History 4

Page XLV 1The delegates of the United Colonies of New Hampshire; Mas- sachusetts Bay; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations; Con - necticut; New York; New Jersey; Pennsylvania; New Castle, Kent, and Sussex, in Delaware; Maryland; Virginia; North Caro - lina, and South Carolina, In Congress assembled at Philadelphia, Resolved on the 10th of May, 1776, to recommend to the respec - tive assemblies and conventions of the United Colonies, where no government sufficient to the exigencies of their affairs had been established, to adopt such a government as should, in the opin - ion of the representatives of the people, best conduce to the hap - piness and safety of their constituents in particular, and of America in general. A preamble to this resolution, agreed to on the 15th of May, stated the intention to be totally to suppress the exercise of every kind of authority under the British crown. On the 7th of June, certain resolutions respecting independency were moved and seconded. On the 10th of June it was resolved, that a committee should be appointed to prepare a declaration to the following effect: ‘‘That the United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States; that they are ab - solved from all allegiance to the British crown; and that all po - litical connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved.’’ On the preceding day it was determined that the committee for preparing the declara - tion should consist of five, and they were chosen accordingly, in the following order: Mr. Jefferson, Mr. J. Adams, Mr. Franklin, Mr. Sherman, Mr. R. R. Livingston. On the 11th of June a resolu - tion was passed to appoint a committee to prepare and digest the form of a confederation to be entered into between the colo - nies, and another committee to prepare a plan of treaties to be proposed to foreign powers. On the 12th of June, it was resolved, that a committee of Congress should be appointed by the name of a board of war and ordnance, to consist of five members. On the 25th of June, a declaration of the deputies of Pennsylvania, met in provincial conference, expressing their willingness to concur in a vote declaring the United Colonies free and inde - pendent States, was laid before Congress and read. On the 28th of June, the committee appointed to prepare a declaration of independence brought in a draught, which was read, and ordered to lie on the table. On the 1st of July, a resolution of the conven - tion of Maryland, passed the 28th of June, authorizing the depu - ties of that colony to concur in declaring the United Colonies free and independent States, was laid before Congress and read. On the same day Congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole, to take into consideration the resolution respecting inde - pendency. On the 2d of July, a resolution declaring the colonies free and independent States, was adopted. A declaration to that effect was, on the same and the following days, taken into fur - ther consideration. Finally, on the 4th of July, the Declaration of Independence was agreed to, engrossed on paper, signed by John Hancock as president, and directed to be sent to the sev - eral assemblies, conventions, and committees, or councils of safety, and to the several commanding officers of the continen - tal troops, and to be proclaimed in each of the United States, and at the head of the Army. It was also ordered to be entered upon the Journals of Congress, and on the 2d of August, a copy engrossed on parchment was signed by all but one of the fifty- six signers whose names are appended to it. That one was Mat - thew Thornton, of New Hampshire, who on taking his seat in No - vember asked and obtained the privilege of signing it. Several who signed it on the 2d of August were absent when it was adopt - ed on the 4th of July, but, approving of it, they thus signified their approbation. N OTE .—The proof of this document, as published above, was read by Mr. Ferdinand Jefferson, the Keeper of the Rolls at the Department of State, at Washington, who compared it with the fac-simile of the original in his custody. He says: ‘‘In the fac- simile, as in the original, the whole instrument runs on without a break, but dashes are mostly inserted. I have, in this copy, fol - lowed the arrangement of paragraphs adopted in the publication of the Declaration in the newspaper of John Dunlap, and as printed by him for the Congress, which printed copy is inserted in the original Journal of the old Congress. The same paragraphs are also made by the author, in the original draught preserved in the Department of State.’’ THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE—1776 1 I NCONGRESS , J ULY 4, 1776 The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America W HEN in the Course of human events, it be - comes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of man - kind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are en - dowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,—That whenever any Form of Gov - ernment becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Pru - dence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experi - ence hath shewn, that mankind are more dis - posed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invari - ably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future secu - rity.—Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of re - peated injuries and usurpations, all having in di - rect object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless sus - pended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has ut - terly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other Laws for the ac - commodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Rep - resentation in the Legislature, a right inestima - ble to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distance VerDate Aug 31 2005 08:33 Feb 15, 2008 Jkt 040101 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5820 Sfmt 5820 Y:\TS\€6MAIN\€6V1.MN\V1PRE4.MN BOB Page XLVI THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE—1776 from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compli - ance with his measures. He has dissolved Representative Houses re - peatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused for a long time, after such dis - solutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihila - tion, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appro - priations of Lands. He has obstructed the Administration of Jus - tice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for estab - lishing Judiciary powers. He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our peo - ple, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our leg - islatures. He has affected to render the Military inde - pendent of and superior to the Civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their acts of pretended Legislation: For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world: For imposing Taxes on us without our Con - sent: For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury: For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offenses: For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an ex - ample and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies: For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments: For suspending our own Legislatures, and de - claring themselves invested with power to legis - late for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated Government here, by declar - ing us out of his Protection and waging War against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarce - ly paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and to - tally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless In - dian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been an - swered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our Brittish brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanim - ity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpa - tions, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of con - sanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, En - emies in War, in Peace Friends. W E, THEREFORE , the Representatives of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good Peo - ple of these Colonies, solemnly publish and de - clare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be F REE AND INDEPENDENT S TATES ; that they are Absolved from all Alle - giance to the British Crown, and that all politi - cal connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dis - solved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Inde - pendent States may of right do. And for the sup - port of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutu - ally pledge to each other our Lives, our For - tunes and our sacred Honor. JOHN HANCOCK. New Hampshire J OSIAH BARTLETT , M ATTHEW THORNTON .

W M. W HIPPLE , Massachusetts Bay S AML . A DAMS , R OBT . T REAT PAINE , J OHN ADAMS , E LBRIDGE GERRY .

Rhode Island S TEP . H OPKINS , W ILLIAM ELLERY .

VerDate Aug 31 2005 08:33 Feb 15, 2008 Jkt 040101 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5820 Sfmt 5807 Y:\TS\€6MAIN\€6V1.MN\V1PRE4.MN BOB Page XLVII THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE—1776 Connecticut R OGER SHERMAN , W M. W ILLIAMS , S AM ’EL HUNTINGTON , O LIVER WOLCOTT .

New York W M. F LOYD , F RANS . L EWIS , P HIL . L IVINGSTON , L EWIS MORRIS .

New Jersey R ICHD . S TOCKTON , J OHN HART , J NO . W ITHERSPOON , A BRA . C LARK .

F RAS . H OPKINSON , Pennsylvania R OBT . M ORRIS , J AS. S MITH , B ENJAMIN RUSH , G EO. T AYLOR , B ENJA . F RANKLIN , J AMES WILSON , J OHN MORTON , G EO. R OSS .

G EO. C LYMER , Delaware C AESAR RODNEY , T HO . M’K EAN .

G EO. R EAD , Maryland S AMUEL CHASE , C HARLES CARROLL OF W M. P ACA , Carrollton.

T HOS . S TONE , Virginia G EORGE WYTHE , T HOS . N ELSON , jr., R ICHARD HENRY LEE, F RANCIS LIGHTFOOT T H. J EFFERSON , L EE, B ENJA . H ARRISON , C ARTER BRAXTON .

North Carolina W M. H OOPER , J OHN PENN .

J OSEPH HEWES , South Carolina T HOS . H EYWARD , T HOMAS LYNCH , Junr., Junr., A RTHUR MIDDLETON .

E DWARD RUTLEDGE , Georgia B UTTON GWINNETT , G EO. W ALTON .

L YMAN HALL , NOTE .—Mr. Ferdinand Jefferson, Keeper of the Rolls in the De - partment of State, at Washington, says: ‘‘The names of the sign - ers are spelt above as in the fac-simile of the original, but the punctuation of them is not always the same; neither do the names of the States appear in the fac-simile of the original. The names of the signers of each State are grouped together in the fac-simile of the original, except the name of Matthew Thorn - ton, which follows that of Oliver Wolcott.’’ VerDate Aug 31 2005 08:33 Feb 15, 2008 Jkt 040101 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5820 Sfmt 5800 Y:\TS\€6MAIN\€6V1.MN\V1PRE4.MN BOB