HISTORY FINAL 50 questions

HIST 100
STUDY GUIDE FOR FINAL (Chapters 7-15)

• -  Know about Washington and the Whiskey Rebellion. (Chapter 8)’

What stands out significantly about president George Washington’s role in the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 was his actual role in accompanying the 13,000 militiamen to the site of the disturbances in Pennsylvania. Although he did accompany his men clear to the frontlines, Washington did part of the way, making him the only president to ever command an army in the field. (Part I)

• -  Know about Jefferson’s greatest real estate deal. (Chapter 8)

Jefferson’s “great real estate deal” was the Louisiana Purchase. For $15 million (roughly $250 million today), Jefferson doubled the size of the country and ended the French presence in North America. (Part II)

• -  Who were the two explorers sent out on an expedition to the new territory

acquired through the Louisiana Purchase? (Chapter 8)

Within a year of the purchase, Jefferson dispatched an expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, two Virginia-born veterans of Indian wars in the Ohio Valley, to explore the new territory.

Their objects were both scientific and commercial—to study the area’s plants, animal life, and geography, and to discover how the region could be exploited economically. (Part II)

• -  The message of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa. (Chapter 8)

The period from 1800 to 1812 was an “age of prophecy” among the Indians, as many tribal leaders sought to revitalize Indian life.

A militant message was expounded by two Shawnee brothers—Tecumseh, a chief who had refused to sign the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, and Tenskwatawa, a religious prophet. They called for complete separation from whites, the revival of traditional Indian culture and the resistance to federal policies.

Tecumseh meanwhile traversed the Mississippi Valley, pressing the argument that the alternative to Indian resistance was extermination.

In 1810, Tecumseh called for attacks on American frontier settlements.

In November 1811, while he was absent, American forces under William Henry Harrison destroyed Prophetstown in the Battle of Tippecanoe. (Part II)

• -  First time the United States declared war on another country. (Chapter 8)

The first time the United States declared war on another country was the War of 1812, and it was approved by the smallest margin of any declaration of war in American history. (Part II)

• -  Francis Scott Key and Fort McHenry. (Chapter 8)

Francis Scott Key composed the poem that became the basis for our national anthem “The Star- Spangled Banner” during the assault on Fort McHenry in the War of 1812. (Part II)

• -  First written constitution of the United States. (Chapter 7)

The first written constitution of the United States was the Articles of Confederation. (Part I)

• -  What compromise was reached in deciding representation at the federal level? (Chapter 7)

Madison presented what came to be called the Virginia Plan. It proposed the creation of a two- house legislature with a state’s population determining its representation in each.

Smaller states, fearing that populous Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania would dominate the new government, rallied behind the New Jersey Plan. This called for a single-house Congress in which each state cast one vote, as under the Articles of Confederation.

In the end, a compromise was reached—a two-house Congress. The Senate in which each state had two members. The House of Representatives apportioned according to population. (Part I)

• -  Was the Bill of Rights part of the original Constitution? (Chapter 7)

The series of amendments that became the basis for the Bill of Rights were actually not part of the original Constitution. They were presented to Congress after the original draft of the Constitution was ratified. They were proposed by James by Madison and ratified by the states in 1791. (Part II)

• -  What four innovations wrenched America out of its economic past? (Chapter 9)

The four inventions that wrenched America out its economic past were the steamboat, canal, railroad and telegraph. (Part I)

• -  Who invented the cotton gin? (Chapter 9)

The inventor of the cotton gin was Eli Whitney. (Part I)

• -  By 1820, how many pounds of cotton was the United States producing?

(Chapter 9)

The United States went from producing 5 million pounds of cotton in 1793 (before the invention of the cotton gin) to 170 million pounds by 1820. (Part I)

• -  Why did the birth rate rapidly decline in the nineteenth century? (Chapter 9)

This rapid decline during the nineteenth century (from an average of seven children per woman in 1800 to four in 1900) cannot be explained except by the conscious decision of millions of women to limit the number of children they bore. (Part II)

• -  By 1840, what made newspaper circulation in the United States significant in comparison to that of Europe? (Chapter 10)

By 1840, according to one estimate, the total weekly circulation of newspapers in the United States, whose population was 17 million, exceeded that of Europe, with 233 million people.

• -  Identify forms of early scientific racism. (Chapter 10)

The somewhat tentative thinking of the revolutionary era about the status of non-whites flowered into an elaborate ideology of racial superiority and inferiority, complete with “scientific” underpinnings.

Scientific racism – phrenology (study of the bumps on a person’s skull), craniology (shape of a person’s skull), morphology (overall shape of your body) used to determine intelligence/capacity for reason

• -  Identify the three pillars of the American system (Chapter 10)

In his annual message (now known as the State of the Union address) to Congress in December 1815, President James Madison put forward a blueprint for government-promoted economic development that came to be known as the American System, a label coined by Henry Clay.

The plan rested on three pillars: a new national bank, a tariff on imported manufactured goods to protect American industry, and federal financing of improved roads and canals.

• -  What was the Missouri Compromise? (Chapter 10)

In 1819, Congress considered a request from Missouri, an area carved out of the Louisiana Purchase, to draft a constitution in preparation for admission to the Union as a state.

Missouri’s slave population already exceeded 10,000.

James Tallmadge, a Republican congressman from New York, moved that the introduction of further slaves be prohibited and that children of those already in Missouri be freed at age twenty- five. Tallmadge’s proposal sparked two years of controversy, during which Republican unity shattered along sectional lines.

His restriction passed the House, where most northern congressmen supported it over the objections of southern representatives.

Missouri would be authorized to draft a constitution without Tallmadge’s restriction.

Maine, which prohibited slavery, would be admitted to the Union to maintain the sectional balance between free and slave states.

Slavery would be prohibited in all remaining territory within the Louisiana Purchase north of latitude 36°30' (Missouri’s southern boundary).

Congress adopted Thomas’s plan as the Missouri Compromise.

• -  What was Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet? (Chapter 10)

Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet—an informal group of advisers who helped to write his speeches and supervise communication between the White House and local party officials—mostly consisted of newspaper editors.

• -  What was nullification? (Chapter 10)

The tariff of 1828, which raised taxes on imported manufactured goods made of wool as well as on raw materials such as iron, had aroused considerable opposition in the South, nowhere more than in South Carolina, where it was called the “tariff of abominations.”

The state’s leaders believed that it was no longer possible or desirable to compete with the North in industrial development. It was seen as raising the price of imported goods sold to southerners simply to benefit to the North prompted action by the state. The state threatened to “nullify” the tariff – that is, to effectively declare the tariff it null and void at the state level

As the state with the largest proportion of slaves in its population (55 percent in 1830), South Carolina was controlled by a tightly knit group of large planters. They maintained their grip on power by a state constitution that gave plantation counties far greater representation in the legislature than their population warranted, as well as through high property qualifications for officeholders.

Behind their economic complaints against the tariff lay the conviction that the federal government must be weakened lest it one day take action against slavery. (Part II)

• -  Know about the Indian Removal Act of 1830. (Chapter 10)

The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was one of the early laws of Jackson’s administration.

It provided funds for uprooting the so-called Five Civilized Tribes—the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole—with a population of around 60,000 living in North Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi.

This law marked a turning point in the evolution of the Jeffersonian idea that “civilized” Indians could be assimilated into the American population.

• -  What president won on the “log-cabin” candidate platform? (Chapter 10)

The president to win on the “log-cabin” candidate platform – the common man’s president – was William Henry Harrison.

• -  Who was Frederick Douglass? (Chapter 11)

Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in 1818. He became a major figure in the crusade for abolition, the drama of emancipation, and the effort during Reconstruction to give meaning to black freedom.

He was the son of a slave mother and an unidentified white man, possibly his owner. As a youth in Maryland, he gazed out at the ships in Chesapeake Bay, seeing them as “freedom’s swift-winged angels.” In violation of Maryland law, Douglass learned to read and write, initially with the assistance of his owner’s wife and then, after her husband forbade her to continue, with the help of local white children.

In 1838, having borrowed the free papers of a black sailor, he escaped to the North.

He also published a widely read autobiography that offered an eloquent condemnation of slavery and racism.

Douglass was also active in other reform movements, including the campaign for women’s rights. (Part I)

• -  How many slaves were sold between 1820 and 1860? (Chapter 11)

There were more than 2 million slaves were sold between 1820 and 1860. (Part I)

• -  Locations of slave auctions. (Chapter 11)

Auctions of slaves took place at public slave markets, as in New Orleans, or at courthouses. (Part I)

• -  Did Northern merchants benefit from slavery? (Chapter 11)

Northern merchants and manufacturers participated in the slave economy and shared in its profits. (Part I)

• -  Largest city in the Cotton Kingdom. (Chapter 11)

The largest city in the Cotton Kingdom was New Orleans, Louisiana, with a 168,000 in 1860. (Part I)

• -  Did the majority of southerners own slaves? (Chapter 11)

The majority of white southerners – three out of four white families – owned no slaves. (Part I)

• -  Number of families that owned a hundred or more slaves. (Chapter 11)

Fewer than 2,000 families owned a hundred or more slaves. (Part I)

• -  Was it ever against the law to teach a slave to read and write? (Chapter 11)

By the 1830s, it was against the law to teach a slave to read or write. (Part I)

• -  Who was Denmark Vesey? (Chapter 11)

Another slave rebellion was organized in 1822 by Denmark Vesey, a slave carpenter in Charleston, South Carolina. He had purchased his freedom after winning a local lottery

Vesey was fond of quoting the Declaration of Independence, poured over newspaper reports of the debates in Congress regarding the Missouri Compromise and making pronouncements like “all men had equal rights, blacks as well as whites.”

The African heritage was present in the person of Vesey’s lieutenant Gullah Jack, a religious “conjurer” from Angola who claimed to be able to protect the rebels against injury or death. The plot was discovered before it could reach fruition. (Part II)

• -  Nat Turner’s Rebellion. (Chapter 11)

Nat Turner’s Rebellion is probably one of the most well-known slave rebellion in the United States. It was organized by Nat Turner, a slave preacher and religious mystic in Southampton County, Virginia
He came to believe that God had chosen him to lead a black uprising. He told of seeing black and white angels fighting in the sky and the heavens running red with blood.

Turner initially chose July 4, 1831, for his rebellion; however, It did not come to fruition on that day as he fell ill.

On August 22, he and a handful of followers marched from farm to farm assaulting the white inhabitants. By the time the militia put down the uprising, about eighty slaves had joined Turner’s band, and some sixty whites had been killed.

Turner was subsequently captured and, with seventeen other rebels, condemned to die: “Was not Christ crucified?”

The Nat Turner Rebellion set off a wave of slave-rebellion panic. In this hysteria, hundreds of innocent slaves were whipped, and scores executed.

A proposal to commit the state to gradual emancipation and the removal of the black population from the state failed to win legislative approval. The measure gained overwhelming support in the western part of Virginia, where slaves represented less than 10 percent of the population, but it failed to win sufficient votes in the eastern counties, where slavery was centered.

Instead of moving toward emancipation, the Virginia legislature of 1832 decided to fasten even more tightly the chains of bondage. New laws prohibited blacks, free or slave, from acting as preachers (s measure that proved impossible to enforce), strengthened the militia and patrol systems, banned free blacks from owning firearms and prohibited teaching slaves to read. Other southern states followed suit.

In that year, Parliament launched a program for abolishing slavery throughout the British empire. The process was completed in 1838, underscoring the South’s growing isolation in the Western world.

Some states made membership in an abolitionist society a criminal offense, while mobs drove critics of slavery from their homes. The South’s “great reaction” produced one of the most thoroughgoing suppressions of freedom of speech in American history. (Part II)

• -  Know about Oneida.

o What was “complex marriage”? (Chapter 12)
Complex marriage was a relationship whereby any man could propose sexual relations to

any woman, who had the right to reject or accept his invitation, which would then be registered in a public record book.

The great danger of these relationships were “exclusive affections,” which, John Humphrey Noyes felt, destroyed the harmony of the community. (Part I)

• -  What was Temperance? (Chapter 12)

Temperance (which literally means moderation in the consumption of liquor) was transformed into a crusade to eliminate drinking entirely. (Part I)

• -  The modern idea that human rights took precedence over national

sovereignty. (Chapter 12)

Abolitionists also pioneered the modern idea that human rights took precedence over national sovereignty. (Part I)

• -  Who wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin? (Chapter 12)

Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which was serialized in a Washington antislavery magazine in 1851 and then published as a book in1852. (Part II)

• -  The first to apply the abolitionist doctrine of universal freedom and equality

to the status of women. (Chapter 12)

The Grimkés were the first to apply the abolitionist doctrine of universal freedom and equality to the status of women. (Part II)

• -  The significance of the Seneca Falls Convention. (Chapter 12)

The Seneca Falls Convention was a gathering on behalf of women’s rights. It was held in the upstate New York town where Stanton lived.

It was here that the issue of woman’s suffrage was raised for the first time.

The Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments also comes out of this convention. It was based on the Declaration of Independence. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was the principal author. (Part II)

• -  Know about the Texas Revolt. (Chapter 13)

The first part of Mexico to be settled by significant numbers of Americans was Texas, whose non- Indian population of Spanish origin (called Tejanos) numbered only about 2,000 when Mixico became independent. In order to develop the region, the Spanish government had accepted an offer by Moses Austin, a Connecticut-born farmer, to colonize it with Americans. In 1820, Austin received a large land grant. He died soon afterward and his son Stephen continued the plan, now in independent Mexico, reselling land in smaller plots to American settlers at twelve cents per acre.

Alarmed that its grip on the area was weakening, the Mexican government in 1830 annulled existing land contracts and barred future emigration from the United States. Led by Stephen Austin, American settlers demanded greater autonomy within Mexico. Part of the area’s tiny Tejano elite joined them. Mostly ranchers and large farmers, they had welcomed the economic boom that had accompanied the settlers and had formed economic alliances with American traders. The issue of slavery further exacerbated matters.

When Mexico’s ruler, General Antonio López de Santa Anna, sent an army in 1835 to impose central authority, a local committee charged that his purpose was “to give liberty to our slaves and make slaves of ourselves.”

The appearance of Santa Anna’s army sparked the chaotic Texas revolt. The rebels formed a provisional government that soon called for Texan independence.

On March 6, 1836, Santa Anna’s army stormed the Alamo, a mission compound in San Antonio, killing its 187 American and Tejano defenders. “Remember the Alamo” became the Texans rallying cry. In April, forces under Sam Houston, a former governor of Tennessee, routed Santa Anna’s army at the Battle of San Jacinto and forced him to recognize Texan independence. Houston was soon elected the first president of the Republic of Texas. In 1837, the Texas Congress called for union with the United States. (Part I)

• -  How many volunteers enlisted to fight in the Mexican War? (Chapter 13)

More than 60,000 volunteers enlisted to fight in the Mexican War. (Part I)

• -  How were the California Indians doing by population by 1860? (Chapter 13)

By 1860, California’s Indian population, nearly 150,000 when the Mexican War ended, had been reduced to around 30,000. (Part I)

• -  Name of the commodore who demands the Japanese negotiate a trade treaty

with him in 1853 and 1854. (Chapter 13)

The name of the commodore who demanded the Japanese negotiate a trade treaty with him in 1853 and 1854 was Commodore Matthew Perry. (Part II)

• -  Was California admitted to the Union as a free or a slave state in 1850? (Chapter 13)

California was admitted to Union as a free state in 1850. (Part II)

• -  What was the Compromise of 1850? (Chapter 13)

Senator Henry Clay offered a plan with four main provisions that came to be known as the Compromise of 1850.

The four provisions were, as follows: !) California would enter the Union as a free state; 2) the slave trade, but not slavery itself, would be abolished in the nation’s capital; 3) a stringent new law would allow southerners to reclaim runaway slaves; and 4) the status of slavery in the remaining territories acquired from Mexico would be left to the decision of the local white inhabitants. (Part I)

• -  What was “Bleeding Kansas”? (Chapter 13)

When Kansas held elections in 1854 and 1855, hundreds of proslavery Missourians crossed the border to cast fraudulent ballots. President Franklin Pierce recognized the legitimacy of the resulting proslavery legislature and replaced the territorial governor, Andrew H. Reeder of Pennsylvania, when he dissented.

Settlers from free states soon established a rival government, and a sporadic civil war broke out in

Kansas in which some 200 persons eventually lost their lives. In one incident, in May 1856, proslavery mob attacked the free-soil stronghold of Lawrence, burning public buildings and pillaging private homes.

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“Bleeding Kansas,” as these attacks became known, seemed to discredit Douglas’s policy of leaving the decision on slavery up to the local population, thus aiding the Republicans. (Part I)

- Know about the Dred Scott decision. (Chapter 13)

Dred Scott v. Sandford

During the 1830s, Dred Scott, a slave, had accompanied his owner, Dr. John Emerson of Missouri, to Illinois, where slavery had been prohibited by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and by state law, and to Wisconsin Territory, where it was barred by the Missouri Compromise. After returning to Missouri, Scott sued for his freedom, claiming that residence on free soil had made him free.

The Dred Scott decision, was announced in March 1857, two days after Buchanan’s inauguration. The justices addressed three questions. Could a black person be a citizen and therefore sue in federal court? Did residence in a free state make Scott free? Did Congress possess the power to prohibit slavery in a territory?

The nation’s founders, Taney insisted, believed that blacks “had no rights which the white man was bound to respect.” Descended from different ancestors and lacking a history of freedom, blacks, he continued, could never be part of the nation’s “political family.” As for his residence in Wisconsin, Congress possessed no power under the Constitution to bar slavery from a territory.

Perhaps the person least directly affected by the Dred Scott decision was the plaintiff himself, for a new master immediately emancipated Scott and his family. (Part I)

• -  Who was Abraham Lincoln? (Chapter 13)

Abraham Lincoln, then little known outside of Illinois.

He was born into a modest farm family in Kentucky in 1809. Lincoln had moved as a youth to frontier Indiana and then Illinois. Although he began running for public office at the age of twenty-one, until the mid-1850s his career hardly seemed destined for greatness. He had served four terms as a Whig in the state legislature and one in Congress from 1847 to 1849.

Lincoln reentered politics in 1854 as a result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. He once said that he “hated slavery as much as any abolitionist.”

He is elected president in 1860. (Part I)

• -  Who was John Brown? (Chapter 13)

An armed assault by the abolitionist John Brown on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, further heightened sectional tensions.

John Brown had a long career of involvement in antislavery activities. In the 1830s and 1840s, he had befriended fugitive slaves and, although chronically in debt, helped to finance antislavery publications.

Brown was a deeply religious man. But his God was not the forgiving Jesus of the revivals, who encouraged men to save themselves through conversion, but the vengeful Father of the Old Testament.

During the civil war in Kansas, Brown traveled to the territory. In May 1856, after the attack on Lawrence, he and a few followers murdered five proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek. For the next two years, he traveled through the North and Canada, raising funds and enlisting followers for a war against slavery. (Part I)

• -  What happened at Harpers Ferry, Virginia? (Chapter 13)

On October 16, 1859, with twenty-one men, five of them black, Brown seized Harpers Ferry. Militarily, the plan made little sense. Brown’s band was soon surrounded and killed or captured by a detachment of federal soldiers headed by Colonel Robert E. Lee. Placed on trial for treason to the state of Virginia, Brown conducted himself with dignity and courage, winning admiration from

millions of northerners who disapproved of his violent deeds. When Virginia’s governor, Henry A. Wise, spurned pleas for clemency and ordered Brown executed, he turned Brown into a martyr to much of the North.

Henry David Thoreau pronounced him “a crucified hero.” Since Brown’s death, radicals of both the left and right have revered Brown as a man willing to take action against an institution he considered immoral. Black leaders have long hailed him as a rare white person willing to sacrifice himself for the cause of racial justice. (Part II)

• -  Who won the election of 1860? (Chapter 13)

Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860. (Part II)

• -  Name the fort that fell to the Confederates on April 12, 1861. (Chapter 13)

Fort Sumter, in Charleston, South Carolina, fell to the Confederate forces on April 12, 1861.

• -  Name of the ironclads that revolutionized naval warfare. (Chapter 14)

The names of the ironclads that revolutionized naval warfare are the Merrimack and the Monitor. (Part I)

• -  Name of infamous prisoner-of war camp where 13,000 Union soldiers died.

(Chapter 14)

The name of the infamous prisoner-of-war camp where 13,000 Union soldiers died was Andersonville. (Part I)

• -  Name the commander of the Southern forces. (Chapter 14)

The commander of the Southern forces was Robert E. Lee. (Part I)

• -  Name the architect of the Union’s successes on the West – and future

President. (Chapter 14)

The architect of the Union’s successes on the West – and future President – was Ulysses S. Grant. (Part I)

• -  What were escaping slaves known as during the Civil War? (Chapter 14)

During the early part of the Civil War, escaping slaves were known as “the contrabands” as the federal government had not formally made emancipation part of the initial war effort. (Part I)

• -  What was the Emancipation Proclamation? (Chapter 14)

During the summer of 1862, Lincoln concluded that emancipation had become a political and military necessity.

Many factors contributed to his decision—lack of military success, hope that emancipated slaves might help meet the army’s growing manpower needs, changing northern public opinion, and the calculation that making slavery a target of the war effort would counteract sentiment in Britain for recognition of the Confederacy.

But on the advice of Secretary of State William H. Seward, Lincoln delayed his announcement until after a Union victory, lest it seem an act of desperation.

On September 22, 1862, five days after McClellan’s army forced Lee to retreat at Antietam, Lincoln issued the Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.

It warned that unless the South laid down its arms by the end of 1862, he would decree abolition.

In his annual message to Congress, early in December, Lincoln tried to calm northerners’ racial fears, reviving the ideas of gradual emancipation and colonization.

On January 1, 1863, after greeting visitors at the annual White House New Year’s reception, Lincoln retired to his study to sign the Emancipation Proclamation.

The document did not liberate all the slaves—indeed, on the day it was issued, it applied to very few. The Proclamation exempted areas firmly under Union control (where the war, in effect, had already ended). Thus, it did not apply to the loyal border slave states that had never seceded or to areas of the Confederacy occupied by Union soldiers, such as Tennessee and parts of Virginia and Louisiana. But the vast majority of the South’s slaves—more than 3 million men, women, and children—it declared “henceforward shall be free.”

Since most of these slaves were still behind Confederate lines, however, their liberation would have to await Union victories. (Part I)

• -  How were black Union soldiers treated? (Chapter 14)

Within the army, however, black soldiers received treatment that was anything but equal to their white counterparts.

Organized into segregated units under sometimes abusive white officers, they initially received lower pay (ten dollars per month, compared to sixteen dollars for white soldiers).

They were disproportionately assigned to labor rather than combat, and they could not rise to the rank of commissioned officer until the very end of the war.

If captured by Confederate forces, they faced the prospect of sale into slavery or immediate execution.

In a notorious incident in 1864, 200 of 262 black soldiers died when southern troops under the command of Nathan B. Forrest overran Fort Pillow in Tennessee. Some of those who perished had been killed after surrendering.

Thanks in part to black military service many Republicans in the last two years of the war came to believe that emancipation must bring with it equal protection of the laws regardless of race. One of the first acts of the federal government to recognize this principle was the granting of retroactive equal pay to black soldiers early in 1865. (Part II)

• -  When did the idea of a transcontinental railroad first get proposed? (Chapter 14)

The idea for a transcontinental railroad was first proposed in 1846 by Asa Whitney. (Part II)

• -  What was the Sand Creek Massacre? (Chapter 14)

In November 1864, Colorado militiamen attacked a group of around 700 Cheyennes and Arapahos camped along Sand Creek in Colorado. Led by Colonel John Chivington, an abolitionist and a former Methodist minister, the soldiers were bent on punishing Indians responsible for raids on nearby settlements. They failed to locate the hostile Indians, but chose to assault the peaceful encampment with rifles and artillery, killing more than 150 men, women, and children. The incident sparked intensified warfare on the southern plains, as Cheyennes and Arapahos retaliated with attacks of their own. It also helped to inspire a movement for the reform of Indian policies to emphasize peaceful assimilation over military conquest. Congress investigated the massacre and condemned Chivington’s actions. It even promised reparations to the survivors. (Part II)

• -  What were “greenbacks”? (Chapter 14)

“Greenbacks” were paper money printed by the federal government declared to be legal tender— that is, money that must be accepted for nearly all public and private payments and debts. (Part II)

• -  Who was Jefferson Davis? (Chapter 14)

Born in 1808 in Kentucky, within eight months and 100 miles of Lincoln’s birth, Jefferson Davis moved to Mississippi as a youth, attended West Point, and acquired a large plantation. Aloof, stubborn, and humorless, he lacked Lincoln’s common touch and political flexibility.

Although known before the war as the “Cicero of the Senate” for his eloquent speeches, Davis, unlike Lincoln, proved unable to communicate the war’s meaning effectively to ordinary men and women.

• -  What happened at the Battle of Gettysburg? (Chapter 14)

With Union soldiers now under the command of General George G. Meade, the rival forces met at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, on the first three days of July 1863. With 165,000 troops involved, the Battle of Gettysburg remains the largest battle ever fought on the North American continent.

On July 3, Confederate forces, led by Major General George E. Pickett’s crack division, marched across an open field toward Union forces. Withering artillery and rifle fire met the charge, and most of Pickett’s soldiers never reached Union lines. Of the 14,000 men who made the advance— the flower of Lee’s army—fewer than half returned. (Part I)

• -  What was the Sea Islands experiment? (Chapter 14)

The most famous “rehearsal for Reconstruction” took place on the Sea Islands just off the coast of South Carolina. The war was only a few months old when, in

November 1861, the Union navy occupied the islands.

The navy was soon followed by other northerners—army officers, Treasury agents, prospective investors in cotton land, and a group known as Gideon’s Band, which included black and white reformers and teachers committed to uplifting the freed slaves.

Convinced that education was the key to making self-reliant, productive citizens of the former slaves, northern-born teachers like Charlotte Forten, a member of one of Philadelphia’s most prominent black families, and Laura M. Towne, a white native of Pittsburgh, devoted themselves to teaching the freed blacks. Towne, who in 1862 helped to establish Penn school on St. Helena Island, remained there as a teacher until her death in 1901.

When the federal government put land on the islands up for sale, most was acquired not by former slaves but by northern investors bent upon demonstrating the superiority of free wage labor and

turning a tidy profit at the same time. By 1865, the Sea Islands experiment was widely held to be a success. Black families were working for wages, acquiring education, and enjoying better shelter and clothing and a more varied diet than under slavery. But the experiment also bequeathed to postwar Reconstruction the contentious issue of whether landownership should accompany black freedom. (Part II)

• -  Where did Lee surrender? (Chapter 14)

Lee surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, on April 9, 1865. (Part II)

• -  Know when, where and by whom Lincoln was assassinated. (Chapter 14)

On April 14, 1865, while attending a performance at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C., the president was mortally wounded by John Wilkes Booth, one of the nation’s most celebrated actors. Lincoln died the next morning. (Part II)

• -  What was Special Field Order 15? (Chapter 15)

Special Field Order 15 was the first effort to try to establish some sense of normalcy in the Freedmens’ lives. It can be viewed as a predecessor to the measures under by the federal government to reestablish the Union. It set aside the Sea Islands and a large area along the South Carolina and Georgia coasts for the settlement of black families on 40-acre plots of land. It also offered them broken-down mules that the army could no longer use. This is where the phrase “forty acres and a mule” originates from. It was decreed on January 16, 1865.

• -  What was a crop lien? (Chapter 15)

The white yeomen farmer also impacted in South by the war. He fell to vicious cycle of crop lien, which was when a portion of the crop was pledged as collateral to obtain necessary supplies to grow crop, largely cotton. As cotton prices steadily fell, while production continued to increase, it became impossible to ever “catch up” on these crop liens.

• -  Know about the Freedmen’s Bureau. (Chapter 15)

o Greatest achievements and failure.
The greatest achievements of the Freedmen’s Bureau were in healthcare and education. Its single greatest failure was in land reform.

• -  Know about the Black Codes. (Chapter 15)

The Black Codes were laws passed by the new southern governments that attempted to regulate the lives of the former slaves. They granted former slaves certain rights (such as legalized marriage, ownership of property, limited access to the courts), but they also denied them rights as well (including to testify against whites, to serve on juries or in militias, to vote). These codes also declared that those who failed to sign yearly labor contracts could be arrested and hired out to white landowners; essentially, this part amounted to legalized slavery.

• -  What was the Civil Rights Bill? (Chapter 15)

The Civil Rights Bill defines all persons born in the United States as citizens and spelled out rights they were to enjoy without regard to race. Central to the measure is equality before the law

According to the law, no state could deprive any citizen of the right to make contracts, bring lawsuits or enjoy equal protection of one’s person and property. However, the bill made no mention of the right to vote for African-Americans

• -  Know about the Fourteenth Amendment. (Chapter 15)

The Fourteenth Amendment placed into the Constitution the principle of citizenship for all persons born in the United States, and which empowered the federal government to protect the rights of all Americans. It prohibits the states from abridging the “privileges and immunities” of citizens or denying them “equal protection of the law.”

Again, did not grant African-Americans the right to vote. However, it did provide that if a state denied to vote to a group of men, that state’s representation in Congress would be reduced. It was sent to the states, but it was not be ratified until 1868

• -  Know about the Reconstruction Act. (Chapter 15)

The Reconstruction Act temporarily divided the South into five military districts and called for the creation of new state governments with black men given the right to vote. It began the period of Radical Reconstruction (1867-1877).

• -  Know about the Fifteenth Amendment. (Chapter 15)

The Fifteenth Amendment was prompted by the results of 1868 election. It prohibits the federal and state governments from denying any citizens the right to vote because of race. It was ratified in 1870. It opened the door to suffrage restrictions not explicitly based on race, such as literacy tests, property qualifications and poll taxes. It also did not extend the rights to women.

• -  What was Radical Reconstruction? (Chapter 15)

See the Reconstruction Act above.

• -  Know about the Civil Rights Act of 1875. (Chapter 15)

Civil Rights Act of 1875 was the final piece of Reconstruction legislation. It outlawed racial discrimination in places of public accommodation like hotels and theaters.