbia, and that Mr. Pain suffered serious and permanently life-altering injuries when Mary Jane shot with that gun. That said, any potential lawsuit against IMG for injuries suffered by Mr. Pain would fall squarely within the purposes articulated in the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act. These purposes include prohibiting causes of action against manufacturers of firearms for harm caused by criminal misuse of their products. 15 U.S.C. § 7901. Furthermore, the no theory of liability exists in the District of Columbia by which IMG may be held responsible for the criminal misuse of the gun it manufactured by Mary Jane. WHEN CITING AN UNPUBLISHED MEMORANDUM THE DESCRIPTION OF THE DOCUMENT SHOULD IDENTIFY THE NATURE OF THE DOCUMENT 90 CASE LAW CASE LAW (PUBLISHED OPINIONS) Case name , volume reporter. first page, Source page (year). Smith v. Jones , 65 U.S. 95, 100 (2010). Winchell v. Hershberg , 520 N.E.2d 202, 241 (N.Y. 1977). See:
id. R. B.4.
Jurisdiction-specific rules for citing cases are located in Table 1, United States Jurisdictions in the Bluebook.
CASE LAW (UNPUBLISHED) Case name , Docket No. Database Identifier & Electronic. *Page (Court. Month abbreviation. date, yyyy).
Lohmann v. Crawford, No. 45 C 5677, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4333 at *6 (N.C. Ct. App. Apr. 25, 2009).
See:
id. R. B.4.
Jurisdiction-specific rules for citing cases are located in Table 1, United States Jurisdictions. CASE LAW SHORT CITATION Once full citation has been provided for in text, “short form” citation may be used for subsequent citations to the same authority so long as (1) it clearly refers the reader to the prior referenced case, (2) the references to the same case deal generally with the same topic at hand; and (3) the reader can quickly locate the full citation. Notice the word “at” is used to pinpoint the exact page the information was taken from in the case:
Case name, volume reporter at page Smith v. Jones , 65 U.S. at 100. See: id. R. B.4.Jurisdiction-specific rules for citing cases are located in Table 1, United States Jurisdictions.
91 A WORD ABOUT ID AND SUPRA id. is the short form abbreviation of the Latin word “idem” which means “the same.” It is used in legal citation to reference the directly preceding source and should always be either italicized or underlined. The “i” in “ id.” should only be capitalized when it begins a citation sentence. Note as well that only the letters “id” are italicized or underlined. The period that follows is not. id. R. 4.1. For example:
In Smith v. Jones , 65 U.S. 95 (2010) the Supreme Court held that proper citation was paramount to any attorney’s success in the legal profession. Justice Ginsburg, speaking for the majority, stated that “ . . . the ability to conduct a thorough research of all applicable case law and then properly cite them in a legal brief is the hallmark of genius.” id. at 97. The term supra is a Latin term meaning “above” or “beyond.” It is used in legal citation to reference a source that was fully cited in the preceding pages of the article or document. id. R. 4.2. For example if you have previously referenced the text Theresa Elkins, The Fourth Amendment and Your Rights, 25 (2nd ed. 2008), the supra cite would look like this:
Elkins, supra, at 26-30.
You should generally not use “supra” to refer to cases, statutes, constitutions, legislative materials, restatements, model codes or regulations.
See:
id. R. B.4. 92 ARTICLES JOURNAL AND MAGAZINE PAGINATED BY VOLUME First name Initial. Last name, Article Title , Volume Periodical Name abbreviated. First page, Pincite (yyyy) . Kate M. Meyers, The New Right to Remain Silent , 25 BYU L. Rev. 100, 120 (2005).
NOTE: Pincite is the exact page number where the quoted information can be found.
See:
Id. R. B.9.
For a list of proper abbreviations of periodical names see Table 13 in The Bluebook.
JOURNAL AND MAGAZINE PAGINATED BY INDIVIDUAL ISSUE First name Initial. Last name, Article Title , Periodical Name abbreviated, Month abbreviation, yyyy, at pincite.
Tosca Reno, Getting Real , Oxygen, Sept. 2010, at 54. See:
Id. R. B.9. INTERNET SOURCES Author name First/ Last, Title of the webpage , Title of the website (date including the time), URL Laura Strachan, Study: Illegal Immigration to U.S. Slowing , FindLaw (Sept. 2, 2010, 11:28 a.m.), http://blogs findlaw.com/law_and_life/2010/09/study-illegal immigration-to-us-slowing.html?=features Note: Any case law or law review article retrieved from commercial databases like LexisNexis and Westlaw does not require a URL in the citation. Cite directly to the source only. Codes and session laws retrieved from these databases require the name of the database to be cited parenthetically at the end. Id. R. 18.2.
See: Id. R. B.10.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE Author name First/last, Title of the article, Title of the newspaper, Date of publication, at Pincite Anemona Hartocollis, E-Mail Reveals Dispute Over City’s Antisoda Ad , N.Y. Times, October 28, 2010, at 15. See:
Id. R. B.9. 93 BOOKS BOOK (OR ARTICLE) REVIEW Name of the review author First/Last, Title of the Review , Volume number Abbreviated name of the periodical. First page of article (yyyy) (book review noted in parentheses) Oliver T. Staudenmayer, Supreme Discomfort: The Divided Soul of Clarence Thomas , 28 Or. L. Rev. 51 (2008) (book review).
*For a list of proper abbreviations of periodical names see Rule 16.7.1 for student written book reviews and 16.7.2 for non-student written book reviews.
SINGLE AUTHOR First name Initial. Last name, Book Title , Volume at Pincite (edition. year) Theresa Elkins, The Fourth Amendment and Your Rights , at 25 (2nd ed. 2008).
See:
Id. R. B.8. SINGLE AUTHOR--BASIC FORMAT FOR ONLINE BOOK Generally, The Bluebook requires citation to the original printed source. If the source is an official, exact, or authenticated copy of the original source, and it is available on-line, then cite as if it were the original printed source. There is no need to include the URL. If however, the original printed source is available and it is not an official, exact, or authenticated copy, then use a parallel citation to the electronic origin of the source. Id. R. 18.2.
First name Initial. Last name, Book Title , Volume at Pincite (edition. year) Theresa Elkins, The Fourth Amendment and Your Rights, 25 (2nd ed. 2008), available at http://www. searchandseizure.com MULTIPLE AUTHORS First name Initial. Last name & First name Last name, Book Title , Volume at Pincite (edition. year) Patricia Smith & Mark Whiner, The Whistleblower 35 (2nd ed. 2004).
More than two authors:
Works with more than two authors should have the words “et al.” (a Latin phrase meaning, “and others”) placed after the first author’s name. Id. R B8.1 & R. 15,1.
Clyde Ayers et al., Gender and Equality 94 (2008). 94 BOOKS CORPORATE AUTHOR- FOR BOOK Corporate entity, Work title (yyyy) Town of Stowe, Mayoral Candidate Review (2010).
LEGAL DICTIONARY Corporation/organization. (yyyy). Book title . City, state abbreviation: author (if there is an author).
Black’s Law Dictionary 5 (9th ed. 2009). ENCYCLOPEDIA OF U.S. LAW 21 Am. Jur. 2d Criminal Law § 39 (1964). 95 OTHER FEDERAL STATUTES Official Name, Title Number, Abbreviated Name of code § Section Number (yyyy).
Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. § 3501 (2006).
Jurisdiction-specific citation rules for statutes is in Table 1 of the Bluebook under United States Jurisdictions. Id. R. B5.1.1.See:
Id. R. B.5.
U.S. CONSTITUTION Title. Article, § Section, Cl. Clause number U.S. Const. art. IV, § 1, cl. 1.
Title amend. amendment number § section U.S. Const. amend. XXVI, § 2.
See:
Id. R. B.6.
