POLITICS - SHORT ANSWERS. BE VERY DETAILED

Political Science 1 - Government of the U.S. and California Midterm Review Notes Students should know the meaning and application of these terms , as well as the relationship to other terms : Politics Suffrage Natural law Majority rule Voter initiative, recalls, referendums Democracy - Direct and representative - Constitutional Republic Other forms of government - Mona rchy - Oligarchy - Theocracy - Anarchy Distribution of power: - Federalism - Centralism (Unitary) Separation of Powers Checks and Balances Judicial Review – Marbury vs. Madison Articles of Confederation Shay’s Rebellion Constitutional Convention - Virginia Plan - New Je rsey Plan - Bicameralism - Connecticut Compromise - North -South Compromise (three -fifths) - Great Compromise Popular sovereignty Federalists and Anti -federalists Outline of Constitution - Article I (Legislature) - Article II (Executive) - Article III (Judicial) - Article IV( States) o Full faith & Credit o Extradition o Interstate compact - Article V,VI, VII Sections and clauses - Commerce - Supremacy - War Powers - Tax and Spend (borrow) - “necessary and proper” Express Powers Implied Powers Inherent Powers Concurrent Powers Reserved Powe rs State Rights – McCulloch vs. Maryland Federal Grants - Block grants - Project grants - Categorical Formula grants Federal Mandates Bill of Rights Amendments XI to XXVII Electoral College Civil Liberties - Freedom of expression – Political Rights - First Amendment freedoms o Religion  Free exercise  Establishment o Speech  Clear and present danger  Bad tendency test  Preferred position doctrine  Protected & nonprotected speech  Libel  Seditious libel  Slander  Obscenity  Fighting words (hate speech) o Press  Libel o Assembly o Petition - Habeas Corpus - Ex Post Facto law - Bill of attainder Civil Rights – Equal Protection - Due Process - Fifth and 14 th Amendments - Substantive - Procedural Civil disobedience Selective Incorporation Equal Protection Clause Citizenship rights Naturalization Dual citizen ship Property rights - Contract clause - Police powers - Eminent domain - Regulatory taking Equality of Access (opportunity) Equality of Results Equality of starting condition Equality between groups - Gender gap Exclusionary rule Search warrants Miranda Warning Dou ble jeopardy De jure segregation - Jim Crow laws - Poll tax, literacy tests - White primaries - Restrictive covenants De facto segregation Racial gerrymandering Affirmative action Political ideology Political Culture Political Socialization Liberals Conservatives Social Conservatives Libertarians Socialists Public Opinion - Attentive Public - Latency - Saliency Public Opinion polling Political Participation Social movements Interest groups (factions) - Types: Economic o Business, Trade, professional associations o Labor  Open s hop  Closed shop  Free riders o Ideological or Single issue o Public interest groups o Other interest groups Federal Register Amicus Curiae Lobbying - Quid pro quo - Iron triangle Political Action Committees (PAC) Issue Advocacy 527 organization Civic duty Voter regis tration - National Voter Registration Act (1993) Voter turnout - Demographic & geographic factors - Compulsory voting & automatic registration Party identification Political Party - Winner -take -all system - Single -member district - Proportional representation - National party convention - Minor parties o Ideological o Protest o Single Issue o Splinter o Libertarian o Green o Reform Primaries - Direct - Open - Closed Caucus Party realignment - Gerrymandering - Malapportionment Campaign financing Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA 2002) - Hard mone y - Soft money - Bundling - Independent expenditure Federal Election Commission (FEC) Incumbency - Safe seats - Coattail effect - Candidate appeal Mass Media – newspaper, radio, TV, internet - “Objective journalism” - Investigatory journalism - Agenda setting - Issue framing Here are possible short response questions. Students should be able to answer these in a minimum of one 4 to 5 sentence paragraph. 1. Identify four continuing problems with campaign finance. 2. What are three factors that limit media influence on public opinion? 3. Ident ify and discuss three reasons why voter turnout in the United States is lower than in other democracies. 4. Identify and discuss three institutional characteristics of political parties . 5. Should corporations and unions be unlimited in funding political parties and running ads?

Why or why not? What is the Supreme Court’s position on this issue? 6. Define the term political culture and explain how families are a significant source for political learning.