Crime Prevention
O rd er B ound C opy D ow nlo ad /P rin t P D F G uid e P re pare Y ours elf L earn A bout P ro ble m O rie nte d P olic in g S tu dy E nvir o nm enta l C rim in olo gy 8 . U se t h e p ro ble m a naly sis t ria ngle 9 . K now th at o pportu nit y m akes t h e th ie f 1 0 . P ut y ours e lf in th e o ffe nder's s h oes 1 1 . E xpect o ffe nders to re act 1 2 . D on't b e d is co ura ged b y th e d is p la ce m ent d oom ste rs 1 3 . E xpect d if fu sio n o f b enefit s S can f o r C rim e P ro ble m s A naly ze in D epth F in d a P ra ctic al R esponse A ssess t h e Im pact C om munic ate E ff e ctiv ely S tu dy E nvir o nm enta l C rim in olo gy » S te p 8 M ost c rim in olo gic a l t h eorie s fo cu s o n w hat m akes p eople " crim in al" . T h ey f in d c a u se s in d is ta n t fa cto rs , s u ch a s c h ild re arin g p ra ctic e s, g en etic m akeu p, a n d p sy ch olo gic a l o r s o cia l p ro ce sse s. T h ese t h eorie s a re v ery d if fic u lt t o t e st; a re o f v ary in g a n d u nkn ow n s cie n tif ic v alid it y ; a n d y ie ld a m big u ou s p olic y im plic a tio n s t h at a re m ostly b eyon d t h e r e ach o f p olic e p ra ctic e . B ut y ou w ill fin d t h at t h e t h eorie s a n d c o n ce pts o f e n vir o n m en ta l c rim in olo gy ( a n d o f t h e n ew d is cip lin e o f c rim e s cie n ce ) a re v ery h elp fu l in e very day p olic e w ork . T h is is b eca u se t h ey d eal w it h t h e im media te s it u atio n al c a u se s o f c rim e e ven ts , in clu din g t e m pta tio n s a n d o pportu nit ie s a n d in adequ ate p ro te ctio n o f t a rg ets . Y ou w ill b e a s tro n ger m em ber o f t h e p ro ble m o rie n te d t e am if y ou a re fa m ilia r w it h t h ese c o n ce pts .
T h e p ro ble m a n aly sis t ria n gle ( a ls o k n ow n a s t h e c rim e t ria n gle ) c o m es fr o m o n e o f t h e m ain t h eorie s o f e n vir o n m en ta l c rim in olo gy r o u tin e a ctiv it y t h eory . T h is t h eory , o rig in ally fo rm ula te d b y L aw re n ce C oh en a n d M arc u s F els o n , s ta te s t h at p re dato ry c rim e o ccu rs w hen a l ik ely o ffe n der a n d s u it a ble t a rg et c o m e t o geth er in t im e a n d p la ce , w it h ou t a c a pable g u ard ia n p re se n t. I t t a kes t h e e xis te n ce o f a lik ely o ffe n der fo r g ra n te d s in ce n orm al h um an g re ed a n d s e lf is h ness a re s u ffic ie n t e xpla n atio n s o f m ost c rim in al m otiv atio n . I t m akes n o d is tin ctio n b etw een a h um an v ic tim a n d a n i n an im ate t a rg et s in ce b oth c a n m eet t h e o ffe n der's p u rp ose . A nd it d efin es a c a pable g u ard ia n in t e rm s o f b oth h um an a cto rs a n d s e cu rit y d evic e s. T h is f o rm ula tio n le d t o t h e o rig in al p ro ble m a n aly sis t ria n gle w it h t h e t h re e s id es r e pre se n tin g t h e o ffe n der, t h e t a rg et, a n d t h e lo ca tio n , o r p la ce ( s e e in ner t ria n gle o f t h e fig u re ). H O ME A UTH O RS F O REW ORD A CKNO W LE DG EM ENTS G LO SSARY F ore ig n L an guag e T ra n sla tio ns B y d ir e ctin g a tte n tio n t o t h e t h re e m ajo r c o m pon en ts o f a n y p ro ble m , t h e i n ner t ria n gle h elp s t o e n su re t h at y ou r a n aly sis c o vers a ll t h re e. P olic e a re u se d t o t h in kin g a bou t a p ro ble m in t e rm s o f t h e o ffe n ders in volv ed in deed, t h e u su al fo cu s is a lm ost e xclu siv ely o n h ow t o id en tif y a n d a rre st t h em . B ut P O P r e qu ir e s t h at y ou e xplo re a b ro ader r a n ge o f fa cto rs a n d t h is r e qu ir e s i n fo rm atio n a bou t t h e v ic tim s a n d t h e p la ce s in volv ed.
T h e la te st fo rm ula tio n o f t h e p ro ble m a n aly sis t ria n gle a dds a n o u te r t ria n gle o f " co n tro lle rs " fo r e ach o f t h e t h re e o rig in al e le m en ts ( s e e fig u re ): F or t h e t a rg et/ vic tim , t h is i s t h e c a pable g uard ia n o f t h e o rig in al f o rm ula tio n o f r o u tin e a ctiv ity t h eory u su ally p eop le p ro te ctin g t h em se lv es, t h eir o w n b elo n gin gs o r t h ose o f f a m ily m em bers, f r ie n ds, a n d c o w ork ers. G uard ia n s a ls o i n clu de p ubli c p oli c e a n d p riv ate s e cu rity .
F or t h e o ffe n der, t h is i s t h e h andle r , s o m eon e w ho k n ow s t h e o ffe n der w ell a n d w ho i s i n a p ositio n t o e xert s o m e c o n tr o l o ver h is o r h er a ctio n s. H an dle rs i n clu de p are n ts , s ib li n gs, t e ach ers, f r ie n ds a n d s p ou se s. P ro b atio n a n d p aro le a u th oritie s o fte n a u gm en t o r s u bstitu te f o r n orm al h an dle rs.
F or t h e p la ce , t h e c o n tr o lle r i s t h e m anager , t h e o w ner o r d esig n ee w ho h as s o m e r e sp on sib ili ty f o r c o n tr o lli n g b eh avio r i n t h e s p ecific lo ca tio n s u ch a s a b us d riv er o r t e ach er i n a s ch ool, b ar o w ners i n d rin kin g e sta b li s h m en ts , la n dlo rd s i n r e n ta l h ou sin g, o r f li g h t a tte n dan ts o n c o m mercia l a ir li n ers. P ro ble m A naly sis T ria ngle T h e p ro ble m a n aly sis t ria n gle is t h e b asis fo r a n oth er u se fu l a n aly tic t o ol a c la ssif ic a tio n o f t h e t h re e m ain k in ds o f p ro ble m s t h at c o n fr o n t p olic e a n d a t h eory a bou t h ow t h ese p ro ble m s a ris e . J o h n E ck a n d W illia m S pelm an h ave p ro pose d c la ssif y in g s u ch p ro ble m s a s " w olf ," " d u ck " a n d " d en " p ro ble m s:
1 . R ep eat o ffe n din g p ro b le m s i n volv e o ffe n ders a tta ck in g d iffe re n t t a rg ets a t d iffe re n t p la ce s. T hese a re r a ven ou s W OLF p ro b le m s. A n a rm ed r o b ber w ho a tta ck s a s e rie s o f d iffe re n t b an ks i s a n e xam ple o f a p ure w olf p ro b le m . W olf p ro b le m s o ccu r w hen o ffe n ders a re a b le t o lo ca te t e m pora rily v u ln era b le t a rg ets a n d p la ce s. T he c o n tr o lle rs f o r t h ese t a rg ets a n d p la ce s m ay a ct t o p re ven t f u tu re a tta ck s, b ut t h e o ffe n ders m ove o n t o o th er t a rg ets a n d p la ce s. I t i s t h e la ck o f c o n tr o l b y h an dle rs t h at f a cili ta te s w olf p ro b le m s. 2 . R ep eat v ic tim iz a tio n p ro b le m s i n volv e v ic tim s r e p eate d ly a tta ck ed b y d iffe re n t o ffe n ders. T hese a re s ittin g D UCK p ro b le m s. T axi d riv ers r e p eate d ly r o b bed i n d iffe re n t lo ca tio n s b y d iffe re n t p eop le i s a n e xam ple o f a p ure d uck p ro b le m . D uck p ro b le m s o ccu r w hen v ic tim s c o n tin ually i n te ra ct w ith p ote n tia l o ffe n ders a t d iffe re n t p la ce s, b ut t h e v ic tim s d o n ot i n cre ase t h eir p re ca u tio n ary m easu re s a n d t h eir g u ard ia n s a re e ith er a b se n t o r i n effe ctiv e. 3 . R ep eat lo ca tio n p ro b le m s i n volv e d iffe re n t o ffe n ders a n d d iffe re n t t a rg ets i n te ra ctin g a t t h e s a m e p la ce . T hese a re D EN o f i n iq uity p ro b le m s. A d rin kin g e sta b li s h m en t t h at h as m an y f ig h ts , b ut a lw ays a m on g d iffe re n t p eop le , i s a n e xam ple o f a p ure d en p ro b le m . D en p ro b le m s o ccu r w hen n ew p ote n tia l o ffe n ders a n d n ew p ote n tia l t a rg ets e n co u nte r e ach o th er i n a p la ce w here m an agem en t i s i n effe ctiv e. T he s e ttin g c o n tin ues t o f a cili ta te t h e p ro b le m e ven ts . N ote t h at p u re w olf , d u ck , a n d d en p ro ble m s a re r a re . M ost p ro ble m s in volv e a m ix tu re . T h e q u estio n is , w hic h is m ost d om in an t in a g iv en p ro ble m :
w olv es, d u ck s, o r d en s?
W hen c rim e is o ccu rrin g, a ll in ner e le m en ts o f t h e t ria n gle m ust b e p re se n t a n d a ll o u te r e le m en ts w eak o r a bse n t. I f p ote n tia l o ffe n ders a re c o n sta n tly p re se n t, fo r e xam ple , b u t c rim es o ccu r o n ly w hen g u ard ia n s a re a bse n t, t h en r e sch edu lin g g u ard ia n s m ig h t b e a u se fu l s o lu tio n . A sk y ou rs e lf , " W hat d oes t h e p ro ble m a n aly sis t ria n gle lo ok lik e b efo re , d u rin g, a n d a ft e r c rim es? " U nders ta n din g h ow p ro ble m s a re c re ate d b y o pportu nit ie s w ill h elp y ou t h in k a bou t w hat m ig h t b e d on e t o : p re ven t o ffe n ders fr o m r e offe n din g b y m akin g b ette r u se o f h an dle rs ; h elp v ic tim s r e du ce t h eir p ro babilit ie s o f b ein g S tu dy E nvir o nm enta l C rim in olo gy » S te p 8 t a rg ets ; a n d t o c h an ge p la ce s w here p ro ble m s o ccu r, b e t h ese s ch ools , t a vern s, o r p ark in g lo ts . I n s h ort, r ig h t fr o m t h e b egin nin g, it h elp s y ou t o f o cu s d ata c o lle ctio n o n t h ose s ix a sp ects m ost lik ely t o le ad t o p ra ctic a l s o lu tio n s. W hat is C rim e S cie nce ? T ra dit io nal c rim in olo gy s e eks to im pro ve u nders ta ndin g o f th e p sych olo gic a l a nd s o cia l fo rc e s t h at c a use p eople to b eco m e c rim in als in th e h ope o f fin din g w ays to c h ange th ese c a use s.
C rim e s cie nce ta ke s a r a dic a lly d if f e re nt a ppro ach . It fo cu se s n ot o n th e r e aso ns w hy c rim in als a re b orn o r m ade, b ut o n th e a ct o f c o m mit tin g c rim e. It s e eks w ays to r e duce th e o pportu nit ie s a nd te m pta tio ns fo r c rim e a nd in cre ase th e r is ks o f d ete ctio n. In d oin g s o , it s e eks c o ntr ib utio ns f r o m a w id e r a nge o f d is cip lin es, in clu din g p sych olo gy, g eogra phy, m edic in e, to w n p la nnin g, a nd a rc h it e ctu re . C rim e s cie nce e xp lic it ly s e eks to b e ju dged b y th e e xte nt to w hic h it h elp s to r e duce c rim e o n o ur s tr e ets , a nd in o ur h om es a nd b usin esse s.
S ourc e : J ill D ando In stit u te fo r C rim e S cie nce . ( 2 004). w ww.jd i. u cl. a c.u k H om e A uth ors F ore w ord A ck now le dgem ents G lo ssa ry © 2017 C en te r fo r P ro b le m O rie n te d P olic in g