PowerPoint Presentation Psychology
RUNNING HEAD: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Annotated Bibliographies
Psych 665/Integrative Capstone: Psychology Past and Present
University of Phoenix
Professor
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Campa, A., Sales Martinez, S., & Baum, M. (2017). Drug Addiction, Relapse and Recovery.
Journal of Drug Abuse, 03(01). doi:10.21767/2471-853x.100042.
This article gives us a perspective to the extent in which illegality of drug abuse has made it difficult to ascertain the extent to which drug abuse has affected individuals and communities is raised. Drug use has affected populations and specifically the youths to a great extent, more than we could imagine. Based on statistics from the Centers of disease control, 10.2% of US population is involved in illegal drug use, youth involved at 22%. There has been an increase in death rates as a result of drug abuse. Some of the leading drugs abused included opioid and heroin. The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities estimates that there are more than 2.8 million people with drug abuse disorders who use the Obama Care. In this article, the other Issues that have come up when attempting to correct this problem. Whereas there have been milestones made such as the use of Methadone as treatment for opioid addiction, there has been concerns in America of HIV transmissions due to exchange of needles among illicit drug users. Abstinence and prevention programs has been the new roadmap on the effort to reduce the drug abuse problem.
Chakravarthy, Bharath; Shah, Shyam; & Lotfipour, Shahram. (2013). Adolescent drug abuse –
Awareness & prevention. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 137(6), 1021 - 1023.
UC Irvine: Institute for Clinical and Translational Science. pmcid:3734705. Retrieved from:
http://escholarship.org/uc/item/96w025m7
This article by Chakravarthy et al gives a perspective to the extent that drug abuse has affected the world. It explains that may adults have become victims to illicit drug abuse and that this problem however dates back to their younger days as adolescents. Many adults learnt to abuse drugs while they were adolescents. A lot of funds have been spent on treatment of drug addictions. Drug abuse creates not only a burden to society but also has been one of the highest causes of deaths. These deaths have been caused directly by an overdose of drugs such as heroin and cocaine and also due to accidents that occur when people are under the influence of these drugs. Also the effects that these drugs have had on adolescents cannot be underestimated. Drug abuse has been the cause of problems among youth such as school dropout, depression and teenage pregnancy. However, the problem of substance abuse can be addressed by reducing the risk factors and enhancing protective factors through prevention programs. There are several factors that may initiate an adolescent into drug abuse such as the socio-economic status, peer group influence, quality of parenting, and biological/inherent predisposition towards drug abuse. This problem needs to be addressed early enough before that habit graduates into adulthood. The general framework used in this article is based on research presented by the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA).
Beynon, C. M. (2009). Drug use and ageing: older people do take drugs! Age and Ageing, 38(1),
8-10. doi:10.1093/ageing/afn251
According to this research, the number of older people that is above the age of fifty engaging in drug abuse has increased in the United States of America and in Europe. It may seem that only the young take drugs but the truth is far from that in that now older people are involved. This is because of the fact that the general populations in this continent are aging. This is one of the reasons explained and has been supported by statistical evidence. The truth however is that many young people and adults abuse drugs and they continue as they age. Therefore, it may seem that older people are engaging more than ever in drug abuse. The other reason that explains the increase in old people abusing drugs is that over the last 30 years there has been effective treatment and harm minimization and general advancements in medicine that has seen the life expectancy of drug abusers increase. This research recommended that age-appropriate screening and diagnostic tools need to be developed and treatment programs accustomed to dealing with young drug users must adapt to meet the needs of their older counterparts.
Kuerbis, A., Moore, A. A., Sacco, P., & Zanjani, F. (2016). Future Directions for Aging and
Alcohol. Alcohol and Aging, 261-274. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-47233-1_17
This article states that there are an increasing number of old people abusing drugs more than the other decades, basically, because attitudes of earlier generations were reserved in terms of substance abuse. Therefore, there needs to be effective and efficient treatments for people of old age (OA). In regard to the future there needs to be advancements in policy, research, and practice initiatives in the area of alcohol and aging. Alcohol remains the most used substance among OA. Illicit drug use is more common in America more than any other part of the world. With population aging, the health care systems need to prepare to address the problems of OA. Misuse of prescription among OA is prevalent. Therefore, the number of people needing substance abuse treatment (SAT) is expected to continue increasing. Despite this increase, the research sector has not caught up, it is daunting. This is one of the major holdbacks in SAT. The belief that older people do not abuse drugs, has held back the field of SAT in OA. It has also made OA who have drug related ailments, shy away from seeking medical assistance. OA have also been excluded from landmark SAT studies, such as Project MATCH. Based on literature reviews, OA treatment seekers are heterogeneous, with generally lower severity of alcohol problems than younger cohorts, even at the same levels of alcohol dependence. Based on this reviews, only two studies directly compared mixed-age and age-specific treatments, while both utilizing samples from a veteran population. The results showed significant differences between the two program types on outcomes, those involved in the age-specific program were more likely to stay in and finish the treatments. While the rates of relapse were similar to both groups, the age-specific participants were more supposed to have successfully treated relapses.
Shi, J., Li, S., Zhang, X., Wang, X., Foll, B. L., Zhang, X., … Lu, L. (2009). Time-Dependent
Neuroendocrine Alterations and Drug Craving during the First Month of Abstinence in
Heroin Addicts. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 35(5), 267-272.
doi:10.1080/00952990902933878
This study examines the problem of drug relapse among people practicing drug abstinence when subjected to drug related cues. This study seeks to find out whether drug cues affected decision making and craving in different heroin addicts in different time periods of abstinence. 75 male participants were given 5 minutes of exposure to drug-associated cues while decision making performance, blood pressure, heart rate, craving and emotional state pre- and post-exposure were assessed. Based on the results of this research, drug related cues had an impact on the decisions and craving of the drug addicts. These people experienced rapid heart rates, increased blood pressure and portrayed an overall change in their emotions. Therefore, the drug related cues altered the decisions making process and cravings of heroin addicts at different stages of recovery.
