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5 /5 /2 017 R AC E T H E P O W ER O F A N IL LU SIO N, E pis ode O ne T ra nscrip t h ttp ://n ew sre el.o rg /tr a nscrip ts /r a ce1.h tm 1 /8 O RDER T RACK IN G C O NTACT U S c lo se h om e g o t o R ace T he P ow er o f A n Illu sio n T ra nscrip t R ACE T H E P O W ER O F A N IL LU SIO N E pis o de O ne: T he D if fe re n ce B etw een U s ( 0 1:0 0:5 6) N AR RATO R: T here is n o q uestio n th at in div id ual h um an b ein gs a re d iff e re nt, o ne fr o m th e o th er. O ur e ye s c o nfir m th is d ay in a nd d ay o ut. S kin c o lo r. B ody s h ape. H air fo rm . E ye s h ape. F or s e ve ra l h undre d y e ars w e h ave u se d t h ese v is u al d iff e re nce s to c la ssify p eople i n to fo ur o r fiv e g ro ups w e c a ll r a ce s. P IL A R O SSO RIO , L egal S ch ola r / M ic ro bio lo gis t: W e h ave a n otio n o f r a ce a s b ein g d iv is io ns a m ong p eople th at a re d eep, th at a re e sse ntia l th at a re s o m ehow b io lo gic a l o r e ve n g enetic , a nd th at a re u nch angin g th at t h ese a re c le ar c u t d is tin ct c a te gorie s o f p eople . R IC HAR D L E W ONTIN , E vo lu tio nary G enetic is t: A nd th e b eauty o f th e r a ce b usin ess is th at y o u c a n id entify p eople b y ju st lo okin g a t t h em . Y o u d on't e ve n h ave to lo ok a t th eir g enes b eca use o ne m anife sta tio n o f th eir g enes is th ere n am ely s kin c o lo r o r e ye s h ape o r h air s h ape a nd th en t h at's th e k e y to e ve ry th in g. N AR RATO R: T he id ea o f r a ce a ssu m es th at s im ple e xte rn al d iff e re nce s, r o ote d in b io lo gy, a re lin ke d to o th er, m ore c o m ple x in te rn al d iff e re nce s. L ik e a th le tic a bility . M usic a l a ptitu de. In te llig ence . T his b elie f is b ase d o n th e id ea th at r a ce is b io lo gic a lly r e al. O SSO RIO : A ll o f o ur g enetic s n ow is te llin g u s th at th at's n ot th e c a se . W e c a n't fin d a ny g enetic m ark e rs th at a re in e ve ry b ody o f a p artic u la r r a ce a nd in n obody o f s o m e o th er r a ce . W e c a n't fin d a ny g enetic m ark e rs t h at d efin e r a ce . S C OTT B R ONSO N, D NA W ork sh op L eader: A nd a ctu ally , w hat w e'r e g oin g to g enera te a re b illio ns o f c o pie s o f a little s e ctio n o f y o ur, o f y o ur g enetic c o de. N AR RATO R: T hese s tu dents a re g ath erin g fo r a D NA w ork sh op le d b y C old S prin g H arb or L abs te ach er, S co tt B ro nso n. M arc u s, G org eous, J a ckie , N oah, H annah, J a m il a nd th eir fe llo w s tu dents a re a bout to e xp lo re th e b io lo gy o f h um an v a ria tio n. B R ONSO N: B ut th ere 's a noth er ty p e o f D NA. D oes a nyo ne k n ow w hat th at t y p e o f D NA is ? S TU DEN T ( o ff c a m era ): M ito ch ondria l?

B R ONSO N: M ito ch ondria l D NA...v e ry g ood.

N AR RATO R: T hey w ill c o m pare th eir s kin c o lo rs . T hey w ill ty p e th eir b lo od. A nd th ey w ill s w ab c e lls fr o m in sid e th eir m outh s to e xtr a ct a s m all p ortio n o f th eir o w n D NA. O nce th e s a m ple is r e ady, th ey w ill c o m pare s o m e o f t h eir g enetic s im ila ritie s a nd d iff e re nce s. T he s tu dents b egin th e w ork sh op w ith th e s a m e a ssu m ptio ns m ost o f u s h ave . B R ONSO N: A s y o u b egin to lo ok a t th e d ata , y o u m ig ht w ant to k e ep in y o ur m in d, w ho y o u th in k y o u m ig ht b e m ost s im ila r to a nd w ho y o u th in k y o u m ig ht b e m ost d iff e re nt to . N OAH : I th in k I p ro bably h ave th e m ost s im ila ritie s w ith , u h, M r. B ro nso n o r w ith K ir il b eca use w e a re w hite m ale s, b oth K ir il a nd I a nd b oth S co tt B ro nso n a nd I. J A M IL : I th in k I h ave th e m ost d iff e re nce s w ith K ir il a nd th e m ost s im ila ritie s w ith G org eous. S he's A fr ic a n A m eric a n, I'm A fr ic a n A m eric a n. I m ean, lik e B la ck. H AN NAH : I th in k m ayb e m e a nd N ata lia a re m ost a lik e . S he's L atin A m eric a n, a nd I'm L atin A m eric a n. I fig ure d th at th ere w ould b e t o ns o f d iff e re nce s e sp ecia lly w ith p eople w ho lo oke d s o d iff e re nt. ( 0 1:0 4:3 8) A LA N G OODM AN , B io lo gic a l A nth ro polo gis t: T o u nders ta nd w hy th e id ea o f r a ce is a b io lo gic a l m yth r e quir e s a m ajo r p ara dig m s h ift, a n a bso lu te p ara dig m s h ift, a s h ift in p ers p ectiv e . A nd fo r m e, it's lik e s e ein g, y o u k n ow , w hat it m ust h ave b een lik e to u nders ta nd th at t h e w orld is n 't f la t. A nd p erh aps I c a n in vite y o u to a m ounta in to p a nd y o u c a n lo ok o ut th e w in dow a nd a t th e h oriz o n a nd s e e, " o h w hat I th ought w as f la t I c a n s e e a c u rv e in n ow ," th at th e w orld is m uch m ore c o m plic a te d. I n fa ct, th at r a ce is n ot b ase d o n b io lo gy b ut r a ce is r a th er a n id ea t h at w e a scrib e to b io lo gy. N AR RATO R: T he id ea o f r a ce a s b io lo gy is fe ro cio usly p ers is te nt o n A m eric a 's p la yin g fie ld s. G org eous H arp er a nd h er te am mate s a re c o m petin g a t th e A did as N atio nals . G ORGEO US: I lo ve to r u n tr a ck I'v e b een r u nnin g tr a ck s in ce I w as e ig ht y e ars o ld . T he p eople I tr a in w ith , th ey a ll w ant to b e th e b est a nd y o u g otta p ut in th e h ard w ork . 5 /5 /2 017 R AC E T H E P O W ER O F A N IL LU SIO N, E pis ode O ne T ra nscrip t h ttp ://n ew sre el.o rg /tr a nscrip ts /r a ce1.h tm 2 /8 N AR RATO R: T his is th e to p e ve nt fo r e lite h ig h s ch ool tr a ck a nd fie ld s ta rs . A nd w hile r a cia l d iff e re nce s a re n ot n ece ssa rily d is cu sse d o penly , t h ey a re o fte n p art o f th e c a re fu l c a lc u la tio n o f c o m petitiv e e dge. F E M ALE R UNNER : W ell, I'v e h eard , s o m e r u m ors I'v e h eard a re ju st lik e B la cks h ave a n e xtr a m uscle in th eir le g. B ut I d on't th in k a nyth in g's t r u e. S EC OND F E M ALE R UNNER : I a ssu m e th at a w hite g ir l c a n't b eat m e in th e 2 00. In m y m in d I d on't th in k s h e c a n b eat m e, b ut I w on't , I w on't s le ep o n h er. M ALE R UNNER : I d on't w ant to g et to o c o ntr o ve rs ia l h ere , s in ce I r e ally d on't k n ow e xa ctly . B ut I'd s a y th at th ere 's m ayb e a little b it th at n ot to u se a s a n e xcu se a s w hy th ey b eat m e s o m etim es b ut m ayb e, c o nsid erin g w hen y o u, w hen y o u lo ok a t th e O ly m pic s, y o u k n ow , w ho, w ho te nds to d om in ate t h e 1 00, th e 2 00 a nd th e q uarte r, fo r th e m ost p art. I'd ju st h ave to s a y th e w ay it a ll fa lls o ut te nds to p oin t to w hat y o ur r a ce is .

J O N E N TIN E ( in n ew s c lip ) I'm r e ally s a yin g th at d iff e re nt p opula tio ns, w heth er it's W est A fr ic a n d esce nded B la cks, a nd th at's w hat A fr ic a n A m eric a ns t r a ce th eir a nce str y to W est A fr ic a , o r E ast A fr ic a ns, o r w hite s o r A sia ns, t h ey a ll h ave d iff e re nt b ody ty p es a nd d iff e re nt p hysio lo gic a l s tr u ctu re s t h at a llo w th em to h ave a dva nta ges in o ne s p ort o r a noth er. T here 's a g enetic b asis fo r th ese k in ds o f d iff e re nce s. T hro ugh, u h, c u ltu re , e nvir o nm ent, t r a in in g, a th le te s c a n't d ra m atic a lly c h ange th e lim its o f w hat th ey c a n b e. J IM B R OW N ( in n ew s c lip ): I w ould lik e to s a y to J o n th ere is n o s cie ntific d efin itio n th at h old s u p a bout r a ce . R ace h as c h anged its d efin itio n in t h is c o untr y to th e b enefit o f th ose w ho w ante d to d efin e it d iff e re ntly . A nd th ere is n o s cie ntific p la ce to s ta rt fr o m , s o y o u h ave n o b asis fo r y o ur w ork . N AR RATO R: W e c a n s e e d iff e re nce s a m ong p opula tio ns, b ut c a n p opula tio ns b e b undle d in to w hat w e c a ll r a ce s? H ow m any r a ce s w ould th ere b e? F iv e ? F ifty fiv e ? W ho d ecid es? A nd h ow d iff e re nt w ould th ey r e ally b e fr o m o ne a noth er? ( 0 1:0 8:2 0) J O SEPH G RAV ES, E vo lu tio nary B io lo gis t: T he m easu re d a m ount o f g enetic v a ria tio n in th e h um an p opula tio n is e xtr e m ely s m all. A nd t h at is s o m eth in g t h at, th at p eople n eed to w ra p th em se lv e s a ro und. T hat g enetic a lly , w e r e ally a re n't v e ry d iff e re nt. N AR RATO R: In fa ct, g enetic a lly , w e a re a m ong th e m ost s im ila r o f a ll s p ecie s. O nly o ne o ut o f e ve ry th ousa nd n ucle otid es th at m ake u p o ur g enetic c o de is d iff e re nt, o ne in div id ual fr o m a noth er. T hese lo oka lik e p enguin s h ave tw ic e th e a m ount o f g enetic d iff e re nce , o ne fr o m th e o th er, th an h um ans. A nd th ese fr u it flie s? T e n tim es m ore d iff e re nce . A ny tw o fr u it f lie s m ay b e a s d iff e re nt g enetic a lly f r o m e ach o th er, a s a h um an is fr o m a c h im panze e. S o th e c e ntr a l q uestio n fo r u s is : o f th e s m all a m ount o f v a ria tio n b etw een u s, w hat i f a ny, is m apped a lo ng w hat w e th in k o f a s r a cia l lin es? B eca use w e liv e in a r a cia liz e d s o cie ty , th is is n ot a n a ca dem ic q uestio n. W e h ave a lo ng h is to ry o f s e arc h in g fo r r a cia l d iff e re nce s a nd a ttr ib utin g p erfo rm ance a nd b ehavio r to th em . F or tw o h undre d y e ars , s cie ntis ts p oke d a nd p ro dded, m easu re d a nd m apped th e h um an b ody s e arc h in g fo r a b io lo gic a l b asis to r a ce . S om e m easu re d fa cia l a ngle to illu str a te th e p ro xim ity o f r a ce s to th e p rim itiv e . O th ers c a lib ra te d s ku ll s iz e to id entify th ose w ith s u perio r o r in fe rio r in te llig ence . M easu re s o f e ye s h ape, h air fo rm , e ve n b ra in c o lo r w ere s cru tin iz e d in th e h unt fo r th e fu ndam enta l s o urc e s o f r a cia l d iff e re nce . E VELY N N H AM MONDS, H is to ria n o f S cie nce : If w e ju st ta ke A fr ic a n A m eric a ns a s a n e xa m ple , th ere 's n ot a s in gle b ody p art th at h asn 't b een s u bje cte d t o th is k in d o f a naly sis . Y o u'l l fin d a rtic le s in th e m edic a l lite ra tu re a bout th e N egro e ar, a nd th e N egro n ose , a nd t h e N egro le g, a nd th e N egro h eart, a nd th e N egro e ye , a nd th e N egro fo ot a nd it's e ve ry s in gle b ody p art. A nd th ey'r e c o nsta ntly lo okin g fo r s o m e o rg an th at m ig ht b e s o fu ndam enta lly d iff e re nt in s iz e a nd c h ara cte r th at y o u c a n s a y th is is s o m eth in g s p ecific t o th e N egro v e rs u s w hite s a nd o th er g ro ups. S cie ntis ts a re p art o f th eir s o cia l c o nte xt. T heir id eas a bout w hat r a ce i s a re n ot s im ply s cie ntific o nes, a re n ot s im ply d riv e n b y th e d ata t h at t h ey a re w ork in g w ith . T hat it's a ls o in fo rm ed b y th e s o cie tie s in w hic h t h ey liv e . ( 0 1:1 2:0 0) N AR RATO R: A t th e tu rn o f th e 2 0th c e ntu ry , A m eric a n s o cie ty w as r id in g a w ave o f c o nfid ence a s a n e m erg in g in dustr ia l p ow er. A nd t h e fa ce o f i ts p ow er a nd p ro sp erity w as w hite . A fr ic a n A m eric a ns liv e d u nder th e y o ke o f J im C ro w s e gre gatio n. M ost s u rv iv in g N ativ e A m eric a ns h ad b een b anis h ed to r e se rv a tio ns. A nd n ew i m mig ra nts c ro w ded in to u rb an g hetto s. D is e ase w as r a m pant. D eath r a te s s o are d. In fa nt m orta lity w as h ig h. T o m any, th is r e fle cte d a p re ord ain ed n atu ra l o rd er. H AM MONDS: T hose th at lo oke d, w ante d to c o nfir m w hat th ey s a w , w hic h is t o s a y th at th e p ro per p la ce o f, s a y th e N egro , o r in o th er r e gio ns o f t h e c o untr y , th e N ativ e A m eric a n, o r th e C hin ese , w ere a t th e b otto m o f t h e, th e s o cia l a nd p olitic a l h ie ra rc h y. A nd if y o u c a n s a y th at th ey a re fu ndam enta lly b io lo gic a lly d iff e re nt, th an th ey s h ould b e, th en it's n atu ra l fo r th em to b e a t th e b otto m o f o ur s o cia l h ie ra rc h y.

G OODM AN : T he b io lo gy b eco m es a n e xcu se fo r s o cia l d iff e re nce s. T he s o cia l d iff e re nce s b eco m e n atu ra liz e d in b io lo gy. It's n ot th at o ur in stitu tio ns c a use d iff e re nce s in in fa nt m orta lity , it's th at th ere r e ally a re b io lo gic a l d iff e re nce s b etw een th e r a ce s. N AR RATO R: F or P ru dentia l L ife In su ra nce s ta tis tic ia n, F re deric k H off m an, t h ose d iff e re nce s c o uld le ad to o nly o ne fa te fo r A fr ic a n A m eric a ns. " In v ita l c a pacity ," h e w ro te , " th e te ndency o f th e N egro r a ce h as b een d ow nw ard . T his te ndency m ust le ad to a s till g re ate r m orta lity . A nd i n th e e nd, c a use th e e xtin ctio n o f th e r a ce ." H off m an's R ace , T ra its a nd T e ndencie s o f th e A m eric a n N egro w as p ublis h ed i n 1 896, th e s a m e y e ar th e S upre m e C ourt le galiz e d s e gre gatio n. It w as o ne o f th e m ost in flu entia l p ublic a tio ns o f its d ay. H AM MONDS: W hat's in te re stin g is th at it r e so nate d in th e m in ds o f s o m any o th er s o cia l o bse rv e rs o f th e tim e, th e e xtin ctio n th esis . It, 5 /5 /2 017 R AC E T H E P O W ER O F A N IL LU SIO N, E pis ode O ne T ra nscrip t h ttp ://n ew sre el.o rg /tr a nscrip ts /r a ce1.h tm 3 /8 i t fit i n to th eir n otio ns o f h ow , u h, r a ce s b eco m e a sce ndant in th e w orld . T hey l o oke d a t o th er g ro ups o f p eople in v a rio us s ta ges b eneath th em a s a ppro ach in g t h e c o m ple te ly c iv iliz e d s ta ge. N AR RATO R: H off m an p re se nte d h is s ta tis tic a l d ata a s u nim peach able s cie nce . H e c o m pare d r a te s o f d eath a nd d is e ase b etw een A fr ic a n A m eric a ns a nd w hite s, a nd, n ot s u rp ris in gly , fo und e norm ous d is p aritie s. B ut h is d ata a naly sis w as fla w ed. H e ig nore d th e i n sid io us e ff e cts o f p ove rty a nd s o cia l n egle ct o n h ealth . I n c o ntr a st to to day's b elie f in B la ck p hysic a l s u perio rity , H off m an c o nclu ded th at A fr ic a n A m eric a ns w ere in nate ly in fir m ed. A s s u ch , a tte m pts t o im pro ve th eir h ousin g, h ealth a nd e duca tio n w ould b e fu tile . T heir e xtin ctio n w as in evita ble , e nco ded in th eir b lo od. R acia l p urific a tio n w as o ne a im o f th e E ugenic s m ove m ent. T he s cie nce o f e ugenic s r e ste d o n s im ple M endelia n g enetic s. O ne g ene e ach fr o m fa th er a nd m oth er, it w as b elie ve d, g ave r is e to a ny tr a it, p hysic a l, b ehavio ra l, e ve n m ora l. G RAV ES: S om e o f th ese th in gs w ere th in gs lik e th e a bility to p la y c h ess, r o w din ess, c o ngenita l fe eble m in dedness. U m , u h, v ir tu ally a ny c u ltu ra l o r b ehavio ria l tr a it y o u c o uld im agin e. N ow , th e m is ta ke th at th ey w ere m akin g w as a ssu m in g th at c o m ple x b ehavio rs c o uld b e r e duce d to s im ple M endelia n g enes. N AR RATO R: N oneth ele ss, e ugenic is ts u se d th e s cie nce o f th e d ay to a dva nce a s o cia l a genda w id ely a cce pte d in w hite A m eric a to b re ed th e b est a nd t h e b rig hte st, a lw ays w hite , a nd b re ed o ut s o cie ty 's w ors t a nd w eake st o f a ll c o lo rs . H AM MONDS: T here 's a lo t o f c o nce rn a bout r a ce m ix in g. Y o u d on't w ant a s u perio r r a ce , a r a ce w ith g re at q ualitie s o f in te lle ct a nd a ch ie ve m ent a nd m usic a l g eniu s, a nd th ese k in ds o f th in gs, to m ix w ith a r a ce o n a l o w er s ta ge o f c iv iliz a tio n th at h as fe w er o f th ese c h ara cte ris tic s b eca use t h at a gain w ould b rin g d ow n th e le ve l o f th ose c h ara cte ris tic s a nd w hat y o u w ant to h ave fo r y o ur c iv iliz a tio n. N AR RATO R: W hat y o u d id n ot w ant fo r y o ur c iv iliz a tio n w as fo und in th e B lu e H ills o f V ir g in ia . M ongre l V ir g in ia ns. M ix e d r a ce . U ncla ssifia ble , a nd w ors e , a ble to p ass fo r w hite , c ir c u m ve nt s e gre gatio n la w s a nd b re ed i n to th e w hite r a ce . T hey w ere c a lle d th e W IN T rib e fo r th eir w hite , In dia n a nd N egro a nce str y . " A c o m bin atio n o f th e w ors t r a cia l tr a its , a b adly p ut to geth er p eople ", s a id C harle s D ave nport, le ader o f th e A m eric a n E ugenic s m ove m ent. T o k e ep A m eric a 's m ongre ls a t b ay, e ugenic is ts p ro pose d a s e rie s o f r e str ic tiv e m easu re s u nth in ka ble to day. Y e t th ey w ere a dopte d w ith in a nd o uts id e o f A m eric a . T a ke n to th eir e xtr e m e, th ey fu ele d o ne o f th e c e ntu ry 's g re ate st h orro rs . G RAV ES: T he N azi p ro paganda m ach in e p oin te d o ut th at th eir e ugenic p olic ie s w ere e ntir e ly c o nsis te nt a nd in fa ct d eriv e d fr o m , i d eas o f A m eric a n r a ce s cie ntis ts . N AR RATO R: A t th e 1 936 O ly m pic s in B erlin , H itle r's A ry a n r a ce w as to h ave c o nfir m ed its p la ce a t th e to p o f n atu re 's h ie ra rc h y. B ut th e s ta r o f th e g am es w ould s h atte r th ose e xp ecta tio ns. ( 0 1:1 9:2 7) A s a c h ild , J e sse O wens h ad b een c h ro nic a lly ill, d estin ed it s e em ed t o fu lfill H off m an's e xtin ctio n th esis . U ntil a te ach er in te rv e ned. " W hen h e fir s t a ske d m e to g o o ut fo r th e tr a ck te am in fifth g ra de," O wens w ro te in h is a uto bio gra phy, " it w asn 't b eca use h e s a w a ny p ote ntia l c h am pio n in m e; it w as b eca use h e s a w a p ote ntia l c o rp se ." H ow c o uld a s o cie ty s te eped in th e s cie nce o f r a cia l in fe rio rity r e co ncile i ts e lf to O wens's fo ur g old m edals ? B y c o nce din g in nate a th le tic s u perio rity t o A fr ic a n A m eric a ns w hile d enyin g th em s o c a lle d c iv iliz e d c a pacitie s. I n th e w ord s o f A m eric a n te am c o ach D ean C ro m well, th e N egro a th le te e xce lle d b eca use h e w as " c lo se r to th e p rim itiv e … it w as n ot s o lo ng a go t h at h is a bility to s p rin t a nd ju m p w as a life a nd d eath m atte r to h im i n th e ju ngle ." A N NOUNCER ( in film c lip ): T o O wens, s ta r o f th e s q uad, g o th e la ure ls o f th e c h am pio n. J E SSE O W EN S ( in film c lip ): T he c o m petitio n w as g ra nd, a nd w e'r e v e ry g la d to c o m e o ut o n to p. T hank y o u v e ry k in dly . A flu rry o f d ebate b etw een r a cia l s cie ntis ts a nd th ose c o nte stin g th eir a ssu m ptio ns g re ete d O wens's a cco m plis h m ents . G OODM AN : W ith th e r is e o f th e g re at N egro a th le te s in th e 1 930s, it b eca m e t h is q uestio n th at th ere m ust b e a r e aso n th at th ey'r e g re at, a nd th at t h at r e aso n m ust r e sid e in b io lo gy r a th er th an in , in c u ltu re o r h is to ry o r c ir c u m sta nce . A nd J e sse O wens w as p ic ke d a part.

H AM MONDS: W hen th e A fr ic a n A m eric a n a nth ro polo gis t a nd p hysic ia n M onta gue C obb is tr y in g to e xp la in w hy J e sse O wens w as s u ch a n o uts ta ndin g tr a ck s ta r, h e d oes s o b y ta lk in g a bout h is b ody. H e ta lk s a bout h is fe et, h e t a lk s a bout h is le gs, h is c a lv e s, h is c h est c a pacity . A nd h e c o m es to t h e c o nclu sio n, o f c o urs e , th at, y o u k n ow , y o u c a n't s a y th at N egro es h ave s o m e s p ecia l c h ara cte ris tic s th at m ake th em m ore fit a s r u nners .

N AR RATO R: A m ong th e fe w w ho c h alle nged r a cia l s cie nce , C obb w ro te , " T here i s n ot o ne, s in gle , p hysic a l fe atu re , in clu din g s kin c o lo r, w hic h a ll o ur N egro c h am pio ns h ave in c o m mon w hic h w ould id entify th em a s N egro ." B ut w hat m ark e r w ould id entify th em a s N egro , in th e fir s t p la ce . J a ckie a s A sia n? N oah a s w hite ? G org eous a s B la ck? G OODM AN : T hin k a bout r a ce in its u niv e rs a lity . W here is y o ur m easu re m ent d evic e ? T here is n o w ay to m easu re r a ce . W e s o m etim es d o it b y s kin c o lo r, o th er p eople m ay d o it b y h air te xtu re o th er p eople m ay h ave th e d iv id in g l in es d iff e re nt in te rm s o f s kin c o lo r. W hat is b la ck in th e U nite d S ta te s i s n ot w hat's b la ck in B ra zil o r w hat's b la ck in S outh A fr ic a . S TE PH EN J A Y G OULD , P ale onto lo gis t: M y fa vo rite tr iv ia q uestio n in b ase ball i s w hic h Ita lia nA m eric a n p la ye r fo r th e B ro okly n D odgers o nce h it 4 0 h om e r u ns in a s e aso n a nd n o o ne e ve r g ets it r ig ht, b eca use th e a nsw er i s R oy C am panella , w ho is a s Ita lia n a s h e w as B la ck. H e h ad a n Ita lia n f a th er a nd a B la ck m oth er, h e's a lw ays c la ssifie d a s B la ck. Y o u s e e, A m eric a n r a cia l c la ssific a tio n is t o ta lly c u ltu ra l. W ho's T ig er W oods? W ho's C olin P ow ell? C olin P ow ell's a s Ir is h a s h e is A fr ic a n. B ein g B la ck h as b een d efin ed a s ju st l o okin g d ark e nough th at a nyo ne c a n s e e y o u a re . 5 /5 /2 017 R AC E T H E P O W ER O F A N IL LU SIO N, E pis ode O ne T ra nscrip t h ttp ://n ew sre el.o rg /tr a nscrip ts /r a ce1.h tm 4 /8 ( 0 1:2 3:4 7) H AM MONDS: W hen I w as a c h ild , o ne o f th e th in gs m y fa th er b ought m e w as a s e t o f T im eL ife b ooks o n s cie nce . A nd a b ook o n e vo lu tio n h ad in it a s kin c o lo r s ca le th at w ent fr o m o ne to th ir ty s ix . A nd I w ould s p end h ours p uttin g m y a rm a gain st th e s ca le in th e b ook, th e p ic tu re in th e b ook, tr y in g to fig ure o ut w hat n um ber m y c o lo r w as. A nd I c o uld n't q uite f in d m yse lf o n th e s ca le . G ORGEO US: Y o u c a n b e e ith er 1 9 o r 2 0.

S TU DEN T: W ho w ould b e th is c o lo r, y o u o r m e?

G OREO US: L et m e s a y m e.

M AR CUS: I'd s a y th at J o n a nd N oah, b oth w hite b y a ppeara nce , a nd J a ckie a nd I b oth fit u nder th e A sia n c la ssific a tio n. B ut I g uess t h e th in g th at s u rp ris e d m e w as w ith th e s kin c o lo r te st, y o u k n ow , w hat s h ould y o u te ch nic a lly c a ll th e e ntir e g ro up. J O N: I w ould n eve r k n ow th at a ll o ur, a ll o ur s kin c o lo rs a re s o s im ila r.

J A C KIE : I b et I m atc h y o u.

J O N: E xa ctly , lik e w e m atc h .

M AR CUS: S hould y o u c a ll th em a ll w hite o r s h ould y o u c a ll th em e le ve n t o fifte en? Y o u k n ow ? N OAH : I'm w hite .

N OAH : W ould I tr a de m y s kin c o lo r? … um … I p ro bably w ould n't tr a de m y s kin c o lo r. It's s o m eth in g th at I'v e ta ke n fo r g ra nte d. It's a ls o a p riv ile ge, I g uess.

N OAH : I th in k 1 3 is c lo se r.

S TU DEN T: W ow , w e'r e lik e a ll 1 3.

N OAH : T here 's n o p ro fit in d enyin g it, th at, u m , th at th ere is a c e rta in a dva nta ge to b ein g w hite . G ORGEO US: It's n ot w hy I'm B n egativ e , y o u k n ow w hat I'm s a yin g.

N AR RATO R: W e a ll h ave th e s a m e 3 5,0 00 o r s o g enes, b ut o ve r tim e m uta tio ns c a use v a ria tio ns in o ur D NA. T o day, s o m e g enes, lik e t h ose fo r s kin c o lo r, c o m e in d iff e re nt fo rm s. M AR YC LA IR E K IN G, G enetic is t: In a fe w g enes th at c o ntr o l th e c o lo rs o f m ela nin in o ur s kin , d iff e re nt a lle le s, d iff e re nt m uta tio ns o ccu rre d t h at w ere p ositiv e ly s e le cte d s o th at m any o f u s w ith v e ry lig ht s kin l o st th e c a pacity to m ake d ark m ela nin . N AR RATO R: D ark m ela nin b lo cks o ut s o m e u ltr a vio le t lig ht a nd is fo und w here s u nlig ht is in te nse . L ig hte r m ela nin is fo und w here s u nlig ht is l e ss in te nse . S cie ntis ts d ebate w hy th is is . K IN G: O ne h yp oth esis is th at it h appened b eca use s u nlig ht is e sse ntia l t o h ave a dequate v ita m in D . In n orth ern la titu des w ith v e ry l ittle lig ht d urin g th e w in te r, o ne n eeded e ve ry b it o f lig ht th at o ne c o uld c a ptu re i n o rd er to b e a ble to h ave a dequate , a ctiv e v ita m in D . A nd c h ild re n in p artic u la r, w ould n eed to h ave , w ould n eed to b e a ble to a bso rb in to th eir s kin e nough lig ht to h ave v ita m in D p re se nt t o k e ep th em h ealth y.

G RAV ES: T he b est w ay to u nders ta nd th e g enetic d iff e re nce s th at w e fin d i n h um an p opula tio ns is th at p opula tio ns d iff e r b y d is ta nce , a nd it's a c o ntin uous c h ange, u m , fr o m o ne g ro up to a noth er. A nd o ne w ay w e c a n l o ok a t th is is u se th e e xa m ple o f s kin c o lo r. If w e w ere to o nly lo ok a t p eople in th e tr o pic s a nd p eople in N orw ay, w e'd c o m e to th e c o nclu sio n t h at th ere 's a g ro up o f p eople w ho h ave l ig ht s kin a nd th ere 's a g ro up o f p eople w ho h ave d ark s kin . B ut if w e w ere to w alk fr o m th e tr o pic s t o N orw ay, w hat w e w ould s e e is a c o ntin uous c h ange in s kin to ne. A nd a t n o p oin t a lo ng th at tr ip w ould w e b e a ble to s a y, " O h, th is is t h e p la ce in w hic h w e g o fr o m th e d ark r a ce to th e lig ht r a ce .

G OODM AN : H um an b io lo gic a l v a ria tio n is s o c o m ple x. T here is s o m any a sp ects o f h um an v a ria tio n. S o th ere a re m any, m any w ays t o b egin to e xp la in th em .

( 0 1:2 8:2 1) N AR RATO R: V aria tio n in s o m e tr a its . L ik e e ye s h ape, h air te xtu re , w heth er o r n ot y o ur to ngue c u rls , in vo lv e s v e ry fe w g enes. A nd e ve n th ose g enes h ave n't a ll b een id entifie d. V aria tio n in tr a its w e r e gard a s s o cia lly im porta nt is m uch m ore c o m plic a te d. D iff e re nce s in h ow o ur b ra in s w ork , h ow w e m ake a rt, h ow g ra ce fu lly w e m ove . G enes m ay c o ntr ib ute to v a ria tio n in th ese tr a its , b ut to th e e xte nt t h ey d o, th ere w ould b e a c a sca de o f g enes a t w ork , in te ra ctin g w ith e ach o th er a nd th e e nvir o nm ent, in r e la tio nsh ip s s o in tr ic a te a nd c o m ple x, t h at s cie nce h as h ard ly b egun to d ecip her th em . L E W ONTIN : P eople a re a lw ays ta lk in g a bout g enes fo r th in gs, th e g enes f o r a th le tic a bility , th e g enes fo r m akin g m oney, th e g enes fo r i n te llig ence . A nd y o u h ave to b e v e ry c a re fu l. E ve n w hen th ere a re g enes th at in flu ence t h ose th in gs, to ta lk a bout it a s g enes fo r th em i s n ot s o c le ar.

O SSO RIO : W hat m ake s u s d iff e re nt is b oth th ose g enetic d iff e re nce s th at w e h ave b etw een u s a nd a ls o th e in te ra ctio n o f th at g enom e w ith th e e nvir o nm ent, a nd th e e nvir o nm ent is a v e ry , v e ry c o m plic a te d th in g. S o w hen I s a y, I s o rt o f m ean th e e nvir o nm ent w rit la rg e, e ve ry th in g fr o m th e e nvir o nm ent i n th e w om b to th e e nvir o nm ent in y o ur s ch ool. 5 /5 /2 017 R AC E T H E P O W ER O F A N IL LU SIO N, E pis ode O ne T ra nscrip t h ttp ://n ew sre el.o rg /tr a nscrip ts /r a ce1.h tm 5 /8 N AR RATO R: In th e u rb an e nvir o nm ent o f th e 1 930s, J e w is h te am s d om in ate d A m eric a n b aske tb all. S ons o f im mig ra nts , th eir s w ere t h e h oop d re am s o f t h e d ay. G RAV ES: A nd it w as s a id th at th e r e aso n th at th ey w ere s o g ood a t b aske tb all w as b eca use th e, th e a rtfu l d odger c h ara cte ris tic o f th e J e w is h c u ltu re m ade th em g ood a t th is s p ort. T here a re s tr o ng c u ltu ra l a sp ects o f w hat s p orts in div id uals c h oose to p la y th at h as to d o w ith th e in te ra ctio n o f in div id ual g enetic b ackg ro und o f o pportu nity a nd tr a in in g. H is to ry s h ow s u s, th at a s o pportu nitie s c h ange in s o cie ty , d iff e re nt g ro ups g et d ra w n in to s p ortin g a re nas. N AR RATO R: B y 1 992, A m eric a 's O ly m pic D re am te am w as a lm ost c o m ple te ly A fr ic a n A m eric a n. T e n y e ars la te r, a lm ost 2 0% o f N BA s ta rte rs w ould b e f o re ig n b orn . T he to p N BA d ra ft p ic k? C hin ese . G RAV ES: W e c a n't c o m e to a ny fa st h ard r u le a bout h ow , u h, g enetic a nce str y i s g oin g to in flu ence th e a bility o f a n in div id ual to p erfo rm a n a th le tic e ve nt. S o I d on't th in k w e'r e e ve r g oin g to b e a ble to is o la te a g ene f o r a th le tic p erfo rm ance . N AR RATO R: O r a g ene fo r a ny c o m ple x tr a it. If g enes c o ntr ib ute to M arc u s' m usic a l ta le nt, th ere w ould b e d oze ns, in te ra ctin g w ith e nvir o nm ent, tr a in in g, a nd p ra ctic e . T hose g enes w ould b e in herite d in dependently o f th e g enes f o r e ye s h ape, s kin c o lo r a nd h air f o rm w hic h M arc u s in herite d th ro ugh h is K ore an a nd J a m aic a n a nce sto rs . ( 0 1:3 2:2 1) G OODM AN : F or r a ce to b e m ore th an s kin d eep, o ne h as to h ave c o nco rd ance . I n o th er w ord s, s kin c o lo r n eeds to r e fle ct th in gs th at a re d eeper in t h e b ody, u nder th e s kin . B ut m ost o f h um an v a ria tio n is n onc o nco rd ant. S kin c o lo r o r e ye c o lo r o r h air c o lo r is n ot c o rre la te d w ith h eig ht o r w eig ht. A nd th ey'r e d efin ite ly n ot c o rre la te d w ith m ore c o m ple x tr a its l ik e in te llig ence o r a th le tic p erfo rm ance . K IR IL ( o ff c a m era ): W ait, w ho is th e p ers o n y o u s a id w as g oin g to b e m ost s im ila r? J a m il r ig ht? G ORGEO US: Y e ah, w hat's h is n um ber?

K IR IL : H e's 3 4.

N AR RATO R: T he to ols o f m odern g enetic s a llo w th e s tu dents to e xp lo re t h e id ea o f r a ce a nd c o nco rd ance . F ro m th e b egin nin g, th ey b elie ve d th ey w ould b e m ost s im ila r g enetic a lly to th ose w hose r a cia l a nce str y th ey b elie ve d th ey s h are d. K IR IL : W ho d id y o u s a y w as g oin g to b e m ost d iff e re nt?

G ORGEO US: N oah, a nd h e's ...

K IR IL : 9 .

G ORGEO US: 9 N AR RATO R: T hey h ave n ow s e quence d a s m all lo op o f th eir m ito ch ondria l D NA. K IN G: If w e w ant a v e ry fin e s ca le fo r a sse ssin g h ow s im ila r w e a re to e ach o th er, p ers o n b y p ers o n, w e c a n d o th at b y s e quencin g t h at s m all b it o f m ito ch ondria l D NA. N AR RATO R: m tD NA is a s e co nd s e t o f D NA, fo und a t th e c e ll's m ito ch ondria . I t d oes n ot c o de fo r a ny tr a its , a nd is in herite d o nly fr o m o ur m oth er.

K IN G: N ow , w hat w ill it te ll u s? It w ill te ll u s a w hole lo t a bout o ne o f o ur a nce sto rs , o ur m oth er's m oth er's m oth er's m oth er's m oth er. N AR RATO R: T he s tu dents ' m tD NA a ppears a s th e le tte rs A , C , T , a nd G , r e pre se ntin g th e fo ur n ucle otid es th at d efin e o ur D NA. T he s tu dents a re s a m plin g a s m all s e quence , a bout th re eh undre d a nd fifty le tte rs lo ng. T hey fin d th at m ost o f it is id entic a l, o ne to th e o th er. W hat is n ot, i s h ig hlig hte d in y e llo w . G ORGEO US: C ause I'm d iff e re nt. I'm , I'm r e ally d iff e re nt.

N AR RATO R: J a m il th ought h e'd h ave th e fe w est m tD NA d iff e re nce s w ith G org eous.

J A M IL : I w as m ore lik e K ir il th an I w as th an G org eous. S he h as lik e tw elv e d iff e re nce s, a nd lik e K ir il is lik e a w hite , ta ll, b lo nd… fr o m R ussia , a nd, a nd, a nd, lik e , w e s e em c o m ple te ly d iff e re nt b ut it's le ss d iff e re nce s. J O N: B ut I th in k it's h ard to te ll b eca use w e d on't ...

N AR RATO R: J o n th ought h e'd h ave fe w est d iff e re nce s w ith K ir il a nd w ith N oah. In fa ct, J o n d is co ve re d th at h e h ad th e s a m e n um ber o f d iff e re nce s w ith K ir il a s h e h ad w ith J a ckie , o nly th re e. G ORGEO US: I d on't th in k m in e is g oin g to s h ow u p c lo se w ith a nyb ody.

N AR RATO R: If h um an v a ria tio n w ere to m ap a lo ng r a cia l lin es, p eople in o ne s o c a lle d r a ce w ould b e m ore s im ila r to e ach o th er th an t o th ose in a noth er s o c a lle d r a ce . T hat's n ot w hat th e s tu dents fo und in th eir m tD NA. W hat a bout o th er g enetic d iff e re nce s? L E W ONTIN : T he p ro ble m fo r e vo lu tio nis ts a nd p opula tio n g enetic is ts w as a lw ays to tr y to a ctu ally c h ara cte riz e h ow m uch g enetic v a ria tio n th ere w as b etw een in div id uals a nd g ro ups. A nd I s p ent a lo t o f tim e w orry in g a bout th at, lik e o th er p eople in m y p ro fe ssio n. ( 0 1:3 6:1 2) 5 /5 /2 017 R AC E T H E P O W ER O F A N IL LU SIO N, E pis ode O ne T ra nscrip t h ttp ://n ew sre el.o rg /tr a nscrip ts /r a ce1.h tm 6 /8 N AR RATO R: In th e 1 960s, R ic h ard L ew ontin d ecid ed to fin d o ut ju st h ow m uch g enetic v a ria tio n fe ll w ith in , a nd h ow m uch b etw een, t h e g ro ups w e r e gard a s r a ce s. A n ew te ch nolo gy e nable d h im to d o p io neerin g w ork . L E W ONTIN : A nd th at m eth od, w hic h is c a lle d g el e le ctr o phore sis , a v e ry f a ncy n am e, u h, w e w ere a ble to u se o n a ny o rg anis m a t a ll. I f y o u c o uld g rin d it u p, y o u c o uld d o it. U h, th at in clu ded p eople , I m ean, y o u d on't h ave to g rin d th e w hole p ers o n, b ut y o u c o uld ta ke a little tis su e, o r b lo od. O ve r th e y e ars , a lo t o f d ata w ere g ath ere d b y a nth ro polo gis ts a nd g enetic is ts l o okin g a t b lo od g ro up g enes, a nd p ro te in g enes, a nd o th er k in ds o f g enes f r o m a ll o ve r th e w orld . I m ean, a nth ro polo gis ts ju st w ent a ro und ta kin g b lo od o ut o f e ve ry b ody. U h, u h, I, I m ust s a y, if I w ere a S outh A m eric a n I n dia n, I w ould n't h ave le t th em ta ke m y b lo od. B ut u h, b ut th ey d id , a nd s o , I th ought, 'w ell, w e'v e g ot e nough o f th ese d ata , le t's s e e w hat i t te lls u s a bout th e d iff e re nce s b etw een h um an g ro ups.' N AR RATO R: L ew ontin 's fin din gs w ere a m ile sto ne in th e s tu dy o f r a ce a nd b io lo gy. L E W ONTIN : If y o u p ut it a ll to geth er, a nd w e'v e n ow g ot th at fo r p ro te in s, f o r b lo od g ro ups, a nd n ow w ith D NA s e quencin g, w e h ave it f o r D NA s e quence d iff e re nce s, it a lw ays c o m es o ut th e s a m e. 8 5% o f a ll th e v a ria tio n a m ong h um an b ein gs is b etw een a ny tw o i n div id uals w ith in a ny lo ca l p opula tio n. B etw een in div id uals w ith in S w eden, o r w ith in th e C hin ese , o r th e K ik u yu s, o r th e Ic e la nders . N AR RATO R: T o p ut it a noth er w ay, o f th e s m all a m ount o f v a ria tio n in o ur g enes, th ere is a pt to b e a s m uch d iff e re nce b etw een G org eous a nd h er te am mate C hris tin e, a s th ere is b etw een G org eous a nd h er o pponent K aylin . A ny tw o in div id uals w ith in a ny s o c a lle d r a ce m ay b e a s d iff e re nt f r o m e ach o th er a s th ey a re fr o m a ny in div id ual in a noth er s o c a lle d r a ce . O SSO RIO : A re th e p eople w ho w e c a ll B la ck m ore lik e e ach o th er th an th ey a re lik e p eople w ho w e c a ll w hite , g enetic a lly s p eakin g? U m , th e a nsw er i s n o. T here 's a s m uch o r m ore d iv e rs ity a nd g enetic d iff e re nce w ith in a ny r a cia l g ro up a s th ere is b etw een p eople o f d iff e re nt r a cia l g ro ups.

N AR RATO R: S till w e k n ow th at s o m e g enes a re fo und w ith g re ate r fr e quency i n s o m e p opula tio ns. G OODM AN : A nd g eogra phy is th e b ette r w ay to e xp la in th at m ore th an r a ce o r a nyth in g e ls e . T here c a n b e a ccu m ula tio ns o f g enes in o ne p la ce in t h e g lo be a nd n ot a noth er. ( 0 1:3 9:0 2) N AR RATO R: L ik e th e g ene fo rm s r e gula tin g s kin c o lo r. A nd fo r s o m e g enetic d is e ase s, lik e s ic kle c e ll d is e ase . L ong a ssu m ed to b e a r a cia l tr a it, s ic kle c e ll d is e ase is a d ebilita tin g d is o rd er c a use d b y a g ene fo rm th at a lte rs th e s h ape o f r e d b lo od c e lls . E R IC N IS BETB R OW N, M .D .: It's o ne o f th e m is co nce ptio ns th at s ic kle c e ll d is e ase is a n A fr ic a nA m eric a n o r a n A fr ic a n d is e ase . T he s ic kle c e ll t r a it is n ot u nco m mon in p eople fr o m th e, in p eople fr o m th e M edite rra nean r e gio n. In fa ct, in s o m e p arts o f G re ece , u p to 3 0% o f p eople in th e p opula tio n m ay c a rry s ic kle c e ll tr a it. S ic kle c e ll tr a it p ers is ts in c e rta in p opula tio ns a ro und th e w orld b eca use o f t h e r e la tiv e r e sis ta nce it c o nfe rs to m ala ria . S o p eople w ho'v e g ot s ic kle c e ll tr a it a re le ss lik e ly to d eve lo p m ala ria a nd w hen th ey d o d eve lo p it, th ey a re le ss lik e ly to d eve lo p s e ve re c o m plic a tio ns a nd to d ie fr o m it. N AR RATO R: W here m ala ria w as c o m mon, th e s ic klin g g ene w as s e le cte d. In A ra bia , S outh A sia , C entr a l a nd W este rn b ut n ot S outh ern A fr ic a . A nd i n th e M edite rra nean b asin , th e h om e o f J a ckie W ash burn 's a nce sto rs . T hought t o h ave o rig in ate d o nly a fe w t h ousa nd y e ars a go, s ic kle c e ll is n ot a r a cia l tr a it. It's th e r e su lt o f h avin g a nce sto rs w ho liv e d in m ala ria l r e gio ns. R ace d oes n ot a cco unt fo r p atte rn s o f g enetic v a ria tio n. O ur r e ce ncy a s a s p ecie s a nd th e w ay w e h ave m ove d a nd m ate d th ro ughout o ur h is to ry , d oes. O ur h um an lin eage o rig in ate d in A fr ic a . A bout tw o m illio n y e ars a go, s m all g ro ups o f e arly h om in id s n ot m odern h um ans b egan a fir s t m ig ra tio n o ut o f A fr ic a to th e fa r r e ach es o f th e g lo be, b re edin g is o la te d l in eages. It w as lo ng th ought, a nd is s till b elie ve d b y s o m e, th at th ose f ir s t lin eages le d to g enetic a lly d is tin ct r a ce s th at a re w ith u s to day. G OULD : It tu rn s o ut th at's n ot tr u e. I th in k th ere 's a lm ost g enetic p ro of n ow I w ould n't s a y th e is su e is to ta lly r e so lv e d th at th ose l in eages j u st d ie d o ut. T hat N eanderth als in E uro pe d ie d. T hat h om o e re ctu s in A sia d ie d. T hat th ere w as a s e co nd m ig ra tio n o f o ur m odern s p ecie s h om o s a pie ns, a nd th at a ll m odern h um ans a re p ro ducts o f th e s e co nd m ig ra tio n, w hic h is p ro bably le ss th an a h undre d th ousa nd y e ars o ld , b y th e b est c u rre nt e vid ence . G OODM AN : S om e o f th ose m ove m ents m ay fo llo w m ajo r m ig ra tio ns a s a gric u ltu ra l p eople c a m e in to E uro pe, a s p eople c ro sse d th e B erin g S tr a it a nd c a m e i n to th e A m eric a s. B ut, o th er m ove m ents a re m uch m ore s u btle . T hey'r e s m alle r g ro ups o f i n div id uals th at m ove d, o r th eir g enes m ove d fr o m p la ce to p la ce , a nd t im e to tim e. ( 0 1:4 2:4 3) W e'v e h ad m ayb e a h undre d th ousa nd y e ars o f h avin g g enes m ove o ut a nd m ix a nd r e s o rt in c o untle ss d iff e re nt w ays. N AR RATO R: A h undre d th ousa nd y e ars m ay s e em lik e a lo ng tim e, b ut in e vo lu tio nary te rm s, it is a b lin k o f th e e ye . H um an p opula tio ns h ave n ot b een is o la te d fr o m e ach o th er lo ng e nough to e vo lv e in to s e para te s u bsp ecie s. G OULD : T here ju st h asn 't b een tim e fo r th e d eve lo pm ent o f m uch g enetic v a ria tio n, e xce pt th at w hic h r e gula te s s o m e v e ry s u perfic ia l f e atu re s l ik e s kin c o lo r a nd h air fo rm . F or o nce , th e o ld c lic h é is tr u e. U nder th e s kin , w e r e ally a re e ff e ctiv e ly th e s a m e. A nd w e g et f o ole d, b eca use s o m e o f th e v is u al d iff e re nce s a re q uite n otic e able . N AR RATO R: T he s u perfic ia l tr a its w e u se to c o nstr u ct r a ce a re r e ce nt v a ria tio ns. B y th e tim e th ey a ro se , im porta nt a nd c o m plic a te d t r a its , l ik e s p eech , a bstr a ct th in kin g, e ve n p hysic a l p ro w ess, h ad a lr e ady e vo lv e d. K IN G: A s g enetic is ts , w e n ow h ave th e o pportu nity to in ve stig ate , u sin g p ro per g enom ic a naly sis , c o m ple x h um an tr a its : a th le tic a bility , m usic a l a bility , in te llig ence , a ll th ese w onderfu l tr a its th at w e w is h w e u nders to od b ette r a nd fo r w hic h w e'd v e ry m uch lik e to k n ow if th ere a re g enes th at a re in vo lv e d, h ow th ey in te ra ct, h ow th ey p la y o ut. T hose tr a its a re o ld . 5 /5 /2 017 R AC E T H E P O W ER O F A N IL LU SIO N, E pis ode O ne T ra nscrip t h ttp ://n ew sre el.o rg /tr a nscrip ts /r a ce1.h tm 7 /8 W e s p ent m ost o f o ur h is to ry , a s a s p ecie s, to geth er in A fr ic a in s m all p opula tio ns b efo re a nyo ne le ft. T here 's fa r m ore o f u s n ow th an t h ose s m all, o rig in al p opula tio ns th at fo unded o ur s p ecie s. E ach o f u s c a rrie s w ith u s s o m e v e ry r e ce nt v a ria tio n a nd s o m e c o m mon, s h are d v a ria tio n th at g oes w ay b ack in h um an h is to ry . N AR RATO R: V aria tio ns a m ong u s in th ose o ld tr a its d eve lo ped in dependent o f a nd n onc o nco rd ant w ith v a ria tio ns in th e r e ce nt, s u perfic ia l tr a its w e th in k o f a s r a cia l. H um an v a ria tio n d oes n ot m ap o nto w hat w e c a ll r a ce . N o m atte r h ow w e m ig ht m easu re it. B R ONSO N: S o n ow it's g oin g to th is g ig antic d ata base o f D NA. A nd y o u'r e g oin g to b la st th is d ata base w ith y o ur D NA s e quence , a nd i t's g oin g to p ull u p a nyth in g th at's s ig nific a ntly s im ila r. A nd n ow ... N AR RATO R: T he fin al e xe rc is e o f th e D NA w ork sh op, o ff e re d th e s tu dents f u rth er e vid ence o f th e g enetic v a ria tio n w ith in g ro ups. T hey c o m pare d t h eir m ito ch ondria l D NA s e quence s w ith a n in te rn atio nal d ata base . B R ONSO N: O ne, tw o, th re e, fo ur d iff e re nce s...

N AR RATO R: G org eous's s e quence w as m ost s im ila r to th at o f a Y o ru ban in div id ual i n N ig eria . G ORGEO US: T hat's th e c lo se st p ers o n.

B R ONSO N: A nd th at's , y o u w ere s a yin g th at's th e c lo se st p ers o n th at y o u'd m atc h u p. N ow d oes th at n ece ssa rily m ean y o u'r e Y o ru ban?

G ORGEO US: N o.

B R ONSO N: N o. It ju st m eans th at th ere 's s o m ebody in th is p art, w hoeve r, i n th is p art o f th e w orld , h as a v e ry s im ila r D NA s e quence to y o u.

G ORGEO US: O .K .

B R ONSO N: A nd r e m em ber, if w e lo ok a t o th er p eople w ith in th is Y o ru ban g ro up, I e xp ect to s e e o th er fo rm s o f m ito ch ondria l D NA. N AR RATO R: A nd th ey d id . H er m atc h w as d ra m atic a lly d iff e re nt fr o m a noth er Y o ru ban's , w hose D NA s e quence w as v e ry d iff e re nt f r o m s till o th er Y o ru bans. B eca use m odern h um ans fir s t e vo lv e d in A fr ic a , th ere is e ve n g re ate r g enetic d iv e rs ity in A fr ic a th an e ls e w here .

( 0 1:4 6:3 8) G RAV ES: S o, if th ere w ere a c a ta str o phe w hic h d estr o ye d th e r e st o f th e w orld 's p opula tio n, m ost o f th e g enetic v a ria bility in th e w orld w ould s till b e p re se nt in s u bS ahara n A fr ic a ns. N AR RATO R: G enetic d ata , c a n s u bve rt r a cia l a ssu m ptio ns a bout r a cia l a nce str y .

B R ONSO N: W e'l l lo ok a nd s e e h ow m any d iff e re nce s, w e s e e o ne...

N AR RATO R: J a ckie 's d ata s e arc h m atc h ed h er w ith a s e quence fr o m a n in div id ual i n th e B alk a ns. B R ONSO N ( o ff c a m era ): S o y o u w ere e xp ectin g s o m eth in g m ayb e m ore J a panese ?

J A C KIE : Y e s, d efin ite ly s o m eth in g m ore J a panese in ste ad o f B alk a n. A t a ll. N OAH : If I a ctu ally k n ow m y m ate rn al lin eage, lik e I k n ow w here it s h ould e nd u p, d oin g a s e arc h lik e th is s h ould d ouble c h eck it, r ig ht?

B R ONSO N ( o ff c a m era ): W hat's y o ur p re co nce iv e d n otio n?

N OAH : M y p re co nce iv e d n otio n is , u m , w e k n ow b ack fr o m m y g re at g re at g re at g ra ndm oth er, a nd s h e h ad liv e d in E aste rn E uro pe h er w hole life in th e A ustr o H ungaria n E m pir e in a little to w n in th e U kra in e, a s fa r a s I u nders ta nd. B R ONSO N ( o ff c a m era ): B ut r e m em ber th is little to w n in th e U kra in e m ay h ave m any d iff e re nt m ito ch ondria l D NA s e quence s w ith in it. S o le t's g o b ack a nd w e'l l lo ok a t y o urs . A nd is o la te fr o m th e B alk a ns. N ot a m ajo r s h ock th ere . U h, le t's s e e h ow s im ila r y o u a re to th at p ers o n.

N OAH : A nd w e h ad a lw ays g uesse d th at m y g re at g ra ndm oth er h ad b een th is n ic e little fa rm g ir l w ho h ad s p ent h er w hole life in th e U kra in e. A nd s o I w as p re tty s u re th at I s h ould b e a p re tty e xa ct m atc h to o ne o f th ose e th nic g ro ups, a nd I w as. 1 00% m atc h . B R ONSO N: S o I'm g oin g to c o m pare y o u w ith s o m eone in Ic e la nd.

N OAH : W ow . Y e ah, a gain , h uh...

N OAH : W e a ls o p ulle d u p a s e quence fr o m Ic e la nd. A nd w e p ulle d u p a th ir d s e quence fr o m s o m ew here in A fr ic a , a nd I w as a ls o a 1 00% m atc h .

B R ONSO N: T hat's a 1 00% m atc h . T hat's v e ry s ig nific a nt. U m , a nd...

N OAH : T hat's w eir d .

B R ONSO N: W ell, w hat it's s h ow in g y o u is n ot, th at y o u'r e c lo se ly r e la te d t o th is p ers o n, m ay, p ossib ly , m ito ch ondria lly s p eakin g, a nd t h at w e'r e a ll v e ry c lo se ly r e la te d... 5 /5 /2 017 R AC E T H E P O W ER O F A N IL LU SIO N, E pis ode O ne T ra nscrip t h ttp ://n ew sre el.o rg /tr a nscrip ts /r a ce1.h tm 8 /8 N OAH : S o th at s o m ew hat s h ocke d m e, a ctu ally , th at th ere w ere s o m any o f th ese r a cia l g ro ups th at s h are d it. I'm ju st a m utt s o to s p eak. I'v e b een c ro ssb re d a nd in te rb re d w ith lo ts o f d iff e re nt e th nic g ro ups. B R ONSO N: L et's s e e if it g ets m ore in te re stin g th an w e th in k.

G OODM AN : I th in k th e w ay to th in k a bout th in gs is th at w e'r e a ll m ongre ls , w e'v e a lw ays b een m ix in g, e ve ry s in gle o ne o f u s is a m ongre l.

N AR RATO R: T o day's g enetic fin din gs c o rro bora te R ic h ard L ew ontin 's g enetic f in din gs o f th ir ty y e ars a go. B eca use o f o ur h is to ry o f m ovin g, m atin g, a nd m ix in g, m ost h um an v a ria tio n, e sp ecia lly th at o f o ld er c o m ple x tr a its , c a n b e fo und w ith in a ny p opula tio n. M ost o f i t fr o m a c o m mon s o urc e : in A fr ic a . G OULD : W e h ave n ow u nders to od g enetic v a ria tio n in h um an b ein gs. I'm n ot s a yin g o ur k n ow le dge is fix e d fo r a ll tim e it n eve r is , b ut I th in k w e h ave s e en ju st h ow s h allo w a nd s u perfic ia l th e a ve ra ge d iff e re nce s a re a m ong h um an r a ce s e ve n th ough in c e rta in f e atu re s lik e s kin c o lo r a nd h air fo rm th e v is u al d iff e re nce s a re fa ir ly s tr ik in g. T hey'r e b ase d o n a lm ost n oth in g in te rm s o f o ve ra ll g enetic v a ria tio n.

G OODM AN : R ace a s b io lo gy s im ply d oesn 't w ork , b ut w hat is im porta nt is t h at r a ce is a v e ry s a lie nt s o cia l a nd h is to ric a l c o nce pt, a s o cia l a nd h is to ric a l id ea. W e liv e in r a cia l s m og. ( 0 1:5 0:3 6) O SSO RIO : J u st b eca use r a ce is n 't s o m eth in g b io lo gic a l, th at d oesn 't m ean i t's n ot r e al. T here a re a lo t o f th in gs in o ur s o cie ty th at a re r e al a nd a re n ot b io lo gic a l. R ace a s w e u nders ta nd it, a s a s o cia l c o nstr u ct, h as a lo t to d o w ith w here s o m ebody w ill liv e , w hat s ch ools th ey w ill g o to , w hat jo bs th ey w ill g et, w heth er o r n ot th ey w ill h ave h ealth in su ra nce . N AR RATO R: B la ck, w hite a nd b ro w n a re m ere ly s kin c o lo rs . B ut w e a tta ch t o th em m eanin gs a nd a ssu m ptio ns, e ve n la w s, th at c re ate e ndurin g s o cia l i n equality . N OAH : W hen I'm w alk in g th e s tr e ets a lo ne a t n ig ht, c o m in g h om e fr o m p artie s a nd s tu ff , I n eve r g et a s id ew ays g la nce a t p eople a skin g w hat I'm d oin g t h ere . If a w om an is s tu m blin g w ith h er s h oppin g b ags a nd I s to p a nd s a y, ' w ould y o u lik e a h and?' I n eve r g et a s o rt o f a g la nce w ith tw o m eanin gs i t's a lw ays, 'O h n ic e w hite b oy y o u c a n h elp .' G RAV ES: O n m y o w n c a m pus, u h, w hen I w alk to c la sse s, s tu dents o fte n c o m e u p to m e a nd a sk m e if I'm th e fo otb all c o ach o r th e b aske tb all c o ach , a nd I te ll th em , 'N o, I a m a p ro fe sso r in th e d epartm ent o f L ife S cie nce s.' H AN NAH : It's e asy to b e w hite , it's v e ry e asy to b e w hite . It's n eve r b een e asy fo r A fr ic a ns o r A fr ic a n A m eric a ns h ere , n eve r. It's b een a l o ng, l o ng tim e, y o u k n ow , s in ce , th e a bolitio n o f s la ve ry , y o u k n ow , A fr ic a nA m eric a n s la ve ry , in , in th is c o untr y . It d oesn 't m atte r. It d oesn 't m atte r, th ose i d eas a re s till a ro und. N AR RATO R: N o m atte r h ow th ey v ie w th em se lv e s, th e w orld s e es J a ckie , G org eous a nd J o n a s s e para te r a ce s. T he s o cia l e xp ecta tio ns th at a w ait t h em a re in m any w ays d ependent u pon th at r a cia l a ssig nm ent. W ould o ur e xp ecta tio n a bout G org eous b e th at s h e is a c h am pio n a th le te , o r v a le dic to ria n o f h er c la ss? In fa ct, G org eous is b oth . B ut s in ce th e d ays o f J e sse O wens, o ur s o cie ty h as m ore r e adily a ckn ow le dged a nd m ore a vid ly r e w ard ed o ne o f h er ta le nts o ve r th e o th er.

I f th e p la yin g fie ld w ere le ve l, th e a rra y o f o pportu nitie s o pen to G org eous a nd h er te am mate s w ould n ot b e lim ite d b y a ssu m ptio ns s o cie ty m ake s a bout t h e n atu re o f th e g enes th ey in herite d. K IN G: L ots o f th in gs a re in herite d th at d on't h ave a nyth in g to d o w ith g enes. M oney is in herite d. A nd m oney g oes a lo ng w ay in i n cre asin g s o m eone's c a pacity to d o w ell in o ne a re a o r a noth er. N AR RATO R: O ff th e tr a ck, th e p la yin g fie ld is n ot le ve l. T he n et w orth o f th e a ve ra ge w hite A m eric a n fa m ily is e ig ht tim es th at o f th e a ve ra ge A fr ic a n A m eric a n fa m ily . H AM MONDS: R ace is a c o nce pt th at w as in ve nte d to c a te goriz e th e p erc e iv e d b io lo gic a l, s o cia l, a nd c u ltu ra l d iff e re nce s b etw een h um an g ro ups. ( 0 1:5 4:1 2) L E W ONTIN : A nd th e b eauty o f th at id eolo gy is th at it ju stifie s w hat is t h e g re ate st, u h, s o cia l a gony o f A m eric a n life , n am ely , it ju stifie s t h e in equalitie s th at e xis t in a s o cie ty w hic h is s a id to b e b ase d o n e quality . H AM MONDS: R ace is a h um an in ve ntio n. W e c re ate d it, w e h ave u se d it in w ays th at h ave b een in m any, m any r e sp ects q uite n egativ e a nd q uite h arm fu l. A nd w e c a n th in k o urs e lv e s o ut o f it. W e m ade it, w e c a n u nm ake it. N AR RATO R: T he r a cia liz e d s o cie ty w e liv e in h as b een u nder c o nstr u ctio n f o r th re e c e ntu rie s. H ow c a n w e u nm ake r a ce u nle ss w e f ir s t c o nfr o nt its e norm ity a s a h is to ric a l a nd s o cia l r e ality , a nd its e m ptin ess a s b io lo gy? E N D b ack to to p H om e T it le s A Z N ew R ele ases S hoppin g C art O rd er T ra ckin g C onta ct U s