08A1-08-Theory Bases for Ethical Dilemma-Discuss How Yout Thinking Has Evolved & Analyze 3-4 theory bases that you believe will help you the most in finding a solution to your ethical dilemma

Doctoral Student UNIT 8 – Assignment 1 U8A1 – Theory Bases for Ethical Dilemmas Create a mind map on ethics and add to it the theories and practices that you learn about this week.

Each week throughout this course, you will add what you have learned in the unit to your mindmap. You will use your mindmap in a variety of ways and it will inform the content of your course project In Unit 5, you began the exploration of theory bases for your ethical dilemma. In this unit, you will expand on this, presenting a more complete view of the theory bases on ethics in public administration and how they help you to decide about a course of action. For this assessmen t: o Submit your mindmap of ethical theories as an attachment. o In a separate 1 -page Word document, discuss how your thinking has evolved since Unit 5 on the theory bases that apply to your ethical dilemma. o In about 5 pages of this same paper, analyze the thr ee to four specific theory bases that you believe will help you the most in finding a solution to your ethical dilemma. Remember to use at least 15 peer- reviewed sources overall (other additional sources as required), cite all sources appropriately, and use the approved APA format for the paper portion of this assignment. 1. Evaluates the evolution of own thinking on the application of theory to ethical practice. 2. Synthesizes the appropriateness of a variety of databases to a specific ethical dilemma scenario 3. Demonstrates exemplary professional critical thinking and communication skills. U5A1 – DPA8408 Consequentialism and Nonconsequentialism in Solving Ethical Dilemmas The consequentialism theory states that moral action is one that produces a positive outc ome, and an immoral action creates a negative outcome. A common way to express the end justifies the means, so if something will ultimately be beneficial, the action is moral. In consequentialism, the morality of an action is based on its consequences, but how do you define a consequence as negative or positive? There are a few basic divisions here. The first is personal. If an action is personally financial, some say that makes it moral. But what if that action hurts others? More commonly, consequentialism is judged by a larger consequence, sometimes by the impact on society, or the state, or the greater good in general (Jacques P. Thiurox, Consequentialism Theory, 2014). The common belief is in utilitarianism, that is the greatest good for the greatest number of people. This idea recognizes that no action is universally beneficial, so the most moral action benefits the most number of individuals. On the other hand, Non- Consequentialism, it can also be labeled as deontological ethics. The theory states t hat morality of an action is based on its adherence to accepted rules. So, the outcome of the action doesn’t matter; what matters is essentially the intention. The society is left to determine what is moral and immoral and up to an individual to obey that morality. It assumes that society itself is moral which is a different question entirely and still, requires an individual to take actions. This theory judges the action directly and not the consequences of that action (Jacques P. Thiurox, Consequentialism Theory, 2014). Most ethical dilemmas can solve either apply the consequentialism, and non- consequentialism theories and the outcomes for whatever theory chosen are different and affect the people involved differently (Allen, 2015). In ethics, consequentialism theories tend to pay more attention while solving a dilemma if the consequences are for the common then the action is justifiable. While non- consequentialism while solving any dilemma judges the dilemma based on the action, not the consequences. An e xample to illustrate the way these two theories work, supposing that killing an individual X an entirely innocent person, will save the lives of 10 other innocent people, in consequentialism, it is justified to kill the people and save the lives of the oth er ten individuals. On the other non- consequentialism, it is inherently wrong to murder people and to refuse to kill X, even though that will result in the death of 10 people. Abortion is a serious ethical issue, and over the years they have the intense debate on whether the action can be justified or not. Abortion is the most challenging and controversial moral issues facing different societies, and there have been calls to mak e legalize the act and in some cases to make it illegal (Kaczor, 2011). The dilemma whether abortion is justified or not can be viewed from two perception one which is the moral status of the fetus and the rights of the pregnant woman. The argument can fal l under the two- ethics theory, consequentialism, and consequentialism.

Under consequentialism, abortion can be justified when it’s meant for the great good of the mother. In the United States 49% of pregnancies were unintended (2006), and of the unintended pregnancies, about 40% ended in abortions. Unwanted pregnancies increased among poor women, decreased among financially well -off women. Unwanted pregnancies increased among black and Hispanic women (Hinman, 2014). Most women who terminate pregnancies attr ibuted this to lack of capital to raise a baby, a baby will interfere with education and career paths and ability to care for dependents.

Additionally, so, most have completed childbearing, and another baby will be a burden.

As a result, the action of term inating the pregnancy can be justified if the overall performance favors the mother especially those in serious careers which the baby interferes with. If the consequences of abortion are more beneficial, the act is justified.

Hence abortion as an action, in this case, is moral.

The moral status of the fetus on other should put into consideration. Non- consequentialism does not support termination of pregnancy. Terminating a pregnancy is committing murder, and that is morally wrong. Since under non- consequentialism the judgment is based on the consequences, not the action, abortion can be seen as immoral. There have been arguments that life starts at conception. Both a fetus and a newborn certainly are human beings and potential persons. The fetuses are not persons; they are potential persons because they can develop, thanks to their biological mechanisms. Those properties make them ‘persons’ in the sense of ‘subjects of a moral right to life’: that is, the point at which they will be able to make aims and appreciate their life (Cline, 2016). The theory, therefore, considers abortion immoral despite the benefits that come with terminating an abortion. If the pregnant mother had a good job or was pursuing her studies keeping the baby can lead to her losing her job or discontinued studies to take care of the baby. While terminating the pregnancies will be viewed as murder and immoral despite the overall good that comes with the act. References Allen, K. (2015, July 23). What is Ethical Dilemma? Retrieved May 16, 2017, from The New Social Worker: http://www.socialworker.com/feature- articles/ethics- articles/What_Is_an_Ethical_Dilemma%3F/ Cline, A. (2016, August 11). Ehhics of Abortion: Is It Moral or Immoral to Have an Abortion. Retrieved May 16, 2017, from ThoughtCo: https://www.thoughtco.com/ethics - of -abortion- 248020 H inman, L. M. (2014). Abortion: An Overview of The Ethical Issues. Ethics Matter, 6-8. Jacques P. Thiurox, K. W. (2014). Consequentialism Theory. In K. W. Jacques P.

Thiurox, Ethics: Theory and Practices (pp. 18 -23). Boston: Pearson Publisher. Jacques P . Thiurox, K. W. (2014). Non Consequentialism Theory. In K. W. Jacques P.

Thiurox, Ethics: Theory and Practices (pp. 23 -26). Boston: Pearson Publisher. Kaczor, C. (2011). The Ethics of Abortion: Women's Rights, Human Rights and The Question of Justice. N ew York: Routledge Copyright. U5D1 – DPA8408 Introduction Before comparing the concepts of virtue that are significant in the text, it is important to understand the meaning of virtue. A virtue is a quality that is morally acceptable and valued. It is the foundation of not only good moral being but of the principle as well. Analysis Therefore, in the text, the characters presented including Joseph Darby, Bunnatine Greenhouse, Daniel Ellsberg, Coleen Rowley, Lois Jenson and W. Mark Felt were or are tryin g to showcase their personal virtues so that the societal members will see the sense of promoting individual and collective greatness in the society. The only challenge these personalities end up facing is rejection or even killings as observed in Karen Si lkwood. Besides, when Joseph Darby provided an anonymous note as well as a compact disc of photographs exposing the prisoner abuse and torture at Abu Ghraib Prison in Iraq, his life ended up in shuns. His property was vandalized; his life shunned and is now living in a protective military custody with his wife. Equally important, he had wanted his name to remain anonymous but the Senate names him during the Senate hearing. This indicates how the concepts of virtue in the society are not fully considered and founded on moral excellence. And this is what it has evolved over time and has remained the case in the society. Conclusion Additionally, and as observed in whistle blowing, there is indeed clarity and fact to say that virtue is a matter of having that appropriate attitude towards pleasure and pain. For example, and in the face of danger, a coward can suffer but a courageous or rash person can endure or suffer sufficient pain. Therefore (Thiroux & Krasemann, 2016) indicates that the concepts of virtues ar e highly manifested among fearless individuals such as Bunnatine Greenhouse and Karen Silkwood. Therefore, a virtuous person possesses all virtues of life thus, it's meaningful to today's public administrators is that moral virtues are what helps us as hum ans to perform and function well in different personal and professional lives. Moreover, public administrators in modern life are guided by transcendence, justice, wisdom, temperance, courage and humanity. Reference Thiroux, J. P., & Krasemann, K. W. (2016). Ethics: Theory and practice. U5A2 – DPA8408 Whistle -Blowers’ Predicaments Motivated by integrity, an individual’s reaction when called upon to be a whistle- blower would be to heed the call. It is an effective way of revealing ethical violations within an organization. Such misconducts would rather be swept under the carpet by the perpetrators. Making such violations public enables responsible and powerful authorities to lash out correct disciplinary actions. Whistle-Blowers often face difficulties after making an expose. The dangers they are likely to encounter ranges from loss of life to loss of privacy. They are sometimes assassinated or die in mysterious circumstances.

Launched police investigations rarely end up to any good. In addi tion, they face constant threats, destruction of property in their names, loss of employment, reputation and separation from family. Having a mere thought of undergoing through all these suffering instills great fear in whistle- blowers. Nonetheless, some strategies could be implemented to mitigate adverse effects that arise from whistleblowing. Firstly, uphold the anonymity of the whistleblowers. Identities of those who reveal unethical conducts in organization and government institutions should remain a secret. Those who are guilty would not know who exposed them. Hence, whistleblowers remain safe. Secondly, whistle -blowers’ protection unit ought to be created. It will offer protection to whistle- blowers whose identities have gone public. When put under protective custody no or less harm can come to them. Lastly, all the guilty perpetrators together with their accomplices must be put behind bars. Possibilities of orchestrating revenge plans in prison are almost zero. Whenever revenge attempts are made, the a uthorities can easily detect it and thwart the plans. As a result, whistleblowers get the freedom to enjoy their freedom and perhaps get celebrated and awarded for a job well done. References Thiroux, Jacques P. and Keith W. Krasemann. “Whistle Blowing: Public Benefits and Personal Risks.” Thiroux, Jacques P. and Keith W. Krasemann . Virtue Ethics. n.d. 61-76. LEADERSHIP MIND MAP The first component of a personal vision of leadership is courage. To have braveness requires self -belief. The quality leaders are very assured in themselves and their thoughts, which allow them to be decisive. But, they should be capable of exude that confidence without conveying arrogance or intimidation! Great leaders have the ability to make tough decisions and are inclined to take risks, even if traditional wisdom could dictate otherwise. They must be willing to stand by myself if they consider in their convictions. This is without delay associated with their visionar y talents, strategic questioning and their self -confidence. The second component of a personal vision of leadership is good communication skills.

Great leaders do now not should be incredible orators or awesome writers. What is required is that they're ins pirational and persuasive. They can speak and write to the audience’s level. They speak in a way that generates purchase- in and inclined fans. Good leaders must usually be trustworthy, even delivering the horrific information whilst suitable. But, they com monly exude a high-quality mind-set and are visible as optimistic, even in the most troubling of times. Even in the event that they do not have a professional background or training in sales, leaders often exhibit elements of effective selling competencies . They can strengthen their thoughts in a logical and comprehensible manner to all tiers of the organization Another component of a personal vision of leadership is vision. Outstanding leaders see the entire picture and do no longer get too targeted on uni que tasks or tasks. They have deep understanding of related industries/groups and are strategic thinkers. They regularly have sturdy networks and constantly become aware of essential tendencies early of their life cycle. They are excellent at communicating an imaginative and prescient of the future and getting organizational buy -in. Strong leaders understand their goal clients; recognize the corporation's value proposition and additionally, its competitive weaknesses. They major on enhancing center capabili ties of the employer and developing the talents and competencies to be able to enhance their cost proposition. Among the goal relating to leadership is listening. Extraordinary leaders know they don't have every one of the appropriate responses. They focus on asking more inquiries, and tuning in to the appropriate responses. Listening is one of the most ideal approaches to show colleagues that you esteem their conclusions and think about their prosperity.

Listening is vital to all compelling correspondence. Without the capacity to listen viably, messages are effectively misjudged. Accordingly, correspondence separates and the sender of the message can without much of a stretch wind up plainly baffled or bothered. Another goal relating to leadership is innovation. Great leaders are continuously running on fixing large problems or developing and innovating new methods to do things. One of the benefits of a revolutionary place of business is the usage of area to increase productivity and worker pleasure whilst at work. According to the General Services Administration, one of these places of job has sufficient room for employees to sense free to transport round. There must be access to herbal mild and out of doors views. There ought to be locations wherein person nel can meet to discuss standards privately in small companies as well as large meeting rooms. The first barrier that will need to be overcome to achieve the vision is arrogance. Despite the fact that certainty is an imperative administration quality, havi ng excessively quite a bit of this is considered as haughtiness. In the event that you are a pioneer you will be required to utilize your certainty to impact others and to convey aim and thoughts. This data ought to be conveyed in a roused way that energizes and inspires others. Certainty nonetheless, tends to develop if not oversaw legitimately, and when this happens self - importance assumes control and starts to make requests. The second barrier that will need to be overcome to achieve the vision is disorg anization.

A group will look to their pioneer for instance of how things ought to be finished. On the off chance that a pioneer always works at a hysterical pace yet completes pretty much nothing, or requests data commonly however neglects to move an aim w ithout hesitation, it makes a confused express that stops the stream of advance. This disarranged method for working likewise unleashes stress and disappointment and effects on all individuals from a group. A pioneer should in this manner have the capacity to sort out their timetable with the goal that it urges others to take after the case. By being sorted out a pioneer additionally shows a more extensive choice of aptitudes and administration ability. Another barrier that will need to be overcome to achieve the vision is untrustworthiness.

Without trust it is extremely troublesome for a pioneer to inspire others to do as they inquire. A pioneer needs to grant learning, data and thoughts in a way that exhibits genuineness and respectability. On the off chance that others don't believe a pioneer they will wind up noticeably impervious to whatever the pioneer proposes or requires. To propel and move others a pioneer in this manner needs to rouse trust, and in addition act as needs be in any circumstance. This is best accomplished by being straightforward and dependable at all circumstances. Presented here below is a visual representation of the vision statement. References Jackson, A. (2016). Concept Map of Leadership and Management . Florence: European Univ. Institute. Kendrick, A. (2010). Leadership theories: Concept map of leadership and management .

Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press. Lamarck, S. T. (2014). Concept map of leadership and management . Canberra: Govt.

Printer of Australia.